Table 1.
Lifestyle characteristics of the participants without (FIB−) and with (FIB+) NAFLD-fibrosis, and univariable analysis to predict NAFLD-fibrosis.
| NAFLD-Fibrosis | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (FIB−, n = 48) | Yes (FIB+, n = 46) | ||
| Physical activity | |||
| Accelerometer | |||
| Use (h/day) | 12.4 (11.3–13.9) | 11.7 (10.6–13.4) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |
| Steps (per day) | 4981 (3775–6503) | 4872 (4062–6628) | 0.84 (1.00–1.01) |
| PA EE (MET-h/week) | 30 (21–43) | 30 (19–42) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| MVPA (h/week) | 2.1 (0.9–3.7) | 2.0 (0.8–3.7) | 1.00 (0.88–1.19) |
| Light PA (%) | 32 (27–37) | 31 (25–34) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) * |
| Sedentary (%) | 65 (57–70) | 68 (62–73) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) * |
| Sitting (h/day) | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) |
| Modifiable Activity Questionnaire | |||
| PA EE (MET-h/week) | 36 (17–128) | 27 (9–77) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) |
| Occupational PA (MET-h/week) | 3 (0–87) | 0 (0–12) * | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
| Leisure time PA (MET-h/week) | 20 (12–65) | 18 (9–32) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
| MVPA (h/week) | 8.1 (4.4–31.4) | 5.7 (2.0–16.5) * | 0.97 (0.93–0.99) * |
| Screen time (h/day) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–6) | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) |
| Diet | |||
| Carbohydrates E% | 43 ± 1 | 39 ± 1 * | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) * |
| Proteins E% | 19 (18–21) | 20 (19–23) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) |
| Fats E% | 33 (28–38) | 36 (33–40) * | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) * |
| MUFA E% | 10.7 ± 0.5 | 11.5 ± 0.4 | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) |
| PUFA E% | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) |
| SFA E% | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 11.3 ± 0.4 * | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) |
| Fiber (g/day) | 21 (16–31) | 19 (14–29) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Salt (g/day) | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) |
| Coffee (cups/day) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| Fruits & Vegetables # | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) |
| Red meat # | 1 (1–3) | 3 (1–3) * | 1.76 (1.18–2.64) ** |
| Sleep, stress and socioeconomic factors | |||
| Sleep length (h) | 7.5 (6.7–8.0) | 8.0 (6.8–8.5) | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) |
| Sleep apnea (yes) | 13 (28%) | 18 (40%) | 1.74 (0.73–4.18) |
| Fatigue & | 19 (9–31) | 27 (14–42) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Alcohol (portions/week) ## | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 ** | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) |
| Smoking (never/current/former) | 24/4/19 | 11/4/31 ** | 3.71 (1.49–9.23) ** |
| Duration of overweight (years) | 24 (19–37) | 29 (20–42) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Unemployed (yes) | 3 (7%) | 10 (23%) * | 4.22 (1.08–16.53) * |
Data are shown as mean ± SEM, median (25th–75th percentile) or n (%), as appropriate. Odds ratios are calculated per unit or number, except for steps (per 100). For smoking, current and former smoker groups are combined. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 for differences between groups or for odds ratio. # Never = 1/few portions a month = 2/one portion a week = 3/two to four portions a week = 4/five to six portions a week = 5/daily = 6. For fruits & vegetables, one portion comprised of e.g., fruit, small salad or side dish of vegetables. For red meat, one portion comprised of e.g., steak, roast beef or bolognaise. & Fatigue measured by Fatigue Impact Scale (0–160). ## One portion was defined as a bottle (33cl) of beer, a glass (12cl) of medium alcohol wine, a glass (8cl) of high alcohol wine or a glass (4cl) of liquor. Abbreviations: E%, energy percent; EE, energy expenditure; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; PA, physical activity; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.