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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2020 Dec 20;40(12):1760–1767. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.12.10

IEAC或CEAC预处理方案用于淋巴瘤自体造血干细胞移植的疗效与安全性比较

IEAC versus CEAC high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for lymphoma: analysis of efficacy and safety in 106 cases

Yiying XIONG 1, Jianbin CHEN 1, lin LIU 1, Xiaohua LUO 1, Xiaoqiong TANG 1, Xin WANG 1, Qing XIAO 1, Hongbin ZHANG 1, Li WANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC7835682  PMID: 33380399

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of IEAC (idarubici, etoposide, cytosine arabinoside, and cyclophosphamide) and CEAC (lomustine, etoposide, cytosine arabinoside, and cyclophosphamide) high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in the treatment of lymphoma.

Method

We retrospectively analyzed the data of 106 lymphoma patients undergoing ASCT from 2013 to 2018 using IEAC (n=43) or CEAC (n=63) regimens. The time of hematopoietic reconstruction, adverse events and the patients' survival outcomes in the two groups were compared to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two regimens. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors potentially affecting the patients' survival.

Results

In the total of 106 patients, successful hematopoietic reconstruction was achieved in 104 patients and treatment-related deaths occurred in 2 patients. No significant differences were observed in the time to hematopoietic recovery, adverse events or survival outcomes between the patients receiving IEAC and CEAC regimens. In the 104 patients with successful hematopoietic reconstruction who were followed for a median of 27.4 months (range 4.3 to 74.3 months), the 5-year progress-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 72.9% and 81.9%, respectively. The main adverse events (beyond grade 2 based on CTCAE v5.0) included infection, oral mucositis, nausea and vomiting, liver damage, cardiotoxicity, hypokalemia, and diarrhea. No significant difference was found in the survival outcomes or adverse events between the 2 regimens. T cell lymphoma and failure to achieve complete remission (CR) before ASCT were the risk factors of PFS (P=0.015 and P=0.007, respectively) and OS (P=0.038 and 0.031, respectively). The patients who achieved CR 3 months after the transplantation had higher rates of PFS (P=0.007) and OS (P=0.003).

Conclusion

IEAC and CEAC regimens prior to by ASCT are both safe and effective in the treatment of lymphoma and can be used as alternative conditioning regimens for lymphoma patients undergoing ASCT.

Keywords: autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, lymphoma, IEAC regimen, CEAC regimen


2019年全国肿瘤登记中心公布的数据显示淋巴瘤占恶性肿瘤死亡前10位,整体死亡率达到3.62/10万[1]。尽管近年来靶向治疗、免疫治疗、细胞治疗等技术广泛开展,自体造血干细胞移植(ASCT)在淋巴瘤的治疗当中仍然有着重要地位。预处理是ASCT必不可少的环节,目前并无标准化方案,通常是一种烷化剂联合2~3种其他化疗药物,比较常见有:BEAM、CBV、BEAC以及CEAC等[2-7]。

国内曾面临氯乙基亚硝基脲类药物以及马法兰缺乏的困境,如何组合常见化疗药物,设计高效低毒性的预处理方案是长久以来的研究方向。蒽环类药物也是治疗淋巴瘤的基础药物,但主要应用的为阿霉素/脂质体阿霉素[8],去甲氧柔红霉素(IDA)在淋巴瘤中的应用较少,亦未见将其应用于淋巴瘤患者ASCT预处理方案中的报道。本研究回顾性分析了106例淋巴瘤患者接受IEAC或CEAC方案预处理后行ASCT的疗效、安全性以及预后影响因素,旨在探索适宜的预处理方案,寻求提高淋巴瘤治疗疗效的途径。

1. 资料和方法

1.1. 患者资料

回顾性分析2013年1月1日~2018年12月30日于重庆医科大学附属第一医院血液内科接受ASCT治疗的淋巴瘤患者的临床资料。纳入的患者要求符合以下所有标准:(1)经活检病理组织学和免疫组化学以及原位杂交检测符合WHO 2016对淋巴瘤诊断标准[9]的患者; (2)IPI评分≥3分,或者IPI评分 < 3分但具有不良预后因素的患者; (3)年龄在16岁到75岁; (4)接受首次ASCT,预处理方案为IEAC或CEAC; (4)无精神障碍和其他肿瘤。根据上述标准共有106例患者入组,根据预处理方案分为IEAC组(n=43)和CEAC(n=63)组。本研究获得院内临床科研伦理委员会批准审批,获批免除签署知情同意书。

1.2. 治疗

1.2.1. 移植前治疗

移植前94例NHL患者接受的化疗方案主要包括:(1)以CHOP样方案为主,包括ECHOP、EPOCH等; (2)Hyper-CVAD的A和B方案; 部分联合美罗华、大剂量甲氨蝶呤(MTX)或者放疗。而12例HL患者接受的化疗以ABVD方案为主,部分联合大剂量MTX。106例患者接受的中位化疗为4(2~17)周期,有7例患者接受局部放疗。

1.2.2. 造血干细胞动员、采集、冻存和回输

所有患者均接受化疗联合重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)的方案动员细胞。动员化疗包括:(1)MOED方案:米托蒽醌(8 mg/m2/d,第1~3天)+长春地辛(4 mg/d,第1天)+依托泊苷(75 mg/m2/d,第1~5天)+地塞米松(10 mg/m2/d,第1~5天); 部分患者在此基础上联合美罗华(375 mg/m2)、甲氨蝶呤(2~3 g/m2); (2)大剂量CTX方案:环磷酰胺3~4 g/m2分2~3 d输注; 部分患者在此基础上联合美罗华(375 mg/m2)。每位患者化疗后白细胞下降至低谷并开始回升时给予rhG-CSF 5~10 μg/kg/d动员,在动员第4~6天中,白细胞(WBC)≥10×109/L时开始采集。一次动员采集时间为2~3 d,每次采集的循环量为患者血容量的2.0~2.5倍,采集的CD34+细胞数总量要求在2×106/kg以上。

采集的外周血造血干细胞中加入冻存保护液和白蛋白之后,于-80 ℃冰箱冻存。回输细胞前,予以激素、葡萄糖酸钙、异丙嗪预防过敏,冻存干细胞在38 ℃水浴箱内快速融化复温后回输。

1.2.3. 预处理方案

预处理方案包括:CEAC:洛莫司汀(CCNU)200 mg/m2/d,回输前第6天; 依托泊苷(VP-16)100 mg/m2/d,回输前第2~5天; 阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)100 mg/m2/d,回输前第2~5天; 环磷酰胺(CTX)1.5 g/m2/d,回输前第2~5天; IEAC:IDA 12 mg/m2/d,回输前第6天; Ara-C、VP-16和CTX剂量用法同CEAC方案。回输前1 d休息。

1.2.4. 辅助治疗

所有患者常规口服左氧氟沙星、制霉菌素行肠道细菌、真菌预防。近期有病毒感染者,移植前加用膦甲酸钠防治感染; 既往有真菌感染者,粒缺期予氟康唑或米卡芬净预防真菌感染。常规予以止吐、水化、碱化尿液以及美司钠预防出血性膀胱炎,低分子肝素、前列地尔预防肝静脉闭塞症。所有患者移植后第1天开始予以重组人粒细胞击落刺激因子促进粒系重建,白细胞≥4.0×109/L时停用。第3天加用重组人促血小板生成素或者重组人白介素11促进巨核系重建,血小板≥100×109/L或者总疗程达到2周时停用。监测血常规,必要时对症输注血小板和红悬。随访肝肾功、电解质等指标,及时对症处理异常指标。

1.3. 评价指标

1.3.1. 造血重建标准

移植后粒系重建定义为不使用rhG-CSF刺激下中性粒细胞绝对值(ANC)≥0.5×109/L连续3 d以上的第1天; 巨核系重建定义为未输注血小板的情况下时PLT≥20×109/L连续3 d以上的第1天。造血重建需满足以上两个条件[10]。

1.3.2. 安全性评价

自预处理方案开始的第1天开始评价预处理相关毒性及预后,预处理相关不良反应评价根据2017年美国卫生和公共服务部发布的常见不良反应术语评定标准(CTCAE5.0)[11]。早期治疗相关死亡率(TRM)定义为移植后100 d内与原发疾病无关的治疗相关死亡率。

1.3.3. 疗效评估和随访

疗效评价根据修订后的国际工作组(IWG)淋巴瘤疗效标准[12]进行,具体分为完全缓解(CR),部分缓解(PR),疾病稳定(SD),疾病进展(PD)。移植早期疗效评估在回输细胞之后3个月进行,总反应率(ORR)定义为疗效达到CR和PR的百分比之和。总生存期(OS)定义为患者疾病确诊至因任何原因导致的死亡或末次随访日。无进展生存期(PFS)定义为患者回输自体外周造血干细胞冻存物至PD、死亡或末次随访日。

1.4. 统计学处理

所有数据采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0软件行统计学分析。计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验、Fisher's精确检验或者Mann-Whitney U检验。主要终点事件为OS和PFS。Kaplan-Meier曲线用于分析OS和PFS。Logrank检验用于单因素分析,COX比例风险回归模型用于多因素分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 临床特征

106例淋巴瘤患者中包括男性66例,女性40例,中位年龄44(16~63)岁。原发基础疾病包括94例NHL和12例HL,其中B细胞淋巴瘤79例,T细胞淋巴瘤27例。移植前有79例患者达到CR,19例PR,8例为PD。IEAC组和CEAC组患者的临床特征无显著差异(表 1)。

1.

IEAC组和CEAC组淋巴瘤患者的临床特征

Clinical characteristics of patients with lymphoma in IEAC and CEAC groups

Clinical characteristics IEAC group (n=43) CEAC group (n=63) P
Gender
  Male 25(58.1%) 41(65.1%) 0.469
  Female 18(41.9%) 22(34.9%)
Age, year
   < 40 16(37.2%) 25(39.7%) 0.797
  ≥40 27(62.8%) 38(60.3%)
Diseases
  B cell lymphoma 36(83.7%) 43(68.3%) 0.073
  T cell lymphoma 7 (16.3%) 20(31.7%)
B-symptom
  Yes 20(46.5%) 25(39.7%) 0.485
  No 23(53.5%) 38(60.3%)
Ann Arborstages
  I-II 10(23.3%) 15(23.8%) 0.947
  III-IV 33(76.7%) 48(76.2%)
Lactate dehydrogenase
   > 250 U/L 24(55.8%) 33(52.4%) 0.728
  ≤250 U/L 19(44.2%) 30(47.6%)
IPI score
  0-2 27(62.8%) 46(73.0%) 0.264
  3-4 16(37.2%) 17(27.0%)
Disease status before ASCT
  CR 33(76.7%) 46(73.0%) 0.592
  PR 8 (18.6%) 11(17.5%)
  PD 2(4.7%) 6(9.5%)

2.2. 移植及造血重建情况

106例患者移植时回输的干细胞采集物CD34+细胞数平均为(8.81±6.43)×106/kg,IEAC组和CEAC组分别为(8.41±7.75)×106/kg和(9.07±5.40)×106/kg,差异无统计学意义(P=0.616)。104例患者造血重建中位时间为移植后12(8~22)d,粒系和巨核系重建的中位时间分别为移植后10(7~18)d和12(7~22)d,两组患者粒系和巨核系重建的时间相似,整体造血重建时间亦无显著差异,同时住院期间输注红悬以及血小板量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 2)。CEAC组有2例患者造血未重建,分别于移植后第8天和第24天死于心力衰竭和严重感染。

2.

IEAC组和CEAC组移植相关结果

Outcomes of transplantation in IEAC and CEAC groups (median with ranges)

Variable (median) IEAC group (n=43) CEAC group (n=61) P
Time to neutrophil reconstruction (day) 10(8-17) 10(7-18) 0.057
Time to platelet reconstruction (day) 11(7-20) 12(8-22) 0.257
Time to hematopoietic reconstruction (day) 12(8-20) 12(7-22) 0.510
The number of red blood cells injected (U) 0(0-6) 0(0-4) 0.353
The number of platelet injected (U) 3(1-8) 3(0-8) 0.791

2.3. 安全性评价

所有106例患者中,2级以上不良反应为感染、口腔黏膜炎、恶心呕吐、肝功能损害、心脏毒性、低钾血症以及腹泻,两组间的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。除了2例TRM(1.88%)外,其余患者的不良反应在经积极对症支持治疗下,逐渐好转甚至消失。虽然CEAC组的TRM为3.2%,IEAC组无治疗相关死亡,但两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.513,表 3)。

3.

预处理相关不良反应

Adverse events associated with the conditioning regimens

Adverse events* > grade 2 IEAC group (n=43) CEAC group (n=63) P
*: Hematological adverse events were not included.
Infection 6 (14.0%) 12(19.0%) 0.493
Oral mucositis 3 (7.0%) 3(4.8%) 0.955
Nausea and Vomiting 3 (7.0%) 1(1.6%) 0.301
Liver damage 0 (0.0%) 4(6.3%) 0.145
Cardiotoxicity 0 (0.0%) 3(4.8%) 0.270
Hypokalemia 1 (2.3%) 1(1.6%) 1.000
Diarrhea 1 (2.3%) 0(0.0%) 0.406
Treatment-related death 0 (0.0%) 2(3.2%) 0.513

2.4. 早期疗效

造血重建的104例患者在移植后3个月进行早期疗效评估,其结果显示:移植前获得CR的78例患者中,移植后3个月时有1例(1.3%)PD,其余77例(98.7%)患者持续CR,两组间差异无统计学意义(P=1.000);而在移植前未达到CR的26例患者中,移植后3个月时有8例为PR(30.7%),14例为CR,余下2例PD(图 1),两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.815)。IEAC组和CEAC组的早期ORR分别为95.3%(41/43)和95.1%(58/61),差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。

1.

1

104例ASCT后造血重建的淋巴瘤患者在移植前和移植后的早期疗效

Treatment efficacy before and at 3 months after ASCT in 104 patients with successful hematopoietic reconstruction.

2.5. 生存分析

2.5.1. 两组PFS和OS比较

104例患者的中位随访时间为27.4月(4.3~74.3月),24例(23.1%)出现疾病进展,18 (17.3%)例死亡,其中10例(9.6%)因疾病进展死亡,3例(2.9%)因重症肺炎死亡,2例(1.9%)因脓毒血症死亡,余下3例的死亡原因分别为恶性心律失常、爆发性乙型病毒性肝炎以及跌倒后颅内出血。5年PFS率和OS率分别为72.9%(95%CI:67.4%~78.4%)和81.9%(95%CI:77.6%~86.2%)(图 2)。IEAC组和CEAC组的5年PFS率分别为84.7%(95%CI:78.8%~90.6%)和67.2% (95%CI:60.3%~74.1%),5年OS率分别为87.6%(95%CI:82.4%~92.8%)和80.0%(95%CI:74.5%~85.5%),两组患者的PFS率和OS率差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.110和0.565)(图 3)。

2.

2

104例ASCT后造血重建的淋巴瘤患者的OS和PFS曲线

Kaplan-Meier curves of OS and PFS in 104 lymphoma patients with hematopoietic reconstruction after ASCT.

3.

3

IEAC组和CEAC组患者的PFS(A)和OS(B)

Kaplan-Meier curves of PFS and OS in patients after high-dose chemotherapy with IEAC or CEAC regiments followed by ASCT.

2.5.2. 影响因素分析

选取以下可能影响患者生存的因素进行单因素分析:性别、年龄(< 40岁和≥40岁)、疾病类型(B细胞淋巴瘤和T细胞淋巴瘤)、IPI评分(0~2分和3~4分)、Ann Arbor分期(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期和Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)、移植前化疗周期(≤4次和>4次)、移植前疗效(CR和未达到CR)和预处理方案(IEAC和CEAC)。结果显示患者的疾病类型和移植前疗效可以显著影响其OS(P值分别为0.026和0.021)和PFS(P值分别为0.011和0.005)。

将疾病类型和移植前疗效纳入多因素分析,结果显示,患者疾病为T细胞淋巴瘤(HR=2.777,95%CI 1.221-6.316,P=0.015和HR=2.862,95% CI 1.060-7.726,P=0.038)和移植前未获得CR(HR=2.979,95%CI 1.347-6.590,P=0.007和HR=2.865,95% CI 1.101-7.455,P=0.031)均为影响PFS和OS的危险因素。

2.5.3. 亚组分析

将79例B细胞淋巴瘤分为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)和非DLBCL,将25例T细胞淋巴瘤进一步分为外周T细胞淋巴瘤(PTCL)和非PTCL,生存分析结果显示:虽然DLBCL患者的PFS率与非DLBCL相比无显著差异(P=0.055),但此类患者较非DLBCL组可以获得更好的OS率(P=0.038);PTCL和非PTCL患者的PFS率和OS率差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.474和0.105)(图 4)。

4.

4

不同类型淋巴瘤患者行ASCT治疗后的生存曲线:DLBCL与非DLBCL患者的PFS(A)和OS(B),PTCL和非PTCL患者的PFS(C)和OS(D)

Kaplan-Meier curves of PFS and OS in patients with DLBCL and non-DLBCL (A, B) and in those with PTCL and non-PTCL (C, D).

在移植前获得CR的78例患者中,B细胞淋巴瘤的患者依然具有显著的PFS优势(P=0.016),但OS率较T细胞淋巴瘤患者差异无统计学意义(P=0.239,图 5)。

5.

5

移植前获得CR的B细胞和T细胞淋巴瘤患者接受ASCT治疗后的PFS(A)和OS(B)

Kaplan-Meier curves of PFS (A) and OS (B) in B cell and T cell lymphoma patients with CR before ASCT.

由于移植后3个月评估疗效时,有5例为PD,故根据此时疗效是否CR进行亚组分析时,是分析99例患者的PFS和104例患者的OS,结果显示移植后3个月能获得CR的患者可以获得更好的PFS和OS(P=0.007、0.003,图 6)。

6.

6

接受ASCT治疗的淋巴瘤患者,移植后3个月达到CR与未达到CR的PFS(A)和OS(B)

Kaplan-Meier curves of PFS (A) and OS (B) in lymphoma patients with and without CR at 3 months after ASCT.

除去非PTCL和移植后3个月未达到CR的两个亚组因病例数过少而未行分析,其他亚组预处理方案为IEAC或者CEAC对生存差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。

3. 讨论

ASCT适用于化疗敏感、具有不良预后因素的淋巴瘤患者的一线化疗后的巩固治疗,也是复发/难治性淋巴瘤挽救性治疗后巩固治疗的一线推荐[13-16]。2008~2015年国内接受ASCT的患者中,有45%为淋巴瘤患者[17],其预处理方案不尽相同。Shi等[5]报道了以CBV、BEAM和BEAC为预处理方案行ASCT的NHL患者的5年PFS和OS差异并无统计学意义;该团队同时也对比了上述3种预处理方案联合ASCT治疗HL患者的5年PFS和OS分别为58.3%和96.6%[18]。但还有一些研究表明BEAM方案的疗效优于CBV方案[19-20]和BEAC方案[3]。而目前对于以CEAC做为预处理方案的ASCT治疗淋巴瘤的疗效也是得到肯定的,周沙等[21]的回顾性研究数据显示患者5年的PFS和OS达到53%和70.9%。总体来讲,目前不同的预处理方案联合ASCT治疗淋巴瘤患者的5年PFS在40%以上,5年OS在50%以上[3, 5, 18-23]。本研究纳入106例淋巴瘤患者,接受CEAC或者IEAC方案预处理,其中104例造血重建的患者5年OS和PFS分别为72.9%和81.9%,不低于文献报道,提示2种预处理方案联合ASCT均为治疗淋巴瘤的有效方案,可以使淋巴瘤患者获得较好的长期缓解、延长生存,且接受IEAC方案预处理治疗的患者的整体疗效并不劣于接受CBV、BEAM或者CEAC等方案预处理治疗。

淋巴瘤患者在ASCT治疗过程中,常见的不良反应包括感染、口腔黏膜炎、恶心呕吐、腹泻以及肝毒性等,不同研究报道的TRM波动较大,有0%的,也有超过15%的[2, 5, 18, 24-26]。本研究治疗中出现的2级以上的不良反应与文献报道相符,TRM仅1.88%,表明治疗方案是安全的。蒽环类药物的主要不良反应为心脏毒性、骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应等,且具有剂量依赖性[27]。IDA是一种新的蒽环类药物,与柔红霉素相比具有疗效高、心脏毒性低等优点[28]。本研究应用IDA代替CEAC中的CCNU组成的预处理方案IEAC,用于淋巴瘤ASCT的预处理治疗,目前观察到的2级以上不良反应以及TRM与CEAC方案相比没有显著差异,提示该方案作为淋巴瘤ASCT治疗的预处理方案是相对安全的。

影响淋巴瘤患者移植后的PFS和OS的因素众多,包括了疾病类型,移植前的治疗周期和疗效,预处理方案等[21, 23, 29-30]。有研究表明中高度恶性T-NHL较B-NHL的生存率差(P < 0.05)[30],本研究多因素结果与其相似,T细胞淋巴瘤患者的接受ASCT治疗的整体生存显著劣于B细胞淋巴瘤患者(OS和PFS的P值分别为0.038和0.015)。虽然DLBCL患者的PFS率与非DLBCL相比无显著差异(P=0.055),但此类患者可以获得更好的OS率(P=0.038);移植前未达到CR的患者整体生存较差(OS和PFS的P值分别为0.031和0.007),与文献报道类似[21, 29];本研究还发现移植后早期疗效未达到CR是PFS和OS的危险因素(P值分别为0.007和0.003),可以预测远期生存,提示ASCT后加用一些药物维持治疗,如果可以提高其移植后3个月时的CR率,则有望可以延长患者的生存。

本研究结果表明,以IEAC和CEAC作为淋巴瘤ASCT的预处理方案,是安全有效的;T细胞淋巴瘤的患者行ASCT治疗的生存获益是低于B细胞淋巴瘤的;移植前获得CR的患者有更好的生存获益;ASCT后早期疗效是否达到CR可以预测患者的远期生存。此外,本研究创新性的将IDA应用于淋巴瘤ASCT的预处理中,组合出新的高疗效、低毒性的预处理方案,为临床治疗提供了更多选择。当然,针对该方案,目前存在样本量过小,随访时间尚短的问题,本中心已将该方案进行临床试验注册(ChiCTR1800016944),以便后续进行前瞻性、大样本量以及亚组分析,更加准确的评估IEAC方案的优劣,为临床提供更佳的治疗方案。

Biography

熊艺颖,博士,主治医师,E-mail: xiongyiying@foxmail.com

Funding Statement

重庆市科卫联合医学科研项目重点项目(2018ZDXM001)

Contributor Information

熊 艺颖 (Yiying XIONG), Email: xiongyiying@foxmail.com.

王 利 (Li WANG), Email: liwangls@yahoo.com.

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