Table 17.
Studies for the efficiency of fruit and vegetable by-products as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents.
| By-Product | Study | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Orange peel (Citrus sinensis) | Phenolic extracts of the orange peel against oxidative stress in primary human colon tumor (Caco-2) and metastatic cell lines (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) | Orange peels showed antioxidant properties by inhibiting the activities of total matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), preventing the progression of cancer and the tumor cell metastasizing | [289] |
| Orange peel (Citrus sinensis) | Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and proteasome activities in cells by peel extracts for colon cancer | The extracts inhibited proteasome (responsible for the degradation of cell regulatory proteins, found in excess in tumor cells) activity in extract-treated cells, inhibiting the progression of cancer |
[299] |
| Peel of Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus reticulata | Citrus peel like a natural model for cancer prevention and treatment | Hesperidin and naringenin increased the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in cancer cells (MCF-7 and HeLa). Hesperidin can lower the concentration of liver and serum lipids and reduce osteoporosis | [300] |
| Pineapple peel (Ananas comosus) | Determination of extraction methods, purification, and therapeutic applications of bromelain | Medicinal applications: inhibition of platelet aggregation, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, modulation of cytokines, and immunity | [301] |
| Mango seed (Mangifera indica) | Cytotoxic effect of the by-product extract on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells | The extract induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 30 and 15 μg/mL, respectively | [302] |
| Broccoli residues (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) | Inhibitory effect of broccoli sprout extracts on prostate cancer cell phones with low (AT-2) and high (MAT-LyLu) metastatic potential | Efficiency in the inhibition of cell proliferation, motility, and cell coupling was obtained using the extracts | [303] |
| Grape pomace (Vitis vinifera) | By-product effects on metabolism and redox status in HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells | Long-term metabolic effects generated cytotoxicity, and cells died from necrosis, and it was not toxic to non-cancerous human fibroblasts | [304] |
| Grapefruit peel (Citrus paradisi) | Grapefruit peel essential oil as an active component against strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with sub-protein stomatitis | Citrus paradisi essential oil at 25% and 12.5% presented a limited antifungal activity, and that presents inhibition halos of greater diameter | [290] |
| Peel and leaves of kafir lime (Citrus hystrix) | Inhibitory effect of essential oils of by-products against respiratory pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii) and evaluation of their active components | Twenty-five components identified in the extract, limonene as the main compound with yields of 91.5 and 88.6% of antibacterial activity | [305] |