HIV/AIDS-Related Training Coverage Sponsored by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Associated Factors at Health Facilities Providing Antiretroviral Therapy in Southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Background

Large numbers of people living with HIV do not know their HIV status and are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this regard, various gap filling in-service trainings were given for health professionals to achieve the global three ninety-five target by 2020. The objective of this study was to assess Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sponsored training coverage and related factors at health facilities providing antiretroviral therapy in southern Ethiopia.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 27 facilities (15 hospitals and 12 health centers) in five zones of southern Ethiopia who were providing ART services in October 2019. A total of 403 health professionals from the 27 facilities were included in the study. Quantitative data were collected, edited, coded, and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and transported to SPSS 20 statistical software for analysis. Descriptive statistics were conducted and data were summarized using tables.

Results

From a total of 403 eligible study participants, 396 were included in the study with the response rate of 98.2%. Our study revealed that only 105 (33.5%) took training to conduct HIV testing for patients who were living with the virus. Our study also showed that all 91 health professionals working in HIV care and the treatment unit took pieces of training related to the service. However, only 102 (45.7%) laboratory professionals had training related to sample collection, HIV testing service, and viral load monitoring. Shortages of supply and equipment, space and trained human resources were claimed by 82 (62.6%), 68 (51.9%), and 46 (35.1%) of respondents, respectively.

Conclusion

Our study showed that there was low coverage of trained staff to deliver HIV testing service and viral load monitoring. However, the coverage was good at HIV/AIDS care, treatment, and prevention units. Almost all health facilities have at least one trained staff member working at each service delivery point.

Introduction

Besides the COVID-19 pandemic, globally HIV/AIDS is still a public health problem and about 37.9 million people are living with HIV, 1.7 million new HIV infections, and 770,000 AIDS-related deaths occurred in 2018.1 The global HIV targets set for 2020 will not be reached.2 Of all the people living with HIV, only 81% knew their serostatus, 67% were receiving life-saving antiretroviral therapy, and 59% had suppressed viral loads in 2019.3 Despite gains in preventing new HIV infections, Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most severely affected by the disease.1 Ethiopia adopted the ambitious global 95-95-95 target announced by UNAIDS in 2014, aiming to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.4 This target aims that 95% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status, 95% of those diagnosed with HIV infection will receive antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 95% of all people receiving ART will be virally suppressed by 2020.5 However, the achievement in the country was 79%, 81.1%, and 87.7%, respectively.2

Even though there are differences in prevalence among regions, the prevalence in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People Region (SNNPR) was 0.42% in 2018.5,6 The country at large and the region specifically responded to the epidemic promptly by adopting HIV treatment guidelines since 2003, which has been regularly updated in 2005, 2007, 2014, and 2018.7 As part of the country, scaling up the number of treatment facilities and training health professionals were aggressively implemented in the southern part of Ethiopia. However, of all people living with HIV, only 59% know their status and 63% are taking ART in the region.6,8 This shows that still a large number of people living with HIV do not know their HIV status and are not on ART. Coverage of trained health professionals and their commitment to delivering appropriate services related to HIV care and treatment could be the main challenge to achieve the global target in the region. In this regard the Regional Health Bureau (RHB) was providing in-service training for health workers in collaboration with CDC to provide the service by trained health professionals. A total of 2,528 trainees took antiretroviral-related pieces of training in our training center for the past 4 years since 2014 and were expected to deliver quality health services for clients as per the training protocol. The training was aimed to deliver HIV prevention, care, and treatment by trained health professionals at all service delivery facilities. However, there was no post-training assessment to audit whether trained individuals were exactly working at a service delivery unit where they got training or not as per the investigators knowledge. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess training coverage and related factors at health facilities providing antiretroviral therapy in southern Ethiopia in October 2019.

Methods and Materials

Study Design and Setting

A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in selected health facilities providing ART services at the central part of southern Ethiopia in October 2019. A total of 27 facilities (15 hospitals and 12 health centers) were randomly selected from 53 facilities (21 hospitals and 32 health centers) that were providing ART services in five zones of southern Ethiopia. A total number of 7,964 patients were currently on ART in these five zones (Wolaita, Dawro, Hadiya, KembataTembaro, and Halaba zones) in 2019.

Study Population

The study population was selected health professionals who took CDC sponsored training in the past 4 years from October 2015 to September 2019 at selected health facilities providing ART services and working in the ART unit, tuberculosis clinic, ART pharmacy unit, maternal and child health unit, outpatient department, and laboratory units. However, those individuals who took pieces of training not related to ART services and non-CDC sponsored were excluded from the study.

Sample Size Determination and Sampling Procedure

The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula with 95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error, assuming 50% appropriate service provision based on providers’ competence after taking CDC sponsored training. By considering a 5% non-response rate the minimum final sample size was 403. About half of health facilities providing ART services in five zones of southern Ethiopia were selected randomly. Based on the trainee pool, a total of 9,489 health workers took CDC sponsored training in the past 4 years in the region, which was used as a sampling frame. The calculated sample size was distributed to each facility based on the proportion of trained staff number. Respondents were selected randomly from trained individuals who were working at respective service delivery units.

Data Collection Methods and Quality Assurance

Interviewer administered questionnaires (Supplementary Material) were used to collect quantitative data from health professionals who took CDC sponsored training. The questionnaire (Supplementary Material) addressed providers’ socio-demographic-related factors, service area-related factors, training-related factors, and health facility-related factors. A data extraction checklist (Supplementary Material) was also used to collect information from the facility head and case team leader so as to identify the total number of professionals working at each department and those who took CDC sponsored training. Three teams were formed to collect data. Each team consists of three members (one from the training University, one from the respective zonal health department, and one from the southern Regional Health Bureau). Three days of training for nine data collectors and three supervisors were given by the principal investigator on how to collect data. The questionnaire (Supplementary Material) was pre-tested on 5% of trainees not included in the study. Discussion was held based on the result of the pre-test to make necessary corrections. Data was checked for completeness by supervisors on a daily basis during the data collection time. Double entry was done by the principal investigator before analysis.

Data Entry and Analysis

Data were edited, coded, and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and transported to SPSS 20 statistical software for analysis. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics like mean and presented by using frequency distribution tables.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical approval and clearance was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethics Review Committee of Southern Regional Health Bureau and then a letter of cooperation was written to selected health facilities from the respective zonal health departments. Informed consent was obtained voluntarily from all participants to be enrolled in the study and the confidentiality of study participants was ensured in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Results

Health Professional-Related Factors

Socio-Demographic-Related Factors

From a total of 403 eligible study participants, 396 participants responded to a questionnaire with the response rate of 98.3%. About (203, 51.3%) respondents were from Wolaita zone and (352, 88.9%) were from public facilities. More than half of the respondents were male (209, 52.8%) and had a first degree (232, 58.6%). By profession the majority of the respondents were nurses (127, 32.1%), followed by public health officers (80, 20.2%). About one-third of study participants (146, 36.9%) had less than 5 years of service, and (142, 35.9%) had extra managerial duties at their facility in addition to clinical service provision (Table 1).

Table 1.

Socio Demographic-Related Characteristics of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sponsored Training Participants in Five Zones of Southern Ethiopia, October 2019

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Zone
Wolaita	203	51.3
Dawro	33	8.3
Hadiya	50	12.6
KembataTembaro	68	17.2
Halaba	42	10.6
Type of working facility
Public	352	88.9
Non-government organization	44	11.1
Sex
Male	209	52.8
Female	187	47.2
Level of education
Diploma	155	39.1
Degree	232	58.6
Masters	9	2.3
Profession
Nurse	127	32.1
Health Officer	80	20.2
Midwifery	52	13.1
Physician	20	5.1
Laboratory	59	14.9
Health information technology	6	1.5
Pharmacy	28	7.1
Other	24	6.1
Service year
1–5 years	146	36.9
5–10 years	161	40.7
Above 10 years	89	22.5
Had extra managerial duty
Yes	142	35.9
No	254	64.1

Service Area-Related Factors

Of 396 participants included in the study, (85,1.5%) were from the ART unit, followed by the outpatient department (76, 19.2%). The majority of study participants (325, 82.1%) were currently working on units where they got training, and (357, 90.2%) were providing services for clients for at least 5 days per week. However, (109, 27.5%) took training before 2 years, (66, 16.7%) were not happy providing services in the area they got the training, and (159, 40.2%) were never mentored by a responsible body after training (Table 2).

Table 2.

Service Area-Related Factors of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sponsored Training in Five Zones of Southern Ethiopia, October 2019

Variables	Frequency	Percentage
Current working unit
Antiretroviral therapy	85	21.5
Outpatient department	76	19.2
Maternal and child health	65	16.4
Voluntary counseling and testing	18	4.5
Tuberculosis	16	4.0
Laboratory	60	15.2
Wards	20	5.1
Others	56	14.1
Work on areas related to training
Yes	325	82.1
No	71	17.9
Working days per week
Less than 5 days	39	9.8
5–7 days	357	90.2
When was the trainee got CDC sponsored training
<1 year	120	30.3
1–2 years	167	42.2
Above 2 years	109	27.5
Trainee were happy by providing service in the area they got training
Yes	330	83.3
No	66	16.7
Ever been mentored since training
Yes	237	59.8
No	159	40.2

Training-Related Factors

Of 396 participants, (153, 38.6%) were trained at Wolaita Sodo University training center, followed by (140, 35.4%) at Hawassa University training center. Two hundred and ninety-seven (75%) of the participants took only one CDC sponsored training and almost the entire group of trainees (386, 97.5%) were happy about the trainer's quality, as well as the conduciveness of the training environment (368, 92.9%). However, (131, 33.1%) of respondents were not happy in their working environment. Shortage of supply and equipment, space, and trained man power were claimed by (82, 62.6%), (68, 51.9%), and (46, 35.1%) of respondents, respectively. Almost all of respondents (378, 95.5%) recommend the Regional Health Bureau and training University to address untrained health professionals to provide quality service in the health sector (Table 3).

Table 3.

Training-Related Factors of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sponsored Training in Five Zones of Southern Ethiopia, October 2019

Variables	Frequency	Percent
In-service training center
Hawassa University	140	35.4
WolaitaSodo University	153	38.6
Arba Minch University	89	22.5
MizanTepi University	14	3.5
No of training taken
One	297	75
Two and above	99	25
Happy by trainers quality
Yes	386	97.5
No	10	2.5
Training environment were conducive
Yes	368	92.9
No	28	7.1
Working environment is conducive
Yes	265	66.9
No	131	33.1
Why not conducive (n=131)
Equipment/supply shortage	82	62.6
Space problem	68	51.9
Man power shortage	46	35.1
Current position not relevant	27	20.6
Staff rotation	27	20.6
Low patient flow	10	7.6
Others	9	6.9
Would you recommend training to other non trained staff?
Yes	378	95.5
No	18	4.5

Health Facility-Related Findings

Pre-Training Activities

Out of 27 facilities, (25, 92.6%) facilities selected eligible trainees based on criteria set by training organizations as mentioned in an invitation letter before sending them to attend training. Facilities selected non-trained staff using orders given for them, using the lottery method, purposely determining competent and committed health workers from service units to attend the training. However, only (15, 55.6%) facilities have documents and minutes about the number and types of pieces of training taken by trainees in the organization (Table 4).

Table 4.

Pre-Training-Related Factors of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sponsored Training in Five Zones of Southern Ethiopia, October 2019

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Type of facility
Hospital	15	55.6
Health Center	12	44.4
Zones
Wolaita	13	48.1
Dawro	4	14.8
Hadiya	4	14.8
KembataTembaro	5	18.5
Halaba	1	3.8
Eligible trainee were selected based on set criteria?
Yes	25	92.6
No	2	7.4
Have documents and minute about number and types of trainings taken?
Yes	15	55.6
No	12	44.4

Post-Training Activities

About two-thirds of facilities (18, 66.7%) were requesting trainees to put training manuals at the working unit for reference after they got training. However, only (15, 55.6%) of the facilities have training manuals at the working place for reference. For different reasons, three (11.1%) of the facilities assigned trained professionals out of service point where they got training. Trainees from more than half of the facilities (15, 55.6%) has no habit of giving orientation for other non-trained staff after training. Twenty-five (92.6%) facilities have a regular rotation program from one service delivery unit to another service delivery unit within the facility every 3–6 months for staff; however, two (7.4%) facilities did not consider trained staff to stay at the area where they got training. Among the 25 facilities that experienced a rotation program, (23, 85.2%) left trained staff at the service unit where he/she got training without being shifted to another service delivery unit. About half (14, 51.9%) of the facilities responded that they had a signed agreement between the selected trainee and the facility for before sending for pieces of training if the training was more than 1-week duration. However, three of 14 (21.4%) of the facilities have no documented agreement as to how long the trainee was expected to serve the facility (Table 5).

Table 5.

Post-Training-Related Factors of Health Facilities in Five Zones of Southern Ethiopia, October 2019

Variables (n=27)	Frequency	Percent
Trainee requested to put training manual at working place	18	66.7
Training manual present at working place for references	15	55.6
Trained person working in area where he/she was trained	24	88.9
Trained professionals has given orientation for non-trained staffs after training	12	44.4
Facility performing regular shifting/rotation program	25	92.6
Trained staff left at the unit where he/she got training without shifting/rotation (n=25)	23	92
Has signed agreement between the trainee and facility	14	51.9
Agreement document available (n=14)	11	78.6

Trained Professionals at Service Delivery Unit

Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Unit

A total of 283 health workers are currently working at the MCH unit at 27 health facilities. A total of 63 (22.3%), 27 (9.5%), and 25 (8.8%) individuals took basic PMTCT, PMTCT Refresher, and Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) pieces of training. The numbers who took mother support group training for mentor mothers, mother support group training for site coordinators, PMTCT Mentorship, PMTCT cohort monitoring, and Gender-Based Violence were 13 (4.5%), 12 (4.3%), 11 (3.9%), 20 (7.1%), and 5 (1.8%), respectively.

ART Unit

A total of 91 health workers are currently working at the ART unit at 27 facilities. About 58 (63.7%), 30 (32.9%), 22 (24.2%), and 41 (45.1%) health professionals took essential ART, ART pharmacy, adherence supporter, and Dolutegravir (DTG) rollout training. In addition to that those who took Partner Notification Service/Index Case Testing, mental health for ART providers, and care managers, Psychosocial support and clinical system mentorship were 32 (35.2%), 18 (19.8%), 14 (15.4%), 16 (17.6%), and 23 (25.3%), respectively.

Outpatient Department (OPD), Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT), and Tuberculosis Units

Among 278 health professionals working at adult and emergency OPD, 70 (25.2%) individuals took PITC training and only 19 (6.8%) got STI training. From a total of 35 health professionals working in the Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) unit, 20 (57.1%) individuals took HIV Testing Service (HTS) training. On the other hand, from a total of 49 health professionals working on TB units, 28 (57.14%) had TBL training.

Laboratory Unit

A total of 223 health workers were currently working at the laboratory unit at 27 health facilities. Among them, 24 (10.8%) laboratory professionals took ART lab monitoring training and only 14 (6.3%) participants got Dried Blood Sample (DBS) collection training. Regarding Strengthening Laboratory Management towards Accreditation (SLMTA) training, SLMTA I, II, and III training was given for 17 (7.6%), 12 (5.4%), and 15 (6.7%), respectively. Besides that, the number of individuals who got pieces of training on Sample Referral Linkage (SRL), Lab bio-safety, Laboratory Quality Management (LQM), and the New HIV testing algorithm were 28 (12.6%), 24 (10.8%), 34 (15.2%), and 36 (16.1%), respectively.

Cross-Cutting Issue

A total of 13 health workers got monitoring and evaluation-related Data Quality training, and seven participants were trained on continuous quality improvement (CQI) training. Currently, Case-Based Surveillance (CBS) and recency testing were given at each point of service delivery. In that regard, 23 (8.1%) were from the MCH unit and 59 (64.8%) from the ART unit got the training. Moreover, 45 (16.2%), five (14.3%), 10 (20.4%), and seven (3.1%) healthcare providers took case-based surveillance and recency testing training from the outpatient department, voluntary counseling and testing, tuberculosis and laboratory units, respectively.

Discussion

The study addressed 396 participants working in 12 hospitals and 15 health centers providing antiretroviral therapy in southern Ethiopia. Our study revealed that there was low training coverage in the study area to conduct HIV testing for patients who were living with the virus. In this regard, from a total of 313 health professionals, only 105 (33.5%) took training at outpatient department (OPD) and voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) units where HIV testing services were primarily conducted. Moreover, there was a lack of habit by trained staff to provide orientation for non-trained colleagues, a shortage of supply and equipment to conduct HIV tests, and assigning trained staff out of HIV service delivery units were some of the problems seen at facility level not to address all individuals to know their HIV status. This was a great challenge to identify all individuals who were living with HIV so as to enrol them into care and treatment. Therefore, facility heads should address these problems to achieve the global target on HIV testing uptake.

Our study showed that all 91 health professionals working on the HIV care and treatment unit took trainings related to HIV care and treatment. This showed that all care and treatment-related services were given by trained professionals in the study area. This should be maintained to deliver quality service to patients so as to retain them in care and treatment and reduce loss to follow-up once they were enrolled.

As per the national guidelines, all patients enrolled to care and treatment should regularly be monitored to assess the progress of treatment. However, in our study, only 102 (45.7%) laboratory professionals took training related to sample collection, HIV testing service, and viral load monitoring. This could be one of the reasons for low achievement for third 95 of the global target in the study area. Thus, facility heads and training organizations should consider training for laboratory professionals to overcome this problem.

Strength and Limitation of the Study

The study addressed both health centers and hospitals in urban and rural areas providing antiretroviral therapy. It also covered a large geographic area in the region. However, it lacks the analytic component due to the nature of the data study design.

Conclusion

Our study showed that there was low coverage of trained staff to deliver HIV testing service and viral load monitoring. Almost all health facilities have at least one trained staff member working at each service delivery point. However, some of them took training 2 years ago and need refresher training. Mentorship performance after training was not adequate. A gap has been seen on selecting appropriate trainees based on criteria mentioned on an invitation letter and documentation of trained staff profiles in some facilities. There was also a high turnover of trained staff and gaps in knowledge transfer by trained staff to non trained staff by delivering orientation on what has been trained and even sharing training manuals for reference.

Funding Statement

There is no funding to report.

Abbreviations

AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CBS, case-based surveillance; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CQI, continuous quality improvement; HIT, health informatics technician; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LQM, laboratory quality management; MCH, maternal and child health; NGO, non-governmental organization; OPD, outpatient department; PITC, Provider Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling; PMTCT, prevention of mother to child transmission; PNS, Partner Notification Service; RHB, Regional Health Bureau; SLMTA, Strengthening Laboratory Management Towards Accreditation; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Region; SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; SRL, sample referral linkage; STI, sexual transmitted infection; TB, Tuberculosis; UNAIDS, United Nations Joint Program on HIV/AIDS; VCT, voluntary counselling and testing; WHO, World Health Organization.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to the data analysis, drafting, or revising of the article, have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest for this work.