Study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbidities and stroke characteristics associated with troponin elevation after acute stroke

Abstract

Introduction

It is unknown which comorbidities and stroke characteristics are associated with elevated cardiac troponin (cTn) levels after stroke. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the association of elevated cTn with preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities (eg, coronary artery disease, heart failure and structural heart disease), specific stroke characteristics (eg, infarct/haemorrhage size, stroke severity, insular cortex involvement) and renal failure after ischaemic stroke (IS) or intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). The secondary objective is to evaluate the association of elevated cTn with stroke recurrence and death.

Methods and analysis

We will include all cross-sectional, case–control, cohort studies and clinical trials involving IS and ICH adult patients (≥18 years), published between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2020 in English or Spanish, reporting the proportion with elevated cTn. We will search PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science by applying predefined search terms. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts, retrieve full texts, extract the data in a predesigned form, and assess the risk of bias. We will apply random-effects or fixed-effects meta-analyses to estimate the association between cardiovascular comorbidities, stroke characteristics and renal failure with cTn elevation. We will report results as risk ratios or ORs. We will perform sensitivity analyses for subtypes of cTn (cTn-I and cTn-T), regular versus high-sensitivity assays, and type of stroke (IS vs ICH). We will estimate heterogeneity by using t² Q and I² measures. We will use funnel plots, Rosenthal’s Fail-Safe N, Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill procedure, and Egger’s regression intercept to assess publication bias.

Ethics and dissemination

This review will be based on published data and does therefore not require ethical clearance. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020203126.

Strengths and limitations of this study.

• This study will help to identify markers associated with cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation among patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, and whether cTn elevation is associated with stroke recurrence and death in this population.

• We will apply well-validated systematic review and meta-analysis tools that are fully compliant with current international guidelines and recommendations.

• As a limitation, we expect to find large heterogeneity between study populations, study designs and types of exposure; we will, thus, attempt to apply meta-regression techniques and subgroup analyses top account for these limitations.

• Another limitation of this study is that despite describing variables associated with troponin cTn elevation, we may not be able to identify the mechanisms underlying those associations.

• Despite of the latter limitation, we expect, at least, to provide a mechanistic hypothesis for this association, which will still represent an important contribution to the better understanding the pathophysiology of myocardial injury in patients who had a stroke.

Introduction

As part of current best practice recommendations, cardiac troponin (cTn) is routinely measured in patients with acute stroke.¹ It has been suggested that cTn elevation after stroke is caused by acute myocardial injury triggered by neurogenic mechanisms in patients with or without underlying heart disease.^{2 3} Current understanding of these neurogenic mechanisms indicates that they comprise autonomic dysfunction and an excessive inflammatory response leading to structural and functional changes in the myocardium even in the absence of coronary artery disease or myocardial ischemia (eg, through non-ischaemic mechanisms).⁴ An alternative or complementary explanation is that elevated levels of cTn found among patients who had a stroke are the consequence chronic myocardial injury associated with prevalent risk factors (eg, hypertension), renal failure or the expression of underlying heart disease. Essential cardiac comorbidities associated with chronically elevated cTn include coronary artery disease, atrial fibrilllation, congestive heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Importantly, subclinical chronic myocardial injury (elevated cTn in individuals without clinically evident heart disease or stroke) is associated with increased long-term risk of stroke.⁵

Which specific cardiovascular comorbidities or stroke characteristics are associated with increased cTn levels after stroke, remains unknown. This is a relevant question that needs to be answered to better understand the pathophysiology, risk and outcomes of elevated cTn levels among acute stroke patients. Clinically, an acute poststroke rise and fall of cTn levels >20% has been proposed as a surrogate of acute post-stroke myocardial injury.⁶ While this is the ideal approach for identifying patients among whom neurogenic mechanisms play a role, studies reporting rise and fall patterns are scarce. From a theoretical and mechanistic approach, and as a way of overcoming this limitation, we hypothesised that if transient cTn elevation is the consequence of neurogenic mechanisms, factors associated with the severity of the stroke (eg, stroke severity or infarct/haemorrhage size) or the involvement of cerebral structures that regulate cardiac autonomic function (eg, insular involvement) would show an association with acute post-stroke cTn elevation in studies in which serial measurements of cTn levels are not available. For studies in which serial measurements of cTn are reported, we hypothesise that cTn rise and fall patterns will be associated with stroke severity, the size of brain ischaemic or haemorrhagic brain lesions or the involvement of the insular cortex. To address these knowledge gaps, we will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies including ischaemic stroke (IS) and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) patients reporting cTn levels—or cTn rise and fall patterns when available, to estimate the association of increased cTn with specific cardiovascular comorbidities and stroke characteristics. We will also assess the risk of stroke recurrence and death among IS and ICH patients with elevated cTn.

Review questions

• Is there an association between elevated cTn levels post-stroke and specific cardiovascular comorbidities or stroke characteristics?

• Is elevated cTn associated with increased risk of stroke recurrence or death?

Objectives

• Primary objective: To estimate the association of elevated cTn levels with vascular risk factors, cardiovascular comorbidities (eg, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and structural heart disease defined as either left atrial enlargement or decreased left ventricular ejection fraction) and stroke characteristics (eg, stroke severity, cerebral infarct/haemorrhage size and insular involvement).

• Secondary objectives: To estimate the association of elevated cTn levels with the risk of stroke recurrence, death and stroke recurrence or death. To estimate the proportion of patients showing predefined electrocardiographic changes (ST-T changes, QT prolongation or atrial fibrillation detected after stroke).

Methods

This study protocol has been prepared according to the 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines (online supplementary appendix)⁷.

Criteria for considering studies for the review

Inclusion criteria

We will include all cross-sectional, case–control and cohort studies and clinical trials published between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2020 in English or Spanish involving adults (18 years of age or older) and reporting on the prevalence of elevated cTn after stroke:

• IS or ICH (excluding isolated subarachnoid haemorrhage).

• Studies reporting serum/plasma cTn of any type and assay, measured within 7 days of the event.

• Available data on the proportion with high cTn.

• Prospective or retrospective cohort studies.

Exclusion criteria

We will exclude reviews, letters to the editor, editorials, conference articles with incomplete data, studies with a small sample size (less than 30 participants). For duplicated publications (reports including the same population), we will collate multiple reports to craft the most comprehensive database from that study.

Search strategy for the identification of relevant studies

We will search PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science to identify potentially eligible studies by applying predefined search terms. Search terms are shown in tables 1–3. We will also use the ‘similar articles’ PubMed function (first 50 articles listed per article included in the study), we will screen the reference lists of included articles and we will search each of this study authors’ personal archives for additional relevant publications that were not identified in the study search.

Table 1.

PubMed search terms

Searches	Results
1	(Stroke OR (Strok*) OR (Cerebral Infarct*) OR (Cerebral Artery Infarct*) OR (Brain Infarct*) OR (cerebrovascular event*) OR (brain vascular accident*) OR (cerebrovascular accident*) OR (intracranial hemorrhage) OR (intraparenchymal hemorrhage) OR (cerebral hemorrhage)
2	Troponin [Mesh] OR Troponin [tiab] OR myocardial injury [Tiab]
3	Animals NOT Humans
4	NOT case reports OR case report NOT Clinical Study OR series
5	#1 AND #2
6	#5 NOT #3
7	#6 NOT #4
8	#7 Timespan 1990-December 31st 2020

Table 2.

EMBASE search terms

Searches	Results
1	cerebrovascular accident/ or cardioembolic stroke/ or lacunar stroke/
2	(strok* or (cerebral adj2 infarct*) or (brain adj2 infarct*) or cerebrovascular event*).ti, ab.
3	exp troponin/
4	troponin.ti, ab.
5	1 or 2
6	3 or 4
7	5 and 6
8	7
9	limit 8 to human
10	(case report* or systematic review or meta analysis or meta-analysis).ti, ab.
11	(series or clinical study).ti, ab.
12	10 not 11
13	9 not 12
14	limit 13 to dd=19900101–20201231

Table 3.

Web of Science search terms

Searches	Results
1	TS=(stroke OR (brain NEAR infarct*) OR (cerebral NEAR infarct*) OR cerebrovascular accident* OR cerebrovascular event*)
2	TS=(troponin* OR (myocardial NEAR injury*))
3	TI=(“case report” NOT (“clinical study” OR “series”))
4	TI=(veterinary OR rabbit OR rabbits OR animal OR animals OR mouse OR mice OR rodent OR rodents OR rat OR rats OR pig OR pigs OR porcine OR horse* OR equine OR cow OR cows OR bovine OR goat OR goats OR sheep OR ovine OR canine OR dog OR dogs OR feline OR cat OR cats)
5	#1 AND #2
6	#5 NOT #3
7	#6 NOT #4
8	#7 Timespan 1990–31 December 2020

Selection of studies for inclusion in the review

Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts by using COVIDENCE and will solve disagreements by consensus. In cases of persisting disagreement, a third reviewer will intervene. The same reviewers will fully assess all potentially relevant records. We will document reasons for excluding specific publications.

Assessment of the methodological quality and risk of bias

To evaluate the methodological quality and risk of bias of each publication, we will use the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I)⁸ on six domains: bias due to confounding, bias in selection of participants, bias in classification of interventions, bias due to deviations from intended interventions, bias due to missing data, bias in measurement of outcomes, and bias in selection of the reported result. We will classify the results following the ROBINS-I criteria as low, moderate, serious, critical risk of bias, or no information. We will present a risk-of-bias graph and summary.

Data extraction and management

• We will create and use a standardised COVIDENCE data extraction form including the following.

• Study identification: funding source, country, setting, author name, institution, email, address and possible conflicts of interest.

• Study characteristics: study design, groups, aim of the study, start date, inclusion and exclusion criteria, recruitment methods and setting.

• Patients’ characteristics: mean or median age, stroke severity as determined by the mean or median National Institutes of Health stroke scale, mean or median interval time to cTn measurement, hypertension (n), diabetes mellitus (n), chronic kidney disease (n), dyslipidaemia (n), active smoking (n), alcohol misuse (n), coronary artery disease (n), prior myocardial infarction (n), heart failure (n), atrial fibrillation (n), prior IS (n), prior transient ischaemic attack (%), prior ICH (n), dementia (n), Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment category (n), embolic stroke of undetermined source (n), insular involvement (n), brain infarct/haemorrhage volume (mL), impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (n), impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (n), left ventricular ejection fraction (%), enlarged left atrium (n), left atrial size (diameter, area, volume or volume index depending on data availability), mortality (%, HR, OR, etc), recurrent stroke (%, HR, OR, etc), ST-changes (n), QT prolongation (n) and atrial fibrillation detected after stroke (n).

• Main exposure: proportion of patients with rise and fall cTn pattern when available. When unavailable, we will use elevated cTn. Exposure characteristics: cTn-I vs cTn-T, standard versus high-sensitivity assay, cut-off value, mean or median interval time to cTn measurement.

• Study outcomes: study outcomes are described in table 4.

Table 4.

Study outcomes

Main study outcomes	Definition/description
Cardiovascular comorbidities+
Hypertension	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Diabetes mellitus	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Dyslipidaemia	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Enlarged left atrium	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Decreased ejection fraction	n/N Baseline. Less than 40% or defined by protocol.
Coronary artery disease	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Congestive heart failure	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Impaired renal function	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Stroke characteristics
Insular involvement	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies.
Infarct volume	n/N Baseline. Defined by individual studies. CT/MR subgroups.
Stroke severity	Mean or median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. We will use the following cut-off values: 0–4: mild, 5–8: mild/moderate, 9–16: moderate/severe,>16 severe
Secondary outcomes
Death	n/N, HR if reported. In-Hospital, 30–90 days, 6 months to 1–3–5years
Recurrent stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic)	n/N, HR if reported. In-Hospital, 30–90 days, 6 months to 1–3–5 years
Electrocardiographic changes	n/N, with ST-T changes, QT prolongation, or atrial fibrillation detected after stroke.

Data analysis and reporting

We will normalise troponin levels to the respective 99th percentile in multiples of the 99th percentile when possible. We will apply random-effects or fixed-effects meta-analyses depending on the source of heterogeneity to estimate the proportion of IS and ICH patients with cTn elevation. For the main and secondary study objectives, we will report risk ratios when possible. Otherwise, we will report ORs. We will use the Agresti-Cuoll method to calculate confidence intervals for individual studies. We will calculate between study variance τ² with the maximum-likelihood estimator and adjusted with the Hartung and Knapp method for calculations of between studies confidence intervals and adjusting test statistics. We will perform sensitivity analyses for subtypes of cTn (cTn-I and cTn-T), regular versus high-sensitivity assays, and type of stroke (IS vs ICH).

We will assess clinical heterogeneity by considering the unevenness in participants and study factors (prospective/retrospective, follow-up, cTn assay type). We will estimate heterogeneity across by using t² Q and I² measures. We will attempt to elucidate the basis of the heterogeneity by performing subgroup analysis. We will use the ‘leave one out’ procedure as a sensitivity analysis to identify studies responsible for heterogeneity.⁹ We will perform a combinatorial meta-analysis and we will apply a graphical display of study heterogeneity (GOSH).¹⁰ If outliers are found, we will enhance the GOSH plot with colour-code subgroup meta-analysis with and without the outlier study.

We will perform a meta-regression using the random-effects model if data allows for exploring the different continuous variables.

We will evaluate whether selective reporting of outcomes is present. We will compare the fixed effect estimate against the random effects model to assess the possible presence of small sample bias in the published literature. We will apply enhanced funnel plots, Rosenthal’s Fail-Safe N, Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill procedure, and Egger’s regression intercept for evaluating reporting bias if at least 10 studies are retrieved.

We will conduct all analyses with R V.3.6.2 (R Core Team,2014), by using the ‘Meta’ and ‘Metaphor’ packages according to the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews.

Patient and public involvement statement

No patients were involved in this study.

Potential amendments

We do not anticipate any amendment to this review protocol. However, any necessary amendment will be documented and reported transparently.

Ethics and dissemination

This systematic review and meta-analysis will be based on published data and does therefore not require specific ethical approval or consent for participation. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences.