ZNRF3 Inhibits the Invasion and Tumorigenesis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by Inactivating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Abstract

Zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3), which belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family, is involved in the progression and development of cancer. However, the expression and function of ZNRF3 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of ZNRF3 in human NPC. Our results showed that ZNRF3 was downregulated in NPC cell lines. Restoration of ZNRF3 significantly inhibited the proliferation of NPC cells and tumor xenograft growth in vivo. In addition, overexpression of ZNRF3 suppressed migration and invasion, as well as attenuated the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in NPC cells. Furthermore, restoration of ZNRF3 obviously downregulated the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc in NPC cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that ZNRF3 inhibited the metastasis and tumorigenesis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in NPC cells. Thus, ZNRF3 may act as a novel molecular target for the treatment of NPC.

INTRODUCTION

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck cancer that has a high prevalence, 20–50 cases per 100,000 individuals, in the southern China region¹. Currently, radiotherapy is the most effective treatment for NPC, but the prognosis is often not satisfactory due to the rates of recurrence and metastasis². The majority of NPC patients are diagnosed in the late stages, and 70% of patients present with cervical lymph node metastasis at first consultation³. Thus, the investigation of molecular mechanisms of NPC progression and metastasis is imperative in order to identify potential targets for the treatment of NPC.

E3 ubiquitin ligases, a large family of proteins, regulate the turnover and activity of many target proteins⁴. A large body of evidence has shown that E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate a variety of biological processes including cell cycle regulation, proliferation, and apoptosis^5–7. Zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family, which negatively regulates Wnt signaling. It is associated with the Wnt receptor complex and inhibits Wnt signaling by promoting the turnover of frizzled and LRP6 receptors⁸. Accumulating data have strongly suggested that ZNRF3 is involved in cancer development and is lowly expressed in many human cancers^9–11. Shi et al. confirmed that the ZNRF3 level is reduced in lung carcinoma, and its expression level is positively correlated with the survival of lung cancer patients. Restoration of ZNRF3 inhibited the proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro, as well as attenuated the growth of lung cancer xenografts¹². However, the expression and function of ZNRF3 in human NPC remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of ZNRF3 in human NPC. Our data showed that ZNRF3 inhibited the metastasis and tumorigenesis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in NPC cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell Culture

Human NPC cell lines (SUNE-6-10B, SUNE-5-8F, and CNE-1) and the control cell line NP69 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). All of the cells were cultured in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Rockville, MD), 100 IU/ml streptomycin, and 100 IU/ml penicillin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a humidified atmosphere (37°C, 5% CO₂).

Total RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Total RNA was extracted from NPC cell lines using TRIzol reagent (Takara, Dalian, P.R. China) following the manufacturer’s instructions, and 5 μg of RNA of each sample was reverse transcribed using SuperScript RT kit (Invitrogen). All the qPCRs were performed on a StepOne™ Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The following primers were used: ZNRF3, 5′-GCGGGTCATCCCCTGTAC-3′ (sense) and 5′-GCTTGGGTTTCCCTTTTGTT-3′ (antisense); β-actin, 5′-CTTAGTTGCGTTACACCCTTTCTTG-3′ (sense) and 5′-CTGTCACCTTCACCGTTCCAGTTT-3′ (antisense). The band intensities of amplification products were measured by a densitometer, and the results were normalized with β-actin.

Western Blotting Analysis

Proteins were extracted from NPC cell lines using RIPA lysis buffer containing phosphatase and protease inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich). A total of 20 μg of proteins was separated by 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% nonfat milk in Tris-buffered saline with Tween (TBST; 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH of 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20) for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with various primary antibodies against ZNRF3, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-Myc, and GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) at 4°C overnight. The following day, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 h. The target protein was visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection system (Amersham, Little Chalfont, UK).

Construction of Plasmids and Transfection

The full-length ZNRF3 cDNA was cloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector (Genechem, Shanghai, P.R. China). CNE-1 cells were transfected with ZNRF3 or vector using Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

Cell Proliferation Assay

Cell proliferation was detected using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Infected cells at a density of 3 × 10⁴ cells/well were seeded into 96-well culture plates. Next, we added 10 μl of reagent from CCK-8 (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) to each well for detection at days 1, 2, 3, and 4. After 1 h of incubation at 37°C, the absorbance was measured at 490 nm with a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, San Diego, CA, USA).

In Vitro Migration and Invasion Assays

For the Transwell migration assay, infected CNE-1 cells (5 × 10⁴ cells/well) suspended in 0.1% FBS medium were placed in the top chamber, while the lower chamber of the Transwell plates was filled with 600 μl of RPMI medium containing 10% FBS. After 24 h, cells on the upper membrane of the inserts were removed using cotton swabs. Cells that migrated to the lower surface of the filters were fixed, stained with crystal violet, and counted under a microscope (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The invasion assay was done using the same procedure, except that the membrane was coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA) to form a matrix barrier.

Tumorigenesis in Nude Mice In Vivo

All of the animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. Female Balb/c nude mice (4–5 weeks of age, 18–20 g) were purchased from the Laboratory Animal of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (P.R. China). CNE-1 cells transfected with ZNRF3 and the corresponding control cells (5 × 10⁶) were suspended in 200 μl of PBS and then injected subcutaneously into the left axilla of the mice (five mice/group). Tumor volumes were measured with calipers every 5 days after injection. The tumor volume was calculated according to the following formula: V = L × W ²/2, where V is the volume (mm³), L is the biggest diameter (mm), and W is the smallest diameter (mm). After 25 days, all of the mice were sacrificed, and the tumor tissues were excised and weighed.

Statistics Analysis

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

The Expression of ZNRF3 in NPC Cell Lines

We first examined the expression of ZNRF3 in human NPC cell lines using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The results of the qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the mRNA expression of ZNRF3 was significantly decreased in human NPC cell lines, compared with the normal laryngeal epithelia cell line (Fig. 1A). Similarly, the Western blotting analysis showed that ZNRF3 protein expression was also downregulated in human NPC cell lines (Fig. 1B).

Figure 1.

The expression of ZNRF3 in NPC cell lines. (A) qRT-PCR was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of ZNRF3 in human NPC cell lines (SUNE-6-10B, SUNE-5-8F, and CNE-1). (B) Western blotting analysis was used for the detection of the protein expression of ZNRF3 in human NPC cell lines. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 versus NP69.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 Inhibits the Proliferation of NPC Cells

To investigate the role of ZNRF3 in NPC, CNE-1 cells were transfected with ZNRF3 or vector for 24 h, respectively. The transfection efficiency was confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. CNE-1 cells transfected with ZNRF3 showed a significant upregulation of ZNRF3 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 2). In addition, the effect of ZNRF3 on NPC cell proliferation was evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. Overexpression of ZNRF3 greatly suppressed the proliferation of CNE-1 cells, compared with the negative control group (Fig. 2C).

Figure 2.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 inhibits the proliferation of NPC cells. CNE-1 cells were transfected with ZNRF3 or vector for 24 h. (A) qRT-PCR was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of ZNRF3 in CNE-1 cells. (B) Western blotting analysis was used for the detection of the protein expression of ZNRF3. (C) Detection of cell proliferation by CCK-8 assay. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 versus vector.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of NPC Cells

We next determined the potential impact of ZNRF3 on NPC cell migration and invasion. The results of the Transwell migration assay showed that the number of migrated CNE-1 cells was greatly reduced in ZNRF-3-transfected CNE-1 cells when compared with the vector group (Fig. 3A). In the Matrigel invasion assay, the average invading cell count in the ZNRF-3-transfected CNE-1 cells was lower than that in the vector group (Fig. 3B). Then we detected the effect of ZNRF3 on EMT-related molecule expression in CNE-1 cells. The results of the Western blot analysis demonstrated that overexpression of ZNRF3 significantly increased the protein expression of E-cadherin and decreased the protein expression of N-cadherin protein, compared with the vector group (Fig. 3C).

Figure 3.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 inhibits the migration and invasion of NPC cells. CNE-1 cells were transfected with ZNRF3 or vector for 24 h. (A) Cell migration was measured by Transwell migration assay. (B) Cell invasion was assessed by the Matrigel invasion chamber. (C) The protein expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin were evaluated by Western blotting. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 versus vector.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 Inhibits Xenografted Tumor Growth In Vivo

To further examine the role of ZNRF3 on NPC growth in vivo, the xenografted tumor in nude mouse was employed. We observed that overexpression of ZNRF3 remarkably reduced the volume (Fig. 4A) and weight (Fig. 4B) of the xenografted tumor, compared with the vector group.

Figure 4.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 inhibits xenografted tumor growth in vivo. (A) CNE-1 cells transfected with ZNRF3 and the corresponding control cells (5 × 10⁶) were suspended in 200 μl of PBS and then injected subcutaneously into the left axilla of the mice. The tumor volume was measured every 5 days. (B) Twenty-five days after inoculation, mice were euthanized, and the tumors were weighed. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05 versus vector.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 Inhibits the Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in NPC Cells

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the development and progression of tumors¹³. Thus, we examined the effect of ZNRF3 on the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in CNE-1 cells. The results of the Western blotting analysis indicated that overexpression of ZNRF3 significantly downregulated the protein expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc in CNE-1 cells, compared with the vector group (Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

Overexpression of ZNRF3 inhibits the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in NPC cells. CNE-1 cells were transfected with ZNRF3 or vector for 24 h. (A) The protein expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc were evaluated by Western blotting. (B) Relative protein levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc were quantified using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software and normalized to GAPDH. GAPDH was used as the internal control. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 versus vector.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we showed that the expression levels of ZNRF3 were significantly reduced in human NPC cell lines. Overexpression of ZNRF3 suppressed the proliferation of NPC cells and tumor xenograft growth in vivo. In addition, we found that overexpression of ZNRF3 inhibited the migration and invasion of NPC cells, as well as prevented the EMT process. Furthermore, overexpression of ZNRF3 greatly downregulated the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc in NPC cells.

ZNRF3 has been shown to play a role in cancer development and progression. Qiu et al. reported that ZNRF3 is downregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) compared to normal thyroid tissues, and overexpression of ZNRF3 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo¹⁴. Zhou et al. confirmed that the expression of ZNRF3 was significantly decreased in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues, and overexpression of ZNRF3 greatly inhibited gastric adenocarcinoma cell proliferation⁹. In agreement with the previous studies, we observed that the expression levels of ZNRF3 were significantly reduced in human NPC cell lines. Overexpression of ZNRF3 suppressed the proliferation of NPC cells and tumor xenograft growth in vivo. These data suggest that ZNRF3 may act as a tumor suppressor in the development and progression of NPC.

NPC has a high rate of local invasion and early metastasis¹⁵. EMT is required for tumor invasion and metastasis. During the EMT procedure, tumor cells lose epithelial E-cadherin expression and cellular adhesion and acquire increased potential for local invasion and ability to evade to distant organs¹⁶. Reduction or a loss of E-cadherin expression is one of the well-established hallmarks of EMT. One study showed that the levels of membrane E-cadherin protein expression were obviously reduced, whereas the mesenchymal marker vimentin was upregulated in NPC samples compared with those in nasopharyngitis samples¹⁷. In the present study, we observed that overexpression of ZNRF3 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of NPC cells, increased the protein expression of E-cadherin, and decreased the protein expression of N-cadherin protein in NPC cells. These data imply that ZNRF3 inhibited the migration and invasion of NPC cells via preventing the EMT process.

Previous studies indicate that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is overactivated in several human cancers, including NPC^18–20. β-Catenin is a central factor in canonical Wnt signaling and induces the transcription of several target genes, which are involved in cell proliferation, metastasis, and EMT²¹. Xu et al. reported that there was a significantly higher expression of β-catenin in NPC with lymph node metastasis than in NPC without lymph node metastasis²². Therefore, inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may represent a promising approach to the treatment of NPC^23–25. Most importantly, it has been reported that ZNRF3 partly attenuated protein levels of β-catenin and TCF-4 in gastric cancer cells⁹. In this study, we found that overexpression of ZNRF3 greatly downregulated the protein expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc in NPC cells. These data suggest that ZNRF3 inhibits the metastasis and tumorigenesis in NPC cells through the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

In conclusion, the present study revealed that ZNRF3 could inhibit the metastasis and tumorigenesis of NPC cells both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, ZNRF3 may be a potential molecular target for the treatment of NPC.