Abstract
Aims and Objectives:
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition, which is associated with increase in airway hyper responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. Asthma is a very common respiratory illness, in which some of the disease related factors may increases the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. This study was done to determine the prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in patients of bronchial asthma.
Methodology:
It is an observational study conducted in 110 follow-up patients of bronchial asthma attending respiratory medicine OPD at tertiary care centre in central India. Psychiatric co-morbidities are assessed by pre-designed short-structured questionnaire using Mini international neuropsychiatric interview.
Result:
Among 110 patients of bronchial asthma 28% had psychiatric co-morbidity mainly depressive episode (59%). A significant association is found between lower socioeconomic status (P = 0.01), duration of of active illness (more than 1 year) (P = 0.001), and age of patient above 60 years (P = 0.001) with psychiatric co-morbidity of asthma patient.
Conclusion:
Our study shows there is increased prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities in patients of bronchial asthma, higher than the national average. The predominant psychiatric disorder seen is depressive disorder, so treatment of asthma should be a multidisciplinary approach including medical treatment of asthma and psychiatric evaluation to prevent psychiatric co-morbidity or its early management. This will greatly reduce the morbidity, visits to hospital, expenditure on treatment and thereby having better outcomes in our patients of asthma.
Keywords: Bronchial Asthma, Copd, Psychiatric Co Morbidity
Introduction
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition which is associated with increase in airway hyper responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing.[1] Asthma is one of the most common chronic disease globally and currently affects 300 million people. The prevalence of asthma has risen in affluent countries over the last 30 years but now appears to have stabilized affecting 10–12% of adults.[2]
Asthma is a very common respiratory illness in which some of the disease-related factors may increases the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Epidemiological studies have shown that asthma is associated with increased risk of psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. The co morbid psychiatric disorders can also affect disease management such as overuse or underuse of rescue inhaler and lack of adherence to medication. Asthma-related quality of life is typical reduced with psychiatric comorbidities.[3] This study was done to determine the prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in patients of bronchial asthma at a tertiary health care centre.
Materials and Methods
It is an observational study conducted in 110 follow-up patients of bronchial asthma attending respiratory medicine OPD at tertiary care centre in central India [33 patients from Varun Arjun Medical College, Shahjahanpur; 27 patients from S.N. Medical college, Agra; 25 patients from School of Medical Science and Research, Greater Noida; 25 patients from FH Medical College, Tundla] to find out psychiatric co-morbidities between January 2019 to August 2019.
Criteria for inclusion
Patients meeting the definition of asthma by the American thoracic society.
Stable follow-up bronchial asthma patients.
Patient above18 years of age
Patients who are able to give informed consent.
Criteria for exclusion
Patients who are not able to give informed consent.
Other Medical illnesses (thyroid disorders, diabetes, hypertension, COPD,)
They were assessed with the semi structured performa containing details of socio demographic profiles and questions pertaining to the aims of the study. Psychiatric co-morbidities are assessed by short-structured questionnaire using Mini international neuropsychiatric interview.
Result
In our study, among 110 patients of stable bronchial asthma, 50% of patients belong to 18 to 40 years, 22% belong to 41 to 60 years and 28% belong to above 60 years [Table 1].
Table 1.
Age profile of asthma patients
| Age | Number of Patients | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 18-40 yrs | 55 | 50 |
| 41-60 yrs | 25 | 22 |
| 60 or above | 30 | 28 |
| Total | 110 | 100 |
In our study, among 110 patients of stable bronchial asthma 52% are males and 48% belong to female [Table 2].
Table 2.
Sex profile of asthma patients
| Sex | Patients | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 58 | 52 |
| Female | 52 | 48 |
| Total | 110 | 100 |
In our study, among 110 patients of stable bronchial asthma 62% belongs to lower socioeconomic class, 32% belong to middle class and 6% belong to upper socioeconomic class [Table 3].
Table 3.
Socioeconomic status of asthma patients
| Socioeconomic Class | Patients | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Upper Class | 7 | 6 |
| Middle Class | 36 | 32 |
| Lower Class | 67 | 62 |
| Total | 110 | 100 |
In our study, among 110 patients of stable bronchial asthma, number of active illness below 6 month is 36%, number of active illness below 6 month to 1 year is 38% and number of active illness above 1 year is 26% [Table 4].
Table 4.
Clinical profile of asthma patients
| Duration of Active Illness | Patients | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| <6 months | 40 | 36 |
| 6 months to 1 year | 42 | 38 |
| More than 1 years | 28 | 26 |
| Total | 110 | 100 |
Among the 110 patients of bronchial asthma 28% have psychiatric co-morbidity and 72% does not have psychiatric comorbidity [Table 5 and Figure 1].
Table 5.
Asthma patients with psychiatry comorbidities
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Patient with psychiatry co-morbidities and asthma | 31 | 28 |
| Patient without psychiatry co-morbidity but onlyasthma | 79 | 72 |
| Total | 110 | 100 |
Figure 1.
Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in asthma
In psychiatric co-morbidity depressive episode (59%) are most common followed by anxiety disorder (20%), alcohol dependence (12%), manic episodes (6%) and suicidal tendency (3%) [Table 6 and Figure 2].
Table 6.
Various psychiatric comorbidities in asthma patients
| Psychiatry Co-morbidity | Number of patients | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Depressive Episode | 18 | 59 |
| Manic Episode | 2 | 6 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 6 | 20 |
| Alcohol Dependance | 4 | 12 |
| Suicidal Tendency | 1 | 3 |
| Total | 31 | 100 |
Figure 2.
Distribution of psychiatric comorbidities
A significant Association is found between lower socioeconomic status (P = 0.01), duration of active illness more than 1 year (P = 0.0011), and age of patient above 60 years (P = 0.001) with psychiatric co-morbidity of asthma patient [Table 7].
Table 7.
Socio clinical correlation of asthma patient with psychatric comorbidities
| Variables | Chi Square value | P |
|---|---|---|
| Age of patients | 19.77 | 0.001 |
| Sex | 2.6 | 0.1 |
| Socioeconomic status | 8.58 | 0.01 |
| Duration of active illness | 13.62 | 0.0011 |
Discussion
In our study it is found that 28% of bronchial asthma patient have psychiatric co-morbidity. This prevalence is much higher than the national average of 14%[4] of psychiatric disorders in the general population, highlighting the fact that psychiatric disorders are found to be increased in patients with asthma. In a study conducted by Nilkhil et al.[5] and Nascimento et al.[6] shows 61% of bronchial asthma patient have psychiatric co-morbidity which is much higher than our study. In a study con ducted by Nian shenz tzenz et al.[7] found that 10.8% developed psychiatric comorbidity in asthma patients, this is even lower than the national average.
In our study the most common psychiatric co-morbidity is depressive episode (59%), followed by anxiety disorder (20%). In a study conducted by Essam et al.[8] shows (67%) of asthma patient developed anxiety disorders and (52%) developed depression disorders. In Javier et al.[9] and Nilkhil et al.[5] studies shows depression is the most common psychiatric co morbidities in asthma patients which is quite similar to our study findings. In a study conducted by Yakup Cag et al. 2020, concluded that anxiety disorder are common in adolescent asthma patients.[10]
In our study, asthma patients above 60 years of age are more predisposed to develop psychiatric co-morbidity. It is concordance with Hannu [11] et al. study.
In our study, gender does have significant association of developing psychiatric co morbidities in asthma patient, it is concordance with Nilkil [5] et al. studies, but Hannu [11] et shows female asthma patients are more prone to develop depression.
In our study asthma patients with lower class socioeconomic status are more predisposed to develop psychiatric co morbidities, it is similar to Simion L bacon [12] et al. studies. But in a study conducted by Nikhil et al. shows socioeconomic status does not have significant association with psychiatric co-morbidity studies.
In our study asthma patient having longer duration of active illness [more than 1 years] are more prone to develop psychiatric comorbidity, it is similar with Nilkil [5] et al. studies and Hannu [11] et al. studies. The reason for this finding can be prolonged illness causes more morbidity, repeated hospital visits, increased expenditure on treatment and loss of work resulting in financial loss. This needs to be further assessed in more studies depicting the reason for this finding.
Conclusion
Our study shows there is increased prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities in patients of bronchial asthma, higher than the national average. The predominant psychiatric disorder seen is depressive disorder. Psychiatric co-morbidity are found to have significant association with lower socioeconomic status, age above 60 years and duration of active illness more than 1 year, so there is a need of assessment of the psychiatric co-morbid conditions in asthma patients to improve the quality of life. Further treatment of asthma should be a multidisciplinary approach including medical treatment and psychiatric evaluation to prevent psychiatric co-morbidity or its early management. This will greatly reduce the morbidity, visits to hospital, expenditure on treatment and thereby having better outcomes in our patients of asthma. Further study is required to find out more factors for higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with asthma.
Summary
It is an observational study conducted in 110 follow-up patients of bronchial asthma attending respiratory medicine OPD at tertiary care centre in central India. Our study shows there is increased prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities in patients of bronchial asthma, higher than the national average. The predominant psychiatric disorder seen is depressive disorder, so treatment of asthma should be a multidisciplinary approach including medical treatment of asthma and psychiatric evaluation to prevent psychiatric co-morbidity or its early management. This study is useful for primary care physician to prevent psychiatric co morbidities in asthma patients by giving them proper counselling before initiation of treatment and during treatment as prevention is better than cure.
Ethical permission
The ethical permission for this paper was given by Members of Ethical Committee, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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