Abstract
Background
Age-related sarcopenia meaningfully increases the risks of functional limitations and mortality in the older adults. Although circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) are associated with aging-related cellular senescence and inflammation, the relationships between c-miRNAs and sarcopenia in the older adults remain unclear. This study investigates whether circulating myo-miRNAs and inflammation-related miRNAs are associated with sarcopenia in the older adults.
Methods
This investigation recruited 77 eligible subjects (41 males and 36 females) from 597 community-dwelling older adults, and then divided them into normal (n = 24), dynapenic (loss of muscular function without mass, n = 35), and sarcopenic groups (loss of muscular function with mass, n = 18). Moreover, myo- (c-miRNA-133a and c-miRNA-486) and inflammation- (c-miRNA-21 and c-miRNA-146a) related miRNAs, as well as, inflammatory-related cytokine and peroxide levels in plasma were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA, respectively.
Results
Sarcopenic group exhibited lesser skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip strength, and gait speed, as well as, lower c-miR-486 and c-miR-146a levels, compared to those of normal and dynapenic groups. Moreover, c-miR-486 level was positively related to SMI (r = 0.334, P = 0.003), whereas c-miR-146a level was positively associated with SMI (r = 0.240, P = 0.035) and handgrip strength (r = 0.253, P = 0.027). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis for predicting sarcopenia, the area under the curve in c-miR-486 was 0.708 (95% confidence interval: 0.561–0.855, P = 0.008) and c-miR-146a was 0.676 (95% CI: 0.551–0.801, P = 0.024). However, no significant relationships were observed between SMI/handgrip strength/gait speed and plasma myeloperoxidase/interleukin-1훽/interleukin-6 levels.
Conclusions
Myo-miRNA (c-miR-486) and inflammation-related miRNA (c-miR-146a) are superior to inflammatory peroxide/cytokines in plasma for serving as critical biomarkers of age-related sarcopenia.
Keywords: Aging, microRNA, Sarcopenia, Cytokine
Background
Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle mass and either a loss of muscle strength or physical performance [7]. Age-related sarcopenia meaningfully decreases the quality of life, leading to a loss of independence, ultimately increasing morbidity and mortality in the older adults [7, 18]. Handgrip strength has been reported to be a useful predictor of whole-body muscular strength, further applications to predict health conditions in older adults [7, 13, 18, 21]. Multi-factorial mechanisms contribute to age-declined handgrip strength, including muscular senescence, sedentary lifestyle, poor nutritional status, hormonal dysregulation, and pro-inflammation status ([11, 26, 27].
MicroRNAs (miRs) play important roles in age-related changes in muscle mass and strength, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and inflammation responses [16, 33]. Recent investigations have demonstrated that muscle-related microRNAs (myo-miRs) and inflammation-related miRs might be useful for estimating physical performance [16] and health conditions [11, 17].
. Moreover, circulating microRNAs (c-miRs) have been discovered in the bloodstream and bodily fluids, mature miRs can be packaged in micro-particles (exosomes, micro-vesicles, and apoptotic bodies) or complexed with miRNA-binding proteins including Argonaute 2 or high-density lipoproteins [5, 16]. Therefore, c-miRs have important functions as intercellular communication and the potential to function as the biomarkers of a physiopathological state [5, 28]. Although c-miRs are associated with aging-related processes such as cellular inflammation and senescence [2, 20], the relationship between c-miRs and muscle function in the aging process remains unclear. Accordingly, we hypothesized that myo- or inflammation-related c-miRs are associated with muscle mass and strength or physical performance in the older adults.
To answer the abovementioned questions, we compared the differences of circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) between dynapenia and sarcopenia in the older adults, which reflect the age-related loss of muscle quantity and quality. The loss of muscular strength or physical performance without mass serves as an early-stage of sarcopenia, while the loss of muscular strength and physical performance with mass likes to late-stage of sarcopenia. Hence, this study evaluated sarcopenia-related parameters (body composition, handgrip strengths, and gait speed) in the older adults. Furthermore, myo-miRs (c-miR-133a and c-miR-486) and inflammation-related miRs (c-miR-21 and c-miR-146a), as well as, plasma inflammatory-related peroxide and cytokine levels were determined, respectively. The present study aims to establish critical biomarkers for dynapenia and sarcopenia in the older adults.
Methods
Participants
This study surveyed 597 participants who were recruited community-dwelling older adults from March 2016 to December 2019 at National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan. Exclusion criteria included the presence of inflammatory disease within the recent 3 months, acute or unstable cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, alcohol or drug abuse during the previous 12 months, significant renal or acute hepatic disease. The physician asks the subject’s past medical history and the subject fills out the questionnaire to exclude inappropriate subjects. Afterward, eligible 77 subjects were enrolled in this study and then divided into three groups: normal (N, n = 24), dynapenic (D, n = 35), and sarcopenic groups (S, n = 18) (Fig. 1). Dynapenia and sarcopenia were classified using the Asian Working Group of Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria: (i) dynapenia is normal muscle mass and the loss of muscle strength (handgrip strength) or declined physical performance (gait speed) and (ii) sarcopenia is a condition characterized by insufficient muscle mass, poor muscle strength (handgrip strength), or/and declined physical performance (gait speed) [15]. Additionally, the N group was carefully selected to recruit the older adult subjects who were normal values in handgrip strength, gait speed, and muscular mass. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the ethics committees of the National Taiwan University Hospital and all subjects provided written informed consent before participation.
Fig. 1.
Flowchart of enrolled community-dwelling older adults included normal, dynapenic, and sarcopenic subjects during following-up. This study surveyed 597 participants who were recruited community-dwelling older adults. Exclusion criteria listed in the figure were used to recruit eligible candidates. Afterwards, eligible 77 subjects were enrolled into this study, and then divided into three groups: normal (n = 24), dynapenic (n = 35), and sarcopenic groups (n = 18)
Sarcopenic parameters
Grip strength
Subjects’ handgrip strengths were evaluated using the analogue isometric dynamometer (BASELINE® Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer; Fabrication Enterprises Inc., White Plains, NY, USA). Appropriate position as recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists protocols was used [4]. Measure the maximum grip strength three times, and take the best one as the result was calculated. According to the recommendation of AWGS operational definitions, cut-off values for handgrip strength (< 26 kgs for men and < 18 kgs for women) to clinical define poor muscle strength [15].
Gait speed
Gait speed time was assessed with a 5-m walk test, walking time was measured for all subjects over a 5-m distance as quickly as possible. Subjects were allowed to use their own walk aids during the test. Total measured three times, used the fastest time to calculate gait speed in distance (meters) divided by walking time (sec) [30]. According to the recommendation of AWGS, a low physical performance cut point is defined as a gait speed ≤0.8 m/sec.
Body composition
The muscle mass and body composition were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Stratos dR; DMS Inc., Maugio, France). Scan acquisition and analysis were performed according to manufacturer guidelines. The measurements included total body fat and lean mass was reported. Moreover, percentages of body lean (PBL) and fat (PBF), lean mass index (LMI, total lean mass/ heigh t[3]), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, appendicular muscle mass/ heigh t[3]), and bone mass density (T score) were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively.
Plasma sampling and RNA extraction
To minimize any possible diurnal effects., we ask all subjects to arrive at the testing center at 09:00 am. Participants were asked to fast for at least 8 h and avoid strenuous physical exercise for at least 48 h before blood sampling. Ten mL of venous blood samples were drawn from forearm venipuncture into a polypropylene tube that contained 4 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, Sigma). Centrifugation at 1500 g for 20 min at 4 °C to obtain the plasma sample. The plasma samples were then stored in 500 μl aliquots at-80 °C, until RNA extraction. Afterward, a constant input amount of 200 μl plasma was used for RNA extraction. Synthetic C. elegans cel-miR-39-3p (Concentration 0.5 fM, determined by dilution series) use for spike-in control. Before the extraction of RNA, cel-miR-39 was added to all samples to monitor the efficiency and quality of the RNA extraction and qPCR procedure. The total RNA was extracted from plasma samples using a Direct-zol™ RNA MiniPrep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Reverse transcription and c-miRNA quantification
This study evaluated four c-miRs into two categories: myo-miRs (c-miR-486-5p and c-miR-133a-3p) and inflammation-related miRs (c-miR-146a-5p and c-miR-21-5p). RNA template was used a fixed amount (1 μL) in Reverse Transcription (RT). Sample miRNAs were transcribed into cDNA via miRNA specific reverse transcription reaction using miRNA specific stem loop-RT primer and SuperScript™ III Reverse Transcriptase Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). To quantify levels of c-miRNA, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using short Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) probe for microRNAs specific forward primer, besides, using a universal reverse primer be the microRNAs reverse primer. Amplifications were conducted following the manufacturer’s instructions using a LightCycler® 96 Real-Time PCR System (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) [9]. For analysis quality, the acceptable Ct numbers are less than 35 and each qPCR reaction was performed in triplicate. To the estimated ratio of circulating hsa-miRs repeat cycle number to a cel-miR- 39-3p cycle number (spike-in control), formula (Ct (c-miRs assay) /Ct (cel-miR- 39 assay)) were use. In this formula, the ratio of the c-miRs is the relative expression. In addition, quantification of c-miRNAs in plasma samples were evaluated by measuring endogenous myo-miRs (c-miR-486-5p and c-miR-133a-3p) and inflammation-related miRs (c-miR-146a-5p and c-miR-21-5p) levels, as well as, exogenous control cel-miR-39 levels that was spiked in all the samples at the same concentration, method as described by Sourvinou and colleagues [25].
Inflammation-related cytokines and lipid peroxide in plasma
Obtain 5-mL blood samples from all subjects for inflammation-related cytokines and lipid peroxide assay and placed in a centrifuge EDTA tube (final concentration, 4 mM), and immediately centrifuged at 1500 g for 10 min at 4 °C. The plasma samples were then stored in 500 μl aliquots at − 80 °C until ELISA assay. Plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Immunology Consultants Laboratory, Newberg, OR), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (eBioscience, San Diego, CA), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) concentrations were quantified by commercially available ELISA kits.
Statistical analysis
Subjects characteristics are presented in the text as means± standard deviation (SD). Data were normally distributed; data was assessed using Shapiro–Wilk tests for dependent variables. The differences in plasma c-miRs, cytokine, and sarcopenic parameters among the normal, dynapenic, and sarcopenic groups were compared by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of the association between variables. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship of c-miRs to handgrip strength, gait speed, and body composition. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was constructed using the expression values with c-miRs and sarcopenia to distinguish between normal and sarcopenic subjects. The area under the curve (AUC) was estimated to assess the diagnostic performance of c-miRs and sarcopenia. The α level for statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).
Results
Participant characteristics
This study enrolled eligible 77 participants (66–92 (78.7 ± 6.2) years old, 41 males and 36 females) from 597 older adults (Fig. 1). Both D and S group had higher PBF (P < 0.05) while only the S group exhibited lower PBL (P < 0.05), compared to those of the N group. Moreover, the S group exhibited a smaller BMI (P < 0.01), LMI (P < 0.001) and T score (P < 0.01) than those of the N groups. On the other hand, the BMI (P<0.001), waistline (P < 0.001) and LMI (P<0.001) in the S group were inferior than those in the D group (Table 1). The effects of sarcopenic parameters and c-miRNAs, in total participants the S group exhibited a smaller SMI (P < 0.001), grip strength (P < 0.001), gait speed (P < 0.001), c-miR-486 (P < 0.05), and c-miR-146a (P < 0.05) than those of the N groups. In addition, the S group exhibited a smaller SMI (P < 0.001), grip strength (P < 0.001), gait speed (P < 0.001), and c-miR-486 (P < 0.05) than those of the D groups. Moreover, only the Grip strength (P < 0.001) a smaller exhibited in the D group than in the N group. The characteristics of males and females have similar results in sarcopenic parameters and c-miRNAs, indicating that sex is not the main influence factor in sarcopenia (Table 2).
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics in various groups
| Total n=77 | N | D | S | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | y/o | 75.8±6.1 | 80.2±5.7 | 79.8±5.9 |
| Sex | ♂:♀ | 16:8 | 17:18 | 8:10 |
| BMI | kg/m2 | 23.9±2.2 | 25.3±2.6 | 21.6±2.6#+ |
| Waistline | cm | 84.2±7.8 | 86.1±6.9 | 77.9±8.1#+ |
| SBP | mmHg | 127±14 | 140±14* | 135±15# |
| DBP | mmHg | 76±10 | 76±10 | 75±16 |
| PBL | % | 65.7±4.3 | 63.2±4.7 | 62.6±4.8# |
| PBF | % | 30.1±4.7 | 32.9±5.2* | 33.4±5.1# |
| LMI | kg/m2 | 15.7±1.7 | 15.5±1.7 | 13.5±1.4#+ |
| T-score | unit | 0.25±0.91 | -0.39±1.03* | -0.53±0.92#+ |
N normal group (n=24), D dynapenic group (n=35), S sarcopenia group (n=18); BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, PBL percentage of body lean, PBF percentage of body fat, LMI lean mass index. Values are mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, N vs. D; # P < 0.05, N vs. S. +P < 0.05, D vs. S
Table 2.
Effects of sex in sarcopenic parameters and c-miRNAs
| Total n=77 | N | D | S | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMI | kg/m2 | 7.1±0.7 | 7.0±0.8 | 5.8±0.6+# |
| Grip strength | kg | 29.0±7.5 | 17.5±5.2* | 10.6±5.2+# |
| Gait speed | m/sec | 1.09±0.21 | 1.04±0.27 | 0.64±0.12+# |
| c-miR-486 | ratio | 1.09±0.04 | 1.08±0.04 | 1.06±0.04+# |
| c-miR-133a | ratio | 1.28 ±0.08 | 1.28±0.07 | 1.26±0.05 |
| c-miR-146a | ratio | 1.24±0.06 | 1.23±0.06 | 1.20 ±0.05# |
| c-miR-21 | ratio | 1.19±0.05 | 1.17±0.05 | 1.16±0.04 |
| Female n=36 | ||||
| SMI | kg/m2 | 6.9±0.7 | 7.0±0.6 | 5.6±0.61+# |
| Grip strength | kg | 28.3±8.6 | 17.8±5.6* | 10.0±4.5+# |
| Gait speed | m/sec | 1.22±0.24 | 1.10±0.24 | 0.61±0.13+# |
| c-miR-486 | ratio | 1.08±0.03 | 1.08±0.04 | 1.08±0.05 |
| c-miR-133a | ratio | 1.28 ±0.05 | 1.28±0.06 | 1.28±0.1 |
| c-miR-146a | ratio | 1.22±0.06 | 1.22±0.06 | 1.22 ±0.05 |
| c-miR-21 | ratio | 1.18±0.05 | 1.17±0.05 | 1.18±0.05 |
| Male n=41 | ||||
| SMI | kg/m2 | 7.2±0.8 | 7.0±0.9 | 6.0±0.6+# |
| Grip strength | kg | 30.1±6.9 | 17.2±4.9* | 11.1±5.9+# |
| Gait speed | m/sec | 0.91±0.13 | 1.06±0.12 | 0.67±0.11+# |
| c-miR-486 | ratio | 1.10±0.05 | 1.08±0.04 | 1.04±0.05 |
| c-miR-133a | ratio | 1.28±0.06 | 1.28±0.11 | 1.24±0.05 |
| c-miR-146a | ratio | 1.26±0.08 | 1.23±0.03 | 1.18±0.07 |
| c-miR-21 | ratio | 1.20±0.06 | 1.18±.003 | 1.14±0.07 |
N normal group (n=24), DS decrease of strength group (n=35), S sarcopenia group (n=18), SMI skeletal muscle mass index, Values are mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, N vs. D; +P < 0.05, D vs. S; # P < 0.05, N vs. S
Sarcopenic parameters and C-miRs
Compared to the N group, both D and S groups had lesser grip strength (P<0.01) while the S group alone exhibited slower gait speed (P<0.01) (Table 2). Moreover, the S group had lower c-miR-486 (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2a) and c-miR-146a (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2c), as well as, the D group had lesser c-miR-146a (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2c) than the N group did. Additionally, the SMI (P<0.01), grip strength (P < 0.01), gait speed (P<0.01) (Table 2), and c-miR-486 (P = 0.023) (Fig. 2a) in the S group were inferior than those in the D group. In addition, the c-miR-486 and c-miR-146a normalizing with respect to c-miR-133a and c-miR-21, used as an endogenous control (Fig. 3a); exogenous control cel-miR-39(Fig. 3b); and a combination of the two, and then ΔCt was estimated but were no significant changes (Fig. 3c).
Fig. 2.
Comparisons of circulating microRNAs ((A) c-miR-486, (B) c-miR-133a (n = 53, due to Ct number > 35), (C) cmiR-146a, and (D) c-miR 21) among various groups. N, normal group (n = 24); D, dynapenic group (n = 35); S, sarcopenia group (n = 18). *P < 0.05, N vs. D; # P < 0.05, N vs. S. +P < 0.05, D vs. S
Fig. 3.
Different normalization procedures of circulating miRNA levels are no significant changes. N, normal group (n = 24); D, dynapenia group (n = 35); S, sarcopenia group (n = 18). The concentration of c-miR-486 and c-miR-146a in plasma was quantified by normalizing with respect to c-miR-133a (n = 53, due to Ct number > 35) and c-miR-21(A;a), exogenous control cel-miR-39 (B;b), and a combination of both (C;c). P < 0.05
Plasma lipid peroxide and inflammatory cytokines
There were no significant differences in plasma MPO, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels among the N, D, and S groups (Table 3).
Table 3.
Plasma lipid peroxide and inflammatory cytokines in various groups
| Total n=77 | N | D | S | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPO | ng/mL | 6.68±3.04 | 7.04±3.28 | 7.58±5.47 |
| IL-1β | pg/mL | 0.46±0.44 | 0.74±0.29 | 0.81±0.45 |
| IL-6 | pg/mL | 6.05±2.00 | 5.24±1.51 | 5.94±2.10 |
N normal group (n=24), D dynapenic group (n=35), S sarcopenia group (n=18), MPO myeloperoxidase, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-6 interleukin-6. Values are mean ± standard deviation
Associations between C-miRs and Sarcopenic parameters
Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the association between the c-miRNAs and sarcopenic variables. This present study observed that BMI, LMI and SMI were positively associated with c-miR-486 level (P < 0.05, Table 4). Moreover, SMI and handgrip strength were directly related to c-miR-146a level (P < 0.05, Table 4).
Table 4.
Correlations of microRNAs and sarcopenic parameters
| c-miR-133a | c-miR-486 | c-miR-21 | c-miR-146a | BMI | Waistline | PBL | PBF | LMI | SMI | T-score | Grip strength | Gait speed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c-miR-133a | — | ||||||||||||
| c-miR-486 | .420* | — | |||||||||||
| c-miR-21 | .576* | .441* | — | ||||||||||
| c-miR-146a | .578* | .361* | .934* | — | |||||||||
| BMI | -.041 | .253* | .023 | .069 | — | ||||||||
| Waistline | -.004 | .196 | .062 | .150 | .846* | — | |||||||
| PBL | .144 | .038 | .135 | .141 | -.308* | -.125 | — | ||||||
| PBF | -.122 | -.030 | -.124 | -.129 | .318* | .129 | -.997* | — | |||||
| LMI | .050 | .269* | .118 | .165 | .751* | .733* | .391* | -.380* | — | ||||
| SMI | .098 | .334* | .213 | .240* | .647* | .638* | .367* | -.357* | .884* | — | |||
| T score | -.052 | .082 | .051 | .090 | .045 | .178 | .443* | -.491* | .353* | .304* | — | ||
| Grip strength | .144 | .182 | .202 | .253* | .195 | .273* | .512* | -.515* | .543* | .568* | .409* | — | |
| Gait speed | .155 | .173 | .050 | .075 | .086 | .018 | .093 | -.085 | .146 | .254* | .136 | .421* | — |
BMI body mass index, PBL percentage of body lean, PBF percentage of body fat, LMI lean mass index, SMI skeletal muscle mass index; *P <0 .05
Both c-miR-486 and c-miR-146a were placed into a forward and stepwise, multivariate regression model that includes BMI, LMI, SMI, and handgrip strength. After adjustment, c-miR-486 level was meaningfully associated with SMI (r = 0.334, P = 0.003) whereas c-miR-146a level was significantly correlated to handgrip strength (r = 0.253, P = 0.027) (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4.
Association between: ashows the c-miR-486 and SMI (r = .334, p = .003); bshows the c-miR-146a and handgrip strength (r = .253, p = .027)
The diagnostic accuracy of the sarcopenia
The ROC curve analysis evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of c-miRNAs and sarcopenic parameters. The AUC in c-miR-486 was 0.708 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.561 ~ 0.855, P = 0.008) with cut-off point was 0.391 (78% sensitivity, 61.1% specificity) (Fig. 5a). Moreover, the AUC in c-miR-146a was 0.676 (95% CI:0.551 ~ 0.801, P = 0.024) with cut-off point was 0.371 (59.3% sensitivity, 77.8% specificity) (Fig. 5b).
Fig. 5.
ROC curves analysis of c-miRNAs for predicting sarcopenia. a c-miR-486 AUC was .708 (95% CI: .561–.855, p = .008). b c-miR-146a AUC was .676 (95% CI: .551–.801, p = .024). ROC, receiver operating characteristic. AUC, areas under the curves. CI, confidence interval
Discussion
This study is the first to report that c-miR-486 and c-miR-146a serve as potential biomarkers of sarcopenia-related declines of muscle mass and strength, respectively. However, plasma lipid peroxide and inflammatory cytokines are not associated with sarcopenia-declined muscle mass and functions in the older adults.
Sarcopenia is likely by multifactorial contributors in sub-health conditions, includes muscular senescence, sedentary lifestyle, poor nutritional status, hormonal dysregulation, and pro-inflammatory status [8, 10]. Previous studies have focused on muscle size as the major cause of age-declined muscle dysfunction. However, loss of muscle mass plays a relatively minor role in age-declined muscle function [8, 10]. According to the ROC curve analysis for predicting sarcopenia in the present study, the c-miR-486 and c-miR-146a with sarcopenia are AUCs of 0.708 and 0.676 with significant differences, respectively. These findings imply that either c-miR-486 or c-miRNA-146a acts as diagnostic and potential biomarkers for the prediction of sarcopenia in the older adults.
The c-miR-486 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, that directly targets Pax7 to promote myoblast differentiation [31]. It also reduces the expressions of PTEN and FoxO1a, in turn phosphorylating AKT and activating PI3K/AKT pathway [14, 24, 32]. Therefore, lowered c-miR-486 level observed from the sarcopenic older adults may represent as a result of progressive loss in muscle mass. The c-miR-146a serves as an anti-inflammatory miRNA, that negatively regulates the inflammatory response by targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK-1) to inactivate NF-κB in cytoplasm [6, 20, 23]. The miR146a also modulates cellular senescence, mitochondrial metabolism, and inflammation responses [12]. Conversely, downregulation of miR146a could accelerate the aging process and lead to immunosenescence [12]. In this study, sarcopenic older adults had lower c-miR-146a along with lesser handgrip strength, suggesting that poor muscle strength is associated with pro-inflammatory state in sarcopenic process.
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that aging process deteriorates mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis and proteostasis. Proteostasis is the maintenance of protein homeostasis through mechanisms that involve the location, concentration, conformation, and turnover of individual proteins [3]. Decrease of c-miR-486 in the aging process could impair protein turnover of skeletal muscle, leading to the loss of contractile protein and accumulation of protein damage [14].
Age-related declines in mitochondrial function also contribute to the disturbance of proteostasis processes in skeletal muscle [19]. When mitochondrial dysfunction, the electron transport system leads to an imbalance, which results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, miR-146a regulates mitochondria of NOX4 protein expression, thus modulating cellular senescence and redox status [29]. Downregulated miR-146a is associated with exacerbated ROS production from mitochondria and oxidative damage in aging process [1]. In contrast, maintain mitochondrial function can facilitate mechanisms of proteostasis. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by downregulated miR-146a may depress energy production and impair skeletal muscle function under progression of sarcopenia [22].
Limitation of the study
A limitation of this study is the lack of a control cohort of younger health subjects chosen base on the same criteria of exclusion. Because the ages of these three groups are similar, the main purpose of this study focuses on the effect of inflammation on sarcopenia in the elderly. Additionally, the cross-sectional study design is a major limitation of this study. The loss of muscle mass and poor muscle strength or physical performance in these older adult participants may be only partially attributable to physiological aging, and the influences of genetic selection, lifestyle, and nutritional status or the differences in other characteristics among the three groups cannot be excluded. Moreover, the current experimental results have not provided direct evidence to clarify how c-miRNAs regulate the sarcopenic processes in the older adults. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed in the future.
Conclusions
This investigation clearly demonstrates that both myo (c-miR-486)- and inflammation (c-miR-146a)-related c-miR levels are positively associated with muscle mass, whereas only inflammation-related c-miR (c-miR-146a) level is directly related to muscle strength in the older adults. However, there are no significant relationships between sarcopenic parameters and plasma inflammatory cytokines. Hence, circulating myo-miRNA and inflammation-related miRNA are superior to inflammatory cytokines in plasma for serving as critical biomarkers of age-related sarcopenia.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the volunteers for their enthusiastic participation.
Abbreviations
- AWGS
Asian Working Group of Sarcopenia
- AUC
Area under the curve
- BMI
Body mass index
- c-miRs
circulating microRNAs
- D
Dynapenic
- EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- IL-1β
Interleukin-1β
- IL-6
Interleukin-6
- IRAK-1
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase
- LMI
Lean mass index
- MPO
Myeloperoxidase
- N
Normal
- PBF
Percentage of body fat
- PBL
Percentage of body lean
- ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
- ROS
Reactive oxygen species
- RT-qPCR
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- S
Sarcopenic
- SMI
Skeletal muscle mass index
- TNF
Tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF6
Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization, J-SW, H-CL, and D-SH; Data curation, J-SW, H-CL, and D-SH; Formal analysis, H-HT and J-SW; Funding acquisition, J-SW and H-CL; Methodology, J-SW, H-CL, and D-SH; Review and editing, J-SW, H-CL, D-SH, and C-CH; Writing—original draft, H-CL and J-SW. All authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (grant number NSC 180–2314-B-182-039-MY3 and NSC 107–2314-B-002-047-MY3) and Chang Gung Medical Research Program (grant number CMRPD1J0221). The funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the ethics committees of the National Taiwan University Hospital and all subjects provided written informed consent before participation.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Huang-Chun Liu and Der-Sheng Han contributed equally to this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.