Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Medicine logoLink to Medicine
. 2021 Jan 29;100(4):e23936. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023936

The PITX gene family as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma

Chunyi Zhang 1, Xing Chen 1, Yefeng Chen 1, Miaoying Cao 1, Jixian Tang 1, Bo Zhong 1, Meng He 1,∗
Editor: Martin S Staege1
PMCID: PMC7850728  PMID: 33530195

Abstract

The PITX gene family of transcription factors have been reported to regulate the development of multiple organs. This study was designed to investigate the role of PITXs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

In this study, the transcriptional levels of the 3 identified PITXs in patients with LUAD were examined using the gene expression profiling interactive analysis interactive web server. Meanwhile, the immunohistochemical data of the 3 PITXs were obtained in the Human Protein Atlas website, and western blotting was additionally conducted for further verification. Moreover, the association between the levels of PITXs and the stage plot as well as overall survival of patients with LUAD was analyzed.

We found that the mRNA and protein levels of PITX1 and PITX2 were higher in LUAD tissues than those in normal lung tissues, while those of PITX3 displayed no significant differences. Additionally, PITX1 and PITX3 were found to be significantly associated with the stage of LUAD. The Kaplan-Meier Plot showed that the high level of PITX1 conferred a better overall survival of patients with LUAD while the high level of PITX3 was associated with poor prognosis.

Our study implied that PITX1 and PITX3 are potential targets of precision therapy for patients with LUAD while PITX1 and PITX2 are regarded as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of LUAD.

Keywords: biomarkers, lung adenocarcinoma, PITX gene family, prognosis

1. Introduction

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), one of the most frequent histological types of lung cancer, is generally induced by an aberration in a driver oncogene.[1] The pathogenesis of LUAD is a multistep process implicated with the alterations of various vital events, involving mitochondrial dysfunction, altered lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, as well as epigenetic changes.[2–5] Currently, despite considerable advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of LUAD remains still very low.[6,7] Therefore, a set of sensitive prognostic markers and potential drug targets should be verified to improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction and individualized treatments.

The PITX homeobox gene family, including 3 identified members in vertebrates, possesses significant roles in eye, vertebrate pituitary, branchial arch, brain, and hindlimb development, in addition to a key function in modulating left-right asymmetry. The expression of PITX activators is deregulated in some human malignancies, including lung cancer,[8] colorectal carcinoma,[9] breast cancer,[10] melanoma[11] and so on. Up to date, a total of 3 PITX transcription factors have been verified in mammalian cells, which were named according to their discovery time (PITX1, PITX2, and PITX3).[12] Among these 3 genes, PITX1 and PITX2 have been reported to be implicated with lung cancer. For instance, PITX1 was decreased in lung cancer cell lines and tissues. Sixty-two percent patients with lung cancer displayed no expression of PITX1 and the lower expression of PITX1 was significantly associated with higher tumor stages.[8] In a recent bioinformatics analysis, the role of PITX1 has been uncovered. However, this study did not focus on the other 2 members of PITX family, meanwhile, the study did not verify the protein expression of PITX1 using molecular biology experiments.[13] In non-small cell lung cancer patients, the DNA methylation level of PITX2 has been proven to be significantly related to the risk of occurrence and progression of lung cancer.[14]

The dysregulated expression of PITX transcription factors and their relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis have been partly reported in human LUAD. To the best of our knowledge, bioinformatics analysis has yet been applied to investigate the roles of PITX genes in LUAD. On the basis of the analyses on the expression or variation in copy numbers for thousands of genes published online, we analyzed and validated the expression of different PITX transcription factors in patients with LUAD in detail to determine their expression patterns, potential functions, and distinct prognostic values in LUAD.

2. Methods

2.1. Ethics statement

This study was approved by the Academic Committee of Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, and conducted based on the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. All the datasets mentioned in our study were retrieved from the published literature, which confirmed that all written informed consent was acquired.

2.2. GEPIA (gene expression profiling interactive analysis) dataset

GEPIA (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html) serves as a newly generated interactive web server designed by Zefang Tang, Chenwei Li, and Boxi Kang of Zhang Lab, Peking University, aiming to analyze the RNA sequencing expression data of 9736 tumors and 8587 normal samples from the GTEx project and the Cancer Genome Atlas database in a standard processing manner.[15] GEPIA provides customizable functions including tumor/normal differential expression analysis, profiling according to cancer types or pathological stages, patient survival analysis, similar gene detection, correlation analysis, and dimensionality reduction analysis. In the present study, we mainly employed GEPIA to detect the expression of PITX genes in LUAD and normal lung samples. Additionally, GEPIA was also employed to obtain the transcripts per million (TPM) of PITX genes to display their relative expression level.

2.3. The OS and stage plot of PITX genes

Similarly, we used the GEPIA database to get the OS and stage plot information of PITX genes. The method for differential gene expression analysis is 1-way ANOVA, using pathological stage as variable for calculating differential expression. The log rank P value and hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals were showed on the plot. P < .05 was statistically significant.

2.4. Immunohistochemical data

The Human Protein Atlas (HPA, https://www.proteinatlas.org/) is a Swedish-based program initiated in 2003 with the aim to map all human proteins in cells, tissues, and organs using the integration of various omics technologies, including antibody-based imaging, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, transcriptomics and systems biology. Based on the immunohistochemical data of patients with or without LUAD in HPA, we further verified the expression of PITX genes.

2.5. Western blotting

Paired adjacent tissues and carcinoma tissues were obtained from 12 patients with LUAD in Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University. Protein extraction, SDS-PAGE, as well as immunodetection were all performed according to previous research.[16] In detail, total proteins from whole lung tissues were extracted using a Pro-Prep Protein Extraction Solution according to the manufacturer's instructions. The antibodies for PITX1, PITX2, and PITX3 were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX). Protein expression levels were normalized to the matched proteins or GAPDH. The immunoblotting densitometry was quantified by the Gel Logic 6000 PRO Imaging System (Carestream Health, Inc. Rochester, NY).

2.6. Statistical analysis

The obtained data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and assessed by the 2-tailed Student t test. A difference of P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. TPM of PITX genes in patients with LUAD

After analyzing 347 normal lung tissues and 483 LUAD tissues based on GEPIA online website, we found that the mRNA levels of PITX1 and PITX2 were significantly higher in patients with LUAD than normal control (P < .05), while PITX3 mRNA exhibited no significant difference between 2 groups (P > .05) (Fig. 1A-C). TPM is a measurement of the proportion of transcripts in the pool of RNA which perfectly explains the transcript abundance. In this study, PITX1 and PITX2 in LUAD group were observed to have higher levels (P < .05), indicating that these 2 genes possessed more transcripts in LUAD tissues. Similarly, as for PITX3, no significant difference was found between normal group and LUAD group (P > .05) (Fig. 1D-E).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

The mRNA expression level and transcripts per million (TPM) of PITX1, PITX2 and PITX3. (A) PITX1; (B) PITX2; (C) PITX3.

3.2. Validation of the expression of PITX genes

To enhance the reliability of the GEPIA database, we searched the immunohistochemical data of the 3 genes in the HPA website. In consistent with the above results, the immunohistochemical data from HPA demonstrated that the protein levels of PITX1 and PITX2 were higher in LUAD tissues (Fig. 2A). Meanwhile, we detected the protein expression of PITX genes in clinical carcinoma tissues and adjacent tissues from patients with LUAD using western blotting, the result (Fig. 2B) of which further validated our previous hypothesis.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

The immunohistochemical staining and western blotting for protein expression of PITX1, PITX2 and PITX3. (A) The immunohistochemical data obtained from HPA database. Each image of immunohistochemistry stands for 1 representative patient. (B) Representative western blots and statistical results (n = 12). ∗P < .05 vs normal group.

3.3. Correlation between PITX genes expression and tumor stage in patients with LUAD

Meanwhile, we analyzed the correlation between PITX genes expression and tumor stage in patients with LUAD. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of PITX1 and PITX3 displayed a strong correlation with the tumor stage in patients with LUAD, while the PITX2 expression in different stages did not significantly differ (Fig. 3A-C).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

The relationship between the level of PITX genes and tumor stage in patients with LUAD. (A) PITX1; (B) PITX2; (C) PITX3; ∗Pr(>F) < 0.05 represents significant differences among stages.

3.4. Correlation between PITX genes expression and OS in patients with LUAD

Subsequently, we further analyzed the potential association between the expression levels of PITX genes and the OS of patients with LUAD (Fig. 4A-C). The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that PITX1 and PITX3 displayed a significant correlation with the OS of patients with LUAD. In detail, the high level of PITX1 may contribute to a better prognosis of LUAD while the high level of PITX3 may lead to a worse prognosis (P < .05).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

The relationship between the level of PITX genes and overall survival in patients with LUAD. (A) PITX1; (B) PITX2; (C) PITX3.

4. Discussion

The dysregulation of PITX transcription factors has been reported in various types of cancer. Although the role of PITX transcription factors in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of some cancers has been partially verified, further bioinformatics analysis on PITXs in LUAD has yet to be carried out. Our study is the first attempt to investigate the mRNA and protein expression as well as prognostic value of different members of PITX family in LUAD. We sincerely hope that our study would provide available knowledge, help to improve treatment designs and enhance the accuracy of prognosis prediction for patients with LUAD.

PITX1 is a paired-type homeodomain transcription factor which is expressed in a hindlimb-restricted fashion and mainly functions in the development of mammals.[17] April et al reported that PITX1 was essential in the morphology of tendon, muscle, and bones of the hindlimb.[18] Additionally, in human primary cells, oncogenic signals could be activated upon the inhibition of PITX1 expression. Meanwhile, inhibiting PITX1 could also give rise to the activation of RAS pathway, which is vital for tumorigenesis.[19] The expression of PITX1 can influence the expression of growth hormone, which possesses antiapoptotic and mutagenic properties and directly affects colorectal cancer risk by modulating the circulation of insulin-like growth factor I in the serum.[20,21] Additionally, PITX1 rs647161 genetic polymorphism is also significantly related with increased risk of colorectal cancer.[22] A recent study has showed that forced expression of PITX1 is able to give rise to the apoptosis of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells in a p53-independent manner and the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in a p53-dependent manner. Mechanically, PITX1 can directly activate p53 gene transcription by binding to the PITX1 consensus elements of the p53 promoter in MCF-7 cells.[20] As for lung cancer, PITX1 has been found to be downregulated in cancer cell lines and tissues, and the lower expression of PITX1 is also associated with higher tumor stages.[1] However, in our study, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of PITX1 were significantly higher in patients with LUAD, which may be associated with better prognosis. A recent study has also disclosed that the high DNA methylation of PITX1 indicates the poor survival condition of patients with LUAD.[13] For our perspective, the difference may be associated with tumor types.

PITX2 initially identified as the gene responsible for the human Rieger syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition resulting in developmental abnormalities.[23]PITX2 is asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral-plate mesoderm, and mutant mice with laterality defects show altered patterns of PITX2 expression that correlate with changes in the visceral symmetry (situs).[24] Recent studies have demonstrated that PITX2 is overexpressed in node-positive colorectal cancer, nonfunctional pituitary adenomas, ovarian cancer, and thyroid cancer.[25,26] In thyroid cancer cells, inhibiting the expression of PITX2 by shRNA can significantly suppress the capacity of cell growth in soft-agar assay, indicating that PITX2 may possess oncogenic property and may be implicated with tumor progression.[27] In ovarian cancer, the mRNA as well as protein expression level of PITX2 is seen to be frequently upregulated particularly in high-grade and clear cell subtype of ovarian cancer. In the meantime, PITX2 also displays the oncogenic property in cell migration/invasion, proliferation, anchorage-independent growth ability, and tumor growth in the tumor xenograft mice model.[28] However, up to date, the prognostic role of PITX2 in LUAD has yet to be investigated. In this report, we documented that the expression of PITX2 in patients with LUAD was higher than that in normal tissues, but its expression was not correlated with tumor stage and OS in patients with LUAD. A previous study has demonstrated that miR-17-92 cluster co-localizes with PITX2 expression, and loss of PITX2 gives rise to loss of some miRNAs encoded by miR-17-92 as well as its closely related homologue miR-106b-25.[29] Intriguingly, miR-17-92 is upregulated in human lung cancer, which can promote the proliferation of cancer cells.[30] Here, we speculated that the increased expression of PITX2 in patients with LUAD may enhance lung cancer cell proliferation via increasing the level of miR-17-92.

PITX3, located on chromosome 10q24, is restricted to the developing eye and midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cells from embryonic day 11 throughout adult life in mice.[31] In the brain, the PITX3 gene specifically localizes to the substantia nigra and retrorubral field.[32] Till now, a number of studies have uncovered that the methylation level of PITX3 may affect the prognosis of patients with tumor. For instance, it has been found that PITX3 is hypermethylated in patients with breast cancer.[33] Additionally, PITX3 DNA promoter methylation has been proved to be strongly associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy.[34] As for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, PITX3 DNA methylation also serves as an independent prognostic biomarker.[35] In our study, we found that although the mRNA and protein expression of PITX3 did not differ between normal group and LUAD group, the level of PITX3 was significantly related to tumor stage and OS. Prior studies have showed that during development, the expression of Nurr1 can activate PITX3, meanwhile, PITX3 also potentiates SMRT-mediated repression of Nurr1 release, indicating the co-adjustment between PITX3 and Nurr1.[36,37] On the other hand, activation of thromboxane A2 receptor can activate Nurr1 expression and stimulate proliferation of human lung cancer cells.[38] Whether the regulatory effect of Nurr1 on lung cancer cells is affected by PITX3 expression warrants further exploration.

In this study, we systemically analyzed the expression and prognostic value of PITX gene family in LUAD and provided a thorough understanding on the heterogeneity and complexity of the molecular biological properties of the 3 PITX genes. Our studies indicated that the increased expression of PITX1 and PITX2 in LUAD tissues might play a vital role in LUAD oncogenesis, therefore PITX1 and PITX2 could be promising diagnostic biomarkers for LUAD. Low PITX1 expression and high PITX3 expression were significantly associated with poor survival and tumor stage of the patients with LUAD, suggesting that PITX1 and PITX3 could be potential therapeutic targets for LUAD.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Chunyi Zhang.

Data curation: Chunyi Zhang.

Formal analysis: Chunyi Zhang.

Investigation: Chunyi Zhang.

Methodology: Chunyi Zhang.

Project administration: Chunyi Zhang.

Resources: Chunyi Zhang.

Software: Chunyi Zhang.

Supervision: Chunyi Zhang.

Validation: Chunyi Zhang.

Visualization: Chunyi Zhang.

Writing – original draft: Chunyi Zhang.

Writing – review & editing: Chunyi Zhang.

Glossary

Abbreviations: GEPIA = gene expression profiling interactive analysis, HPA = the Human Protein Atlas, LUAD = lung adenocarcinoma, OS = overall survival, TPM = transcripts per million.

References

  • [1].West S, Kumar S, Batra SK, et al. Uncovering and characterizing splice variants associated with survival in lung cancer patients. PLOS Comput Biol 2019;15:e1007469. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [2].Tan Q, Cui J, Huang J, et al. Genomic alteration during metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016;38:469–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [3].Lindskog C, Fagerberg L, Hallström B, et al. The lung-specific proteome defined by integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. FASEB J 2014;28:5184–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [4].Ma J, Mannoor K, Gao L, et al. Characterization of microRNA transcriptome in lung cancer by next-generation deep sequencing. Mol Oncol 2014;8:1208–19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [5].Yuan X, Yu G, Hou X, et al. Genome-wide identification of significant aberrations in cancer genome. BMC Genom 2012;13:342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [6].Molinier O, Goupil F, Debieuvre D, et al. Five-year survival and prognostic factors according to histology in 6101 non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Resp Med Res 2019;77:46–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [7].Wu HY, Pan YY, Kopylov AT, et al. Assessment of serological early biomarker candidates for lung adenocarcinoma by using multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry. proteomics. Clin Appl 2020;e1900095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [8].Chen Y, Knösel T, Ye F, et al. Decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in human lung cancer. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2007;55:287–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [9].Knösel T, Chen Y, Hotovy S, et al. Loss of desmocollin 1-3 and homeobox genes PITX1 and CDX2 are associated with tumor progression and survival in colorectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012;27:1391–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [10].Stender JD, Stossi F, Funk CC, et al. The estrogen-regulated transcription factor PITX1 coordinates gene-specific regulation by estrogen receptor-alpha in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011;25:1699–709. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [11].Ohira T, Naohiro S, Nakayama Y, et al. miR-19b regulates hTERT mRNA expression through targeting PITX1 mRNA in melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2015;5:8201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [12].Charles MA, Suh H, Hjalt TA, et al. PITX genes are required for cell survival and Lhx3 activation. Mol Endocrinol 2005;19:1893–903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [13].Song X, Zhao C, Jiang L, et al. High PITX1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients is associated with DNA methylation and poor prognosis. Pathol Res Pract 2018;214:2046–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [14].Dietrich D, Hasinger O, Liebenberg V, et al. DNA methylation of the homeobox genes PITX2 and SHOX2 predicts outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Diagn Mol Pathol 2012;21:93–104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [15].Li N, Li L, Chen Y. The identification of core gene expression signature in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018;2018:3478305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [16].Yang HW, Menon LG, Black PM, et al. SNAI2/Slug promotes growth and invasion in human gliomas. BMC Cancer 2010;10:301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [17].Logan M, Tabin CJ. Role of Pitx1 upstream of Tbx4 in specification of hindlimb identity. Science (New York, NY) 1999;283:1736–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [18].DeLaurier A, Schweitzer R, Logan M. Pitx1 determines the morphology of muscle, tendon, and bones of the hindlimb. Dev Biol 2006;299:22–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [19].Kolfschoten IG, van Leeuwen B, Berns K, et al. A genetic screen identifies PITX1 as a suppressor of RAS activity and tumorigenicity. Cell 2005;121:849–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [20].Liu DX, Lobie PE. Transcriptional activation of p53 by Pitx1. Cell Death Differ 2007;14:1893–907. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [21].Szeto DP, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Ryan AK, et al. Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development. Genes Dev 1999;13:484–94. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [22].Gunathilake MN, Lee JH, Cho YA, et al. Interaction between physical activity, PITX1 rs647161 genetic polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk in a Korean population: a case-control study. Oncotarget 2018;9:7590–603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [23].Gage PJ, Suh H, Camper SA. Dosage requirement of Pitx2 for development of multiple organs. Development (Cambridge, England) 1999;126:4643–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [24].Zhou T, Song WF, Shang Y, et al. Halogen inhalation-induced lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chin Med J 2018;131:1214–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [25].Moreno CS, Evans CO, Zhan X, et al. Novel molecular signaling and classification of human clinically nonfunctional pituitary adenomas identified by gene expression profiling and proteomic analyses. Cancer Res 2005;65:10214–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [26].Meeh PF, Farrell CL, Croshaw R, et al. A gene expression classifier of node-positive colorectal cancer. Neoplasia 2009;11:1074–83. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [27].Huang Y, Guigon CJ, Fan J, et al. Pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2) promotes thyroid carcinogenesis by activation of cyclin D2. Cell Cycle 2010;9:1333–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [28].Fung FK, Chan DW, Liu VW, et al. Increased expression of PITX2 transcription factor contributes to ovarian cancer progression. PloS One 2012;7:e37076. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [29].Wang J, Bai Y, Li N, et al. Pitx2-microRNA pathway that delimits sinoatrial node development and inhibits predisposition to atrial fibrillation. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111:9181–6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [30].Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, et al. A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2005;65:9628–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [31].Nunes I, Tovmasian LT, Silva RM, et al. Pitx3 is required for development of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:4245–50. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [32].van den Munckhof P, Luk KC, Ste-Marie L, et al. Pitx3 is required for motor activity and for survival of a subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Development 2003;130:2535–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [33].Dietrich D, Lesche R, Tetzner R, et al. Analysis of DNA methylation of multiple genes in microdissected cells from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2009;57:477–89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [34].Holmes EE, Goltz D, Sailer V, et al. PITX3 promoter methylation is a prognostic biomarker for biochemical recurrence-free survival in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy. Clin Epigenetics 2016;8:104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [35].Sailer V, Holmes EE, Gevensleben H, et al. PITX3 DNA methylation is an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2017;9:12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [36].Jacobs FM, van Erp S, van der Linden AJ, et al. Pitx3 potentiates Nurr1 in dopamine neuron terminal differentiation through release of SMRT-mediated repression. Development (Cambridge, England) 2009;136:531–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [37].Volpicelli F, De Gregorio R, Pulcrano S, et al. Direct regulation of Pitx3 expression by Nurr1 in culture and in developing mouse midbrain. PloS One 2012;7:e30661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [38].Li X, Tai HH. Activation of thromboxane A(2) receptors induces orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 expression and stimulates cell proliferation in human lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009;30:1606–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Medicine are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer Health

RESOURCES