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International Journal of Analytical Chemistry logoLink to International Journal of Analytical Chemistry
. 2021 Jan 27;2021:6619959. doi: 10.1155/2021/6619959

Rapid Identification and Systematic Mechanism of Flavonoids from Potentilla freyniana Bornm. Based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Network Pharmacology

Wei Cai 1,2, Kailin Li 2, Shihan Qin 3, Pei Xiong 2, Jie Peng 2, Silin Shi 2, Zaiqi Zhang 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7857931  PMID: 33574846

Abstract

Potentilla freyniana Bornm. (P. freyniana), belonging to the family Rosaceae, has been used as a folk medicine in China. However, as we know, the constituents and the systematic elucidation of the mechanism were not fully investigated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid method using LC-MS and network pharmacology for the detection and identification of constituents and the systematic mechanism of P. freyniana. Firstly, the flavonoids were detected and identified based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS). After that, the potential targets of those constituents were obtained by database mining. Then, the core targets were predicted by protein-protein interaction network and network analysis. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were carried out via DAVID. This finding revealed that P. freyniana possessed 43 flavonoids (40 of them were first reported) with 23 core target genes, which are associated with PI3K-Akt, MAPK, TNF signaling pathway, and pathway in cancer. This study demonstrated the multicompound, multitarget, and multimechanism of P. freyniana, which are very beneficial to develop the further study and utilization of this plant including the material basis and quality control research.

1. Introduction

Potentilla freyniana Bornm. (P. freyniana), a genus Potentilla of the family Rosaceae, named Difengzi, is a perennial plant with branched and tufted roots widely distributed and cultivated all-around of China, especially in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi. Their roots have been used as a folk medicine in clearing away heat and toxic materials for treating canker, bone tuberculosis, external bleeding [1–3]. Previous investigations on P. freyniana showed the presence of different compounds including terpenes and flavonoids [4–7] and possessed a variety of activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects [8, 9]. However, as we know, the constituents and systematic pharmacological mechanism were not fully investigated. For instance, 14 compounds, including eriodictyol, phlorizin, were separated from the roots of P. freyniana [7]. Therefore, it is worthwhile to establish a highly sensitive method for characterizing their chemical constituents and elucidating systematic pharmacological mechanism of P. freyniana.

The complexity of chemicals in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) including P. freyniana has presented a significant challenge in the rapid identification and characterization of components. During the past decades, HPLC-MS, as a new technique has been used to profile and identify the chemical in TCM due to its validity, sensitivity, and specialness [10, 11]. Especially, UHPLC-HRMS such as UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS, UHPLC-Q-TOF MS, and UHPLC–LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, affording a higher and faster separation and higher resolution of mass, was a much more powerful equipment in the identification of TCM compared to traditional HPLC-MS [12–14].

Network pharmacology is an impressive methodology for investigating the systematic pharmacological mechanism through the constructing and analyzing biological networks such as protein-protein interaction, chemical-target-pathway network, which could provide direction for the further discovery of new drug without enormous time, money, and effort [15–17].

Therefore, this current study was designed to develop a fast and effective method for the chemical characterization and systematic pharmacological mechanism of P. freyniana using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and network pharmacology. P. freyniana possessed 43 flavonoids (40 of them was first reported) with 23 core target genes, which are associated with PI3K-Akt, MAPK, TNF signaling pathway, and pathway in cancer. This study demonstrated the multicompound, multitarget, and multimechanism of P. freyniana, which are very beneficial for the further study and utilization of this plant including the material basis and quality control research.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals and Materials

The chemical reference standards isoquercitrin, luteolin, naringenin, and kaempferol were provided by Chengdu Herbpurify biotechnology CO., LTD (Chengdu, China); Phlorizin, Phloretin, and Trilobatin were purchased from Sichuan Wei Keqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China); eriodictyol and hyperoside were provided by Chengdu Push biotechnology CO., LTD (Chengdu, China); quercetin and apigenin were provided by Chengdu Alfa biotechnology CO., LTD (Chengdu, China); baicalein and wogonin were obtained from Chengdu Desite biotechnology CO., LTD (Chengdu, China). The purities of all chemical reference standards were above 98% by HPLC-DAD.

Acetonitrile and methanol of chromatography grade were provided by MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany); The ultrapure water was produced by a milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA, United States); formic acid of LC-MS grade and all other reagents of analytical grade were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation.

P. freyniana was collected from Tong-Dao country of Huaihua (109.86 longitude, 26.03 latitude), Hunan province and were identified by Professor Wei Cai (Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine). The voucher specimen was deposited at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine.

2.2. Sample Preparation

A total of 10 g powdered root of P. freyniana was ultrasonically extracted with 50 mL of 70% aqueous methanol for 1 h, and then the extracted solution was filtered for further UHPLC Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS analysis.

The reference standards including hyperoside, isoquercitrin, phlorizin, eriodictyol, trilobatin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, apigenin, phloretin, kaempferol, baicalein, and wogonin were weighed and dissolved in methanol to obtain the reference solution with the final concentrations of 10.2, 9.8, 10.0, 9.8, 9.9, 10.5, 10.2, 10.8, 9.3, 10.1, 10.6, 9, 4, and 10.5 ug/mL, respectively, and then these solutions were stored in −4°C before analysis.

2.3. Instruments and Conditions

Chromatography analysis was performed on an Ultimate 3000 focused system (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) consisting of an online vacuum degasser, a binary pump, and an autosampler. The sample separation was carried out on the Hypersil GOLD C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) at 40°C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile as solvent A and water with 0.1% formic acid as solvent B using the following gradient elution of 5–15 % A at 0–2 min; isocratic 15 % A at 2–5 min; 15–18 % A at 5–10 min; 18–50 % A at 10–15 min; 50–100 % A at 15–16 min; 100–5 % A at 16–17 min; isocratic 5 % A at 17–20 min. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min.

All LC-MSn analyses were performed on the Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS connected to the UHPLC system via a heated electrospray ionization source (Thermo Electron, Bremen, Germany). The optimized tune operating parameters in negative ion mode were listed as follows: sheath gas and auxiliary gas flow rate of 30 and 10 arbitrary, respectively; the capillary and auxiliary gas heater temperatures of 320°C and 350°C, respectively; spray voltage of 3.0 kV; RF lens of 50; High-resolution MS analysis was performed at full scan MS1 with the mass range of m/z 100–1000 at a resolution of 35000 and targeted MS2 at a resolution of 17500 triggered by parallel reaction monitoring mode; nitrogen was set as sheath, auxiliary, and collision gas; the isolation widow was 2 amu, and the normalized collision energy (NCE) was 30%.

2.4. Data Processing and Analysis

All high-resolution MS data were acquired and processed using the Xcalibur version (2.0 software, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). The compounds were detected by the Compound Discover version 3 using the metabolism workflow templates by the expected compounds predicted method [18]. The detailed parameters of the workflow template were set as follows: the minimum peak intensity was set as 10000; the maximum element counts were C30 H60 O20; the mass tolerance of MS and MS2 was within 5 and 10 ppm, respectively; baicalein and phloretin were set as the carbon skeleton; reduction, oxidation was set as Phase I transformation; glucoside conjugation, glucuronide conjugation, pentoside conjugation, methylation was set as Phase II transformation.

2.5. Target Identification of Flavonoids

TCMSP database is a free and online database for potential target identification of small molecules, especially TCM. The target genes were converted to the official gene symbol by STRING (https://string-db.org) or Uniport (https://www.uniprot.org).

2.6. Protein-Protein Interaction Network

STRING was a free tool, which can construct the PPI network by uploading the potential targets. The species was set as “Homo sapiens” with a confidence score >0.4. The network analysis was performed at Cytoscape to obtain the core targets.

2.7. GeneMANIA Analysis

GeneMANIA (http://genemania.org) is an online free and friendly tool for investigating gene function and gene interaction. The species was set as “Homo sapiens.”

2.8. GO and Pathway Analysis

The GO and KEGG pathway analysis was performed on the DAVID (https://david.ncifcrf.gov, Version 6.8). The specific species in the list and background was set as “Homo sapiens.” The entire compounds, targets, and pathway network were visualized by Cytoscape.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Analytical Strategy

In order to identify flavonoids fully, an analytical strategy based on UHPLC Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS was established in this study. First, the sample was prepared and injected into the UHPLC Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS to gain the full scan high-resolution MS data. Then, those data were processed using Compound Discover software with metabolism workflow to predict and detect the molecule of flavonoids. Third, the MS2 of the predicted molecule were acquired using UHPLC Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS by parallel reaction monitoring mode. Finally, the compounds were identified based on the full scan MS, MS2 data, retention time, and bibliography.

3.2. Identification of Flavonoids

The total content of flavonoids was measured by NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH spectrophotometric colorimetry [19]. The calibration curve obtained by the rutin standard of absorbance concentrations(mg/mL) using five dilutions was y = 7.15x − 0.001, with the corresponding determination coefficient at 0.9999. Finally, the content of flavonoids is 32.17 ± 0.26%. A total of 43 constituents were unanimously and tentatively characterized based on UHPLC Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS combined with the expected compounds predicted method. 40 excluded eriodictyol, phloretin, and hyperoside were reported from P. freyniana for the first time. The detailed information of those compounds is listed in Table 1. The high-resolution extracted ion chromatography is shown in Figure 1.

Table 1.

The retention time and mass spectrometric data of flavone in Potentilla freyniana Bornm.

Peak t R Theoretical mass, m/z Experimental mass, m/z Error (ppm) Formula MS/MS fragment Identification
1 3.59 465.1038 465.1039 0.21 C21H22O12 MS2[465]: 285.0406(100), 125.0233(72), 275.0563(45), 177.0185(29), 303.0512(20), 151.0032(17) Taxifolin-glucoside
2 3.72 465.1038 465.1033 −1.08 C21H22O12 MS2[465]: 285.0405(100), 125.0233(38), 273.0043(28), 177.0185(19), 303.0511(15) Taxifolin-glucoside
3 3.88 465.1038 465.1042 0.86 C21H22O12 MS2[465]: 285.0405(100), 125.0233(36), 177.0184(18), 275.0566(12), 303.0512(10) Taxifolin-glucoside
4 4.13 463.0882 463.0881 −0.22 C21H20O12 MS2[463]: 287.0562(100), 259.0612(78), 125.0232(32) Eriodictyol-glucuronide
5 4.19 449.1089 449.1093 0.89 C21H22O11 MS2[449]: 259.0611(100), 287.0561(33), 178.9979(15), 125.0231(13) Eriodictyol-glucoside
6 4.41 593.1512 593.1535 3.88 C27H30O15 MS2[593]: 353.0667(100), 383.0774(54), 473.1092(35), 125.0234(25), 413.0874(6) Vicenin II
7 4.56 449.1089 449.1092 0.67 C21H22O11 MS2[449]: 259.0612(100), 269.0455(76), 287.0563(44), 125.0233(38), 178.9977(22) Eriodictyol-glucoside
8 5.61 465.1038 465.1042 0.86 C21H22O12 MS2[465]: 125.0233(100), 285.0405(62), 259.0610(48), 275.0566(32), 303.0512(18) Taxifolin-glucoside
9 5.75 479.0831 479.0834 0.63 C21H20O13 MS2[479]: 285.0405(100), 125.0233(41), 303.0512(18), 177.0186(17), 169.0133(15), 259.0613(14) Taxifolin-glucuronide
10 5.88 449.1089 449.1092 0.67 C21H22O11 MS2[449]: 269.0456(100), 151.0026(69), 178.9979(39), 125.0231(13), 259.0612(12), 287.0562(10) Eriodictyol-glucoside
11 6.12 433.1140 433.1142 0.46 C21H22O10 MS2[433]: 271.0614(100), 151.0027(73). 119.0491(18), 125.0229(8) Naringenin-glucoside
12 6.22 625.1408 625.1408 0.00 C27H30O17 MS2[625]: 287.0558(100), 113.0231(40), 151.0030(38) Eriodictyol-glucoside-glucuronide
13 6.57 303.0510 303.0507 −0.99 C15H12O7 MS2[303]: 125.0234(100), 285.0407(38) Taxifolin
14 6.59 433.1140 433.1141 0.23 C21H22O10 MS2[433]: 271.0613(100), 151.0027(72), 119.0491(16) Naringenin-glucoside
15 ∗ 6.85 463.0882 463.0886 0.86 C21H20O12 MS2[463]: 300.0272(100), 301.0350(70) Hyperoside
16 6.90 449.1089 449.1094 1.11 C21H22O11 MS2[449]:151.0028(100), 287.0562(73), 135.0442(32) Eriodictyol-glucoside
17 ∗ 7.18 463.0882 463.0886 0.86 C21H20O12 MS2[463]: 300.0279(100), 301.0358(50), 151.0025(8), 178.9976(7) Isoquercitrin
18 7.75 597.1825 597.1832 1.17 C27H34O15 MS2[597]: 357.0983(100), 387.1087(85), 315.0882(22), 417.1165(21), 358.1008(15) Phloretin-C- diglucoside
19 7.99 449.1089 449.1085 −0.89 C21H22O11 MS2[449]: 167.0340(69), 137.0233(50), 123.0441(12) Phloretin-glucuronide
20 8.15 431.0984 431.0992 1.86 C21H20O10 MS2[431]: 269.0445(100) Baicalein-glucoside
21 9.60 431.0984 431.0988 0.93 C21H20O10 MS2[431]: 269.0443(100) Baicalein-glucoside
22 9.61 449.1089 449.1086 −0.67 C21H22O11 MS2[449]: 151.0026(100), 287.0563(65), 135.0442(22) Eriodictyol-glucoside
23 9.68 565.1563 565.1568 0.88 C26H30O14 MS2[565]: 271.0614(100), 151.0026(48) Naringenin-pentoside-glucoside
24 9.82 433.1140 433.1142 0.46 C21H22O10 MS2[433]: 271.0615(100), 151.0028(41), 119.0491(14) Naringenin-glucoside
25 10.38 431.0984 431.0992 1.86 C21H20O10 MS2[431]: 268.0369(100), 269.0444(47) Apigenin-7-glucoside
26 11.18 463.0882 463.0886 0.86 C21H20O12 MS2[463]: 151.0027(100), 113.0231(66), 287.0562(52), 161.0234(40), 337.0569(39), 135.0439(23) Eriodictyol-glucuronide
27 ∗ 12.16 435.1297 435.1300 0.69 C21H24O10 MS2[435]: 273.0769(100), 167.0340(69), 125.00232(9), 179.0341(6) Phlorizin
28 12.36 477.0674 477.0678 0.84 C21H18O13 MS2[477]: 301.0353(100), 151.0029(11), 178.9983(9) Quercetin-glucuronide
29 12.51 431.0984 431.0986 0.46 C21H20O10 MS2[431]: 268.0371(100), 269.0441(18), 239.0337(9) Apigenin-4′-glucoside
30 12.62 477.0674 477.0678 0.84 C21H18O13 MS2[477]: 301.0354(100), 178.9983(12), 151.0029(8) Quercetin-glucuronide
31 13.00 433.1140 433.1144 0.92 C21H22O10 MS2[433]: 271.0612(100), 151.0027(46) Naringenin-glucoside
32 13.39 567.1719 567.1730 1.94 C26H32O14 MS2[567]: 273.0771(100), 167.0340(42), 125.0020(22) Phloretin-pentoside-glucoside
33 ∗ 13.45 287.0561 287.0564 1.05 C15H12O6 MS2[287]: 151.0027(100), 135.0441(69), 107.0125(10) Eriodictyol
34 13.57 449.1089 449.1085 −0.89 C21H22O11 MS2[449]: 137.0233(100), 167.0340(89), 123.0440(8) Phloretin-glucuronide
35 ∗ 13.67 435.1297 435.1303 1.38 C21H24O10 MS2[435]: 273.0767(100), 167.0339(52) Trilobatin
36 ∗ 13.86 301.0354 301.0356 0.66 C15H10O7 MS2[301]: 151.0027(100), 178.9978(66), 121.0284(21), 107.0125(8) Quercetin
37 ∗ 13.95 285.0405 285.0407 0.70 C15H10O6 MS2[285]: 285.0404(100), 151.0033(12), 133.0290(11), 175.0395(8) Luteolin
38 ∗ 14.79 271.0611 271.0614 1.11 C15H12O5 MS2[271]: 151.0027(100), 119.0499(36), 177.0184(14), 93.0333(14), 107.0126(9) Naringenin
39 ∗ 14.95 269.0455 269.0454 −0.37 C15H10O5 MS2[269]: 269.0455(100), 117.0344(8), 149.0239(7), 151.0035(7) Apigenin
40 ∗ 14.99 273.0768 273.0771 1.10 C15H14O5 MS2[273]: 167.0341(100), 123.0438(18), 119.0491(12),125.0231(8) Phloretin
41 ∗ 15.07 285.0405 285.0405 0.00 C15H10O6 MS2[285]: 285.0403(100), 151.0030(5) Kaempferol
42 ∗ 15.49 269.0455 269.0453 −0.74 C15H10O5 MS2[269]: 269.0453(100), 241.0504(9), 251.0348(8), 223.0399(7) Baicalein
43 ∗ 16.71 283.0612 283.0613 0.35 C16H12O5 MS2[283]: 268.0376(100), 163.0035(7) Wogonin
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 ∗Identified by comparing with reference standards.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The high-resolution extracted ion chromatogram (HREIC) in 5 ppm for the multiple compounds in Potentilla freyniana Bornm. (a) m/z 269.0455, 283.0612, 285.0405, 301.0354, 303.0510, 431.0984, 465.1038, 479.0831, 565.1563, 567.1719, 593.1512, 625.1408; (b) m/z 271.0611, 273.0768, 287.0561, 433.1140, 435.1297, 449.1089, 463.0882, 465.1038, 477.0674, 597.1825.

Peaks 15, 17, 27, 33, 35–43 were unanimously identified as hyperoside, isoquercitrin, phlorizin, eriodictyol, trilobatin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, apigenin, phloretin, kaempferol, baicalein, and wogonin, respectively, by comparing the retention time, high-resolution mass measurement, and MS2 spectrum with those reference standards.

Peak 13 was eluted at 6.57 min and possessed the deprotonated ion [M−H]− at m/z 303.0507 (−0.99 ppm, C15H11O7). The fragment ions at m/z 125.0234 (−8.14 ppm, C6H5O3) and 285.0407 (0.84 ppm, C15H9O6) were detected in the MS2 spectrum, which is consistent with the MS data of taxifolin in bibliography [20]. Thus, peak 13 was tentatively identified as taxifolin. Peaks 1–3, and 8 possessed the deprotonated ion [M−H]− at m/z 465.1039 (0.21 ppm, C21H21O12), m/z 465.1033 (−1.08 ppm, C21H21O12), m/z 465.1042 (0.86 ppm, C21H21O12), and m/z 465.1042 (0.86 ppm, C21H21O12), respectively, 162 Da(C6H10O5, glucose moiety) more than that of taxifolin (peak 13). The fragmentation ions at m/z 285.041(C15H9O6), 125.023(C6H5O3), 303.051(C15H11O7) in the MS2 spectrum were matched to those attributed to taxifolin. Therefore, Peaks 1–3, and 8 were tentatively characterized as taxifolin-glucoside.

Peaks 4 and 26 were eluted at 4.13 and 11.18 min, respectively. All of them showed the same deprotonated ion [M−H]− at m/z 463.088 (C21H19O12), 176.032 Da(C6H8O6, glucuronide moiety) more than that of eriodictyol, suggesting they are eriodictyol-glucuronide, which were further identified by the presence of fragmentation ion at m/z 287.056 (C15H11O6). In a similar way, peaks 9, 28, and 30 were tentatively identified as taxifolin-glucuronide, quercetin-glucuronide, and quercetin-glucuronide, respectively.

Peaks 5, 7, 10, 16, 19, 22, and 34 were eluted at 4.19, 4.56, 5.88, 6.90, 7.99, 9.61, and 13.57 min, with the same deprotonated ion [M−H]− at m/z 449.109 (C21H21O11). Peaks 19 and 34 possessed the fragment ions at m/z 167.034 (C8H7O4) and m/z 123.044 (C7H7O2), which are the diagnosis fragmentation ions of phloretin, suggesting they were phloretin derivatives. Thus, Peaks 19 and 34 were tentatively inferred as phloretin-glucuronide. Peaks 5, 7, 10, 16, and 22 yielded the same fragmentation ion at m/z 287.056 (C15H11O6), suggesting they were eriodictyol derivatives. The ion at m/z 287.056 was yielded by the neutral loss of 162.053 (C6H10O5, glucose moiety), suggesting the presence of glucose moiety. Therefore, they were tentatively characterized as eriodictyol-glucoside.

Peak 6 with the deprotonated ion [M−H]− at m/z 593.1535 (3.88 ppm, C27H29O15) was eluted at 4.41 min. It yielded fragment ions at m/z 353.0667 (0.07 ppm, C19H13O7), 383.0774 (0.42 ppm, C20H15O8), 473.1092(0.56 ppm, C23H21O11), and 413.0874 (−0.98 ppm, C21H17O9), resulting from the loss of C4H8O4 + C4H8O4, C4H8O4 + C3H6O3, C4H8O4, and C3H6O3 + C3H6O3, respectively, suggesting the presence of two carbon-glucoside. According to the published paper [21, 22], peak 6 was tentatively identified as Vicenin II. In a similar way, peak 18 was tentatively identified as Phloretin-C-diglucoside.

Peaks 11, 14, 24, and 31 generated the same quasimolecular ion [M−H]− at m/z 433.114 (C21H21O10), 162 Da(C6H10O5, glucose moiety) more than that of naringenin (peak 38), suggesting they were naringenin-glucoside, which were further confirmed by the presence of m/z 271.061 and 151.003 in MS2 spectrum.

Peak 12 eluted at 6.22 min and showed a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 625.1408 (0.00 ppm, C27H29O17), 176.032 Da(C6H8O6, glucuronide moiety) more than that of eriodictyol-glucoside, suggesting it is eriodictyol-glucoside-glucuronide, which was confirmed by the presence of the base peak at m/z 287.0558 (eriodictyol).

Peaks 20, 21, 25, and 29 presented the same deprotonated ion [M−H]− at m/z 431.099 (C21H19O10) and generated the same fragment ions at m/z 269.044 (C15H9O5) by loss of the glucose moiety (C6H10O5), which suggested the presence of glucose moiety. The base peak at m/z 268.037 [Y0–H] ions in the MS2 spectrum of peaks 25 and 29 was a characteristic of apigenin aglycone. According to the published paper [23, 24], they were tentatively inferred as apigenin-7-glucoside and apigenin-4′-glucoside, respectively. Meantime, peaks 20 and 21 were tentatively characterized as baicalein-glucoside.

Peak 32 was detected at 13.39 min. It presented a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 567.1730 (1.94 ppm, C26H32O14) and exhibited the MS2 fragmentation ions at m/z 273.0771 (1.10 ppm, C15H13O5), resulting from the loss of glucose moiety and pentoside moiety (294.096). Thus, peak 32 was tentatively characterized as phloretin-pentoside-glucoside. In a similar way, peak 23 was tentatively identified as naringenin-pentoside-glucoside.

3.3. Target Identification of Flavonoids

212 putative targets of flavonoids were obtained from the TCMSP database. A visual compounds-targets network with 224 nodes and 440 edges was built by Cytoscape Version 3.7.2 (Figure S1). Compounds quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and wogonin are the top 5 compounds with a maximum degree and betweenness in the compound-targets network. The detailed information of putative targets linked to compounds was provided in Supplementary Table S1.

3.4. Protein-Protein Interaction Network

In order to find the key targets of flavonoids, a total of 212 putative targets were imported into the STRING to obtain the protein-protein interaction (PPI) data. The PPI network with 206 nodes and 3980 edges was established by Cytoscape (Figure S2). A total of 23 targets, including AKT1, INS, TP53, IL6, HSP90AA1, EGFR, VEGFA, JUN, EGF, CASP3, MAPK1, ESR1, ERBB2, PTGS2, MYC, MAPK8, MMP9, FN1, FOS, PPARG, CXCL8, CYCS, and CCND1, were selected as the core targets for GO and KEGG pathway analysis by setting the parameters as follows: the degree ≥50; betweenness centrality ≥0.01; closeness centrality ≥0.6.

3.5. GeneMANIA Analysis

Among the 23 key target genes and their interacting genes, it was found that 42.75 % had coexpression characteristics, 41.10 % displayed physical interactions characteristic. Other characteristics, including pathway, genetic interactions, colocalization, and shared protein domains, are displayed in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Protein network of core target genes by GeneMANIA. Black nodes represent target proteins, and connecting colors indicate different correlations.

3.6. GO and Pathway Analysis

In order to further study the 23 core target genes, GO and KEGG pathway analysis were performed by DAVID. GO term enrichment analysis results were divided into the biological process (BP, 23/23), cell compound (CC, 23/23), and molecular function (MF, 23/23). A total of 158 BP, 16 CC, and 33 MF has a p-value less than 0.05 (Table S2). In GO term enrichment analysis, the BP might be related to positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter (10/23), response to drug (9/23), negative regulation of apoptotic process (9/23), positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated (9/23), signal transduction (9/23), positive regulation of gene expression (8/23), and positive regulation of cell proliferation (8/23), and so on. The top 4 of CC are nucleus (16/23), nucleoplasm (12/23), cytosol (12/23), and cytoplasm (12/23). The MF are protein binding on 100%, identical protein binding on 56.5%, enzyme binding on 39.1%, and transcription factor binding on 34.8%. The top 10 enriched terms in BP, CC, and MF are displayed in Figure 3. In addition, 83 KEGG pathways (Table S3) were enriched as p-value less than 0.05. The result showed that the pathway was mainly related to the signaling pathway including PI3K-Akt (12/23), MAPK (10/23), TNF (9/23), ErbB (8/23), HIF-1 (8/23), Estrogen (8/23), FoxO (8/23), and cancer in the pathway. The top 20 KEGG pathways are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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GO analysis by DAVID: red represents the biological process, yellow represents the cellular component, green represents the molecular function.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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KEGG pathway analysis.

3.7. Network Analysis

Based on the target and KEGG pathway analysis, the entire compounds, targets, and pathway network were established by Cytoscape. The network with 122 nodes and 595 edges is shown in Figure 5. The red diamond, green ellipse, and blue triangle represent compounds, genes, and pathways, respectively.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Chemical-target genes-pathway network: red represents chemical; blue represents target genes; green represents pathway.

4. Conclusion

In the present investigation, this finding revealed that P. freyniana possessed 43 flavonoids (40 of them was first reported) with 23 core target genes, which were associated with PI3K-Akt, MAPK, TNF signaling pathway, and pathway in cancer. This study demonstrated the multicompound, multitarget, and multimechanism of P. freyniana, which are very beneficial for the further study and utilization of this plant including the material basis and quality control research.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81603393), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (no. 2018JJ3376), the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (no. 19A353), Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine (no. 2015TP1020-03), and the platform construction project of Hunan Provincial key laboratory of Dong medicine (no. 2017CT5025).

Data Availability

The data used to support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions

Zaiqi Zhang and Wei Cai designed the study. Kailin Li, Wei Cai, Shihan Qin, Pei Xiong, Jie Peng, and Silin Shi performed the experiments. Kailin Li, Wei Cai and Shihan Qin performed data analyses. Kailin Li and Wei Cai wrote the experiments; Zaiqi Zhang, Shihan Qin, Pei Xiong, Jie Peng, and Silin Shi critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Wei Cai and Kailin Li contributed equally to this work.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1: compounds-target genes. Figure S2: PPI network. Table S1: compounds-target genes. Table S2: GO analysis. Table S3: KEGG pathway.

Click here for additional data file. (187.6KB, zip)

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1: compounds-target genes. Figure S2: PPI network. Table S1: compounds-target genes. Table S2: GO analysis. Table S3: KEGG pathway.

Click here for additional data file. (187.6KB, zip)

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Articles from International Journal of Analytical Chemistry are provided here courtesy of Wiley

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