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. 2020 Dec 3;35(2):333–345. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01102-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Pathways involved in CXCR4 CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathways. AKT protein kinase B, PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, NFkB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, FOXO forkhead box, FAK focal adhesion kinase, Pyk-2 proline-rich kinase-2, CRK Adapter molecule crk, Rho Ras homolog gene family, Rac Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate, CDC42 cell division control protein 42 homolog, JAK janus kinase, STATsignal transducer and activator of transcription, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKA protein kinase A, Ras rat sarcoma protein family, RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, MEK dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, PIP2 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, PLC phospholipase C, PKC protein kinase C, IP₃ inositol trisphosphate, DAG diacylglycerol, ER endoplasmic reticulum, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca²⁺ Calcium ions, CXCR4 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, CXCL12 C-X-C chemokine ligand 12.