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International Journal of Molecular Sciences logoLink to International Journal of Molecular Sciences
. 2021 Jan 22;22(3):1080. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031080

The Role of Panx3 in Age-Associated and Injury-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Meaghan Serjeant 1,2, Paxton M Moon 1,2, Diana Quinonez 1, Silvia Penuela 2,3, Frank Beier 1,2, Cheryle A Séguin 1,2,*
PMCID: PMC7865929  PMID: 33499145

Abstract

Pannexin 3 (Panx3) is a mechanosensitive, channel-forming glycoprotein implicated in the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Despite evidence for Panx3 expression in the intervertebral disc (IVD), its function in this cartilaginous joint structure remained unknown. Using Panx3 knockout mice, this study investigated the role of Panx3 in age-associated IVD degeneration and degeneration induced by annulus fibrosus (AF) needle puncture. Loss of Panx3 did not significantly impact the progression of age-associated histopathological IVD degeneration; however, loss of Panx3 was associated with decreased gene expression of Acan, Col1a1, Mmp13 and Runx2 and altered localization of COLX in the IVD at 19 months-of-age. Following IVD injury in the caudal spine, histological analysis of wild-type mice revealed clusters of hypertrophic cells in the AF associated with increased pericellular proteoglycan accumulation, disruptions in lamellar organization and increased lamellar thickness. In Panx3 knockout mice, hypertrophic AF cells were rarely detected and AF structure was largely preserved post-injury. Interestingly, uninjured IVDs adjacent to the site of injury more frequently showed evidence of early nucleus pulposus degeneration in Panx3 knockout mice but remained healthy in wild-type mice. These findings suggest a role for Panx3 in mediating the adaptive cellular responses to altered mechanical stress in the IVD, which may buffer aberrant loads transferred to adjacent motion segments.

Keywords: pannexin 3, intervertebral disc degeneration, mechanical stress, needle puncture injury, transgenic mice

1. Introduction

As a leading cause of disability, back pain poses a significant socioeconomic burden that is only predicted to rise as the population ages [1,2,3]. While the causes of back pain are complex, several large-scale, cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a strong association between back pain and degeneration of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) [4,5,6]. Despite efforts to improve the management of back pain associated with IVD degeneration, no disease-modifying treatments currently exist.

The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous tissue that forms the joints of the vertebral column. Located between adjacent vertebrae, it functions to absorb axial loads and provide mobility to the spine. The IVD is a heterogeneous structure made up of three tissues: the central gelatinous nucleus pulposus (NP) contained by the concentric lamellar structure of the annulus fibrosus (AF), interposed between the cartilaginous endplates (CEPs) that anchor the IVDs to adjacent vertebrae. IVD function relies on the synergistic roles of its composite tissues. The hydrostatic properties of the NP, attributed to its high proteoglycan content, enable it to resist compressive loads [7]. The radial forces exerted by the NP are balanced by tensile loads generated across the collagen bundles of the AF lamellar network [7,8]. In addition to its structural role, the CEP enables nutrient and waste exchange between vertebral bodies and the largely avascular IVD [9].

Numerous risk factors, including genetics and age, can predispose the IVD to degeneration [7,10,11]. IVD degeneration propagates through a cascade of maladaptive cellular responses to biochemical or biomechanical changes in the microenvironment that lead to progressive structural deterioration and loss of tissue function [7,12]. Increased matrix degradation coupled with abnormal matrix synthesis in the NP contribute to reduced tissue hydration and impair the ability of the IVD to resist axial load [13,14]. Consequently, loads are transferred to the surrounding AF thereby altering its mechanical environment and contributing to gradual loss of AF tissue integrity, evidenced morphologically as lamellar disorganization and widened inter-lamellar spaces [7,8,15,16]. While it is clear that the mechanical environment is an important determinant of IVD health and disease, the molecular mechanisms that mediate responses of the IVD to mechanical stress are not fully understood.

Pannexin 3 (Panx3), one of three channel-forming proteins of the pannexin family, is abundantly expressed in skeletal tissues where it is implicated in processes of tissue development and disease [17,18,19,20]. Functionally, Panx3 channels are involved in the release of ATP at the cell surface and calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, with channel activity detected following mechanical stimulation or membrane depolarization in vitro [17,18,21]. In cartilage, Panx3 is expressed in the prehypertrophic zone of the growth plate where it plays a role in reducing chondrocyte proliferation and promoting hypertrophic differentiation [17,19,20,22]. Previous work by our group investigating the role of Panx3 in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) demonstrated that both cartilage-specific and whole-body Panx3 knockout (Panx3-/-) mice were resistant to developing OA following destabilization of the medial meniscus [19]. Based on the these findings, we speculated that Panx3 could promote tissue breakdown in cartilage following joint destabilization by mediating hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, a well-recognized driver of OA, highlighting a catabolic role for Panx3 in mechanically stressed articular cartilage [19,23].

Given the role of Panx3 in regulating physiological and pathological processes in cartilaginous tissues, we investigated Panx3 expression in the IVD. Microarray analysis suggests a tissue-specific expression pattern of Panx3 in the IVD, with approximately 30-fold greater expression detected in the AF relative to the NP in 2.5-month-old mice [24]. Despite evidence of Panx3 expression in the IVD, its function in this tissue remains unknown. Using the established global Panx3-/- mouse model (germline gene deletion; [19]), the current study sought to investigate the hypothesis that Panx3 regulates the cellular responses to mechanical stress in the IVD. We investigate the role of Panx3 in the IVD using both age-associated and injury-induced models of IVD degeneration.

2. Results

2.1. Loss of Panx3 Does Not Alter Age-Associated IVD Degeneration

We first sought to characterize Panx3 expression in the IVD. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis detected Panx3 transcript levels in wild-type (WT) IVDs at all time points assessed, with significantly greater expression at 2 months-of-age compared to 6, 12, 19 and 24 months-of-age (Figure 1A). No significant differences in IVD Panx3 expression were detected between the 6, 12, 19 or 24-month time points. Since microarray characterization suggested Panx3 is preferentially expressed in the AF [24], we assessed Panx3 protein levels in intact IVD and AF tissues. Immunoblotting revealed robust Panx3 protein expression in both intact IVD and isolated AF samples, with no evidence of Panx3 protein in Panx3-/- mice (Figure 1B).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Loss of Panx3 does not alter age-associated intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. (A) Analysis of Panx3 gene expression in thoracic IVDs from wild-type (WT) mice at 2, 6, 12, 19 or 24 months-of-age. Transcript levels were determined relative to a six-point standard curve and data are presented as mean ± 95% CI. Values corresponding to each experimental animal are indicated by individual data points on bar graph. Bars labelled with the same letter are not significantly different based on p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (n = 6–8 mice per group, 6–8 IVDs pooled per mouse). (B) Western blot analysis of Panx3 protein in whole IVD or annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue from 2-month-old WT and Panx3-/- mice. Panx3 overexpressing human embryonic kidney 293T cells (HEK + Panx3) served as positive control (expected size of Panx3 is 43kD). Images are representative of three biological replicates (8 IVDs from the lumbar and thoracic spine pooled per mouse). (C) Representative mid-sagittal sections of lumbar IVDs stained with safranin-O/fast green from 6, 12, 19 or 24-month-old WT and Panx3-/- mice. Black arrows indicate disruption in lamellar organization at the NP-AF boundary, white arrows indicate loss of defined NP-AF boundary, arrowheads indicate increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) staining in the inter-lamellar matrix. Images are representative of 6–10 mice per group, 4–6 IVDs per mouse. (D) Histopathological scores comparing WT and Panx3-/- IVD tissues. Scores were assigned to the NP, AF and NP/AF boundary and summed for a total IVD score of 10. Higher scores represent a greater degree of degeneration. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CI (n = 6-10 mice per group, individual data points on bar graphs represent the average score of 4–6 IVDs per mouse).

To investigate the role of Panx3 in age-associated IVD degeneration, WT and Panx3-/- mice were aged to 6, 12, 19 or 24 months and lumbar spines were harvested for histopathological analysis. Mid-sagittal sections stained with safranin-O/fast green revealed no overt differences in the histological appearance of lumbar IVDs between WT and Panx3-/- mice at any of the time points assessed (Figure 1C). At 6 and 12 months-of-age, IVDs from both WT and Panx3-/- mice appeared healthy with no histopathological features of degeneration in either the NP or AF (Figure 1C,D). IVD tissues from WT and Panx3-/- mice at 19 months-of-age showed early signs of IVD degeneration, including disruptions in the lamellar organization at the NP-AF boundary and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation in the inter-lamellar matrix of the inner AF (Figure 1C). At 24 months-of-age, IVD tissues from WT and Panx3-/- mice showed features of progressive degeneration including a loss of cellularity in the NP, loss of a defined NP-AF border, increased inter-lamellar space throughout the AF and lamellar reversal in the inner AF (Figure 1C). Histopathological scoring of degenerative changes showed no significant differences between IVD tissues of WT and Panx3-/- mice at any of the time points examined (Figure 1D).

To assess possible compensation between pannexin proteins in Panx3-/- mice, Panx1 and full length Panx2 gene expression were analyzed in IVDs from WT and Panx3-/- mice. No significant difference in Panx1 gene expression was detected between WT and Panx3-/- IVDs at any of the time points examined (Supplementary Figure S1). Panx2 expression was assessed but was not reliably detected in IVDs of WT or Panx3-/- mice.

2.2. Loss of Panx3 Is Associated with Altered Gene Expression in the IVD

To assess early changes in IVD health and degeneration, we quantified the expression of markers of IVD anabolism and catabolism. qPCR analysis of candidate genes demonstrated no significant differences in transcript levels of the extracellular matrix (ECM) genes Acan, Vcan, Col1a1 or Col2a1 between IVDs from WT and Panx3-/- mice at 6, 12 or 24 months-of-age (Figure 2). At 19 months-of-age, Acan and Col1a1 expression were significantly decreased in IVDs from Panx3-/- mice relative to WT, while no significant differences in Vcan or Col2a1 expression were detected between WT and Panx3-/- mice (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Effect of Panx3 deletion on expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and aggrecanase genes in the IVD. Analysis of Acan, Vcan, Col1a1, Col2a1, Adamts4 and Adamts5 gene expression in thoracic IVDs from 6, 12, 19 or 24-month-old WT and Panx3-/- mice. Gene expression was determined by relative quantification with values normalized to that of the Rps29 housekeeper and expressed relative to age-matched WT controls. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CI (* indicates p < 0.05, Welch’s t-test; n = 4–8 mice per group, 6–8 IVDs pooled per mouse). Values corresponding to each experimental animal are indicated by individual data points on bar graphs.

Next we investigated the expression of aggrecanases that contribute to ECM breakdown in IVD degeneration [25,26]. At 6 months-of-age, IVDs from Panx3-/- mice showed significantly reduced Adamts5 expression compared to WT mice, while no difference in Adamts4 expression was detected (Figure 2). No significant differences were detected in Adamts4 or Adamts5 expression between WT and Panx3-/- mice at 12, 19 or 24 months-of-age (Figure 2).

Given the role of Panx3 in promoting hypertrophic differentiation in chondrocytes [17], we assessed the expression of markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy in the IVD. At 6, 12 and 24 months-of-age, there were no significant differences in expression of Mmp13, Runx2 or Col10a1 in IVD tissues between age-matched WT and Panx3-/- mice (Figure 3). At 19 months-of-age, there was a significant decrease in the expression of Mmp13 and Runx2 in IVD tissues from Panx3-/- mice relative to age-matched WT but no differences in Col10a1 expression (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Effects of Panx3 deletion on expression of hypertrophic chondrocyte genes in the IVD. qPCR analysis of Mmp13, Runx2 and Col10a1 gene expression in thoracic IVDs isolated from 6, 12, 19 or 24-month-old WT and Panx3-/- mice. Gene expression was determined by relative quantification with values normalized to that of the Rps29 housekeeper and expressed relative to age-matched WT controls. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CI (* indicates p < 0.05, Welch’s t-test; n = 4–8 mice per group, 6–8 IVDs pooled per mouse). Values corresponding to each experimental animal are indicated by individual data points on bar graphs.

2.3. Loss of Panx3 Alters the Localization of COLX in the IVD

To localize expression of hypertrophic markers within the IVD, we conducted immunohistochemistry in lumbar IVDs from WT and Panx3-/- mice at 19 months-of-age. Neither the abundance nor localization of MMP13 or RUNX2 in IVD tissues differed between WT and Panx3-/- mice. In addition to chondrocytes within the CEP and vertebral growth plates, MMP13 was primarily detected in the outer AF while RUNX2 was detected throughout the AF, with the highest density of staining localized to the outer AF (Figure 4A). In contrast, COLX staining was more abundant throughout the AF of WT mice compared to Panx3-/- mice, where staining appeared limited to the outer AF (Figure 4A). Additionally, COLX staining was more consistently detected across the AF-CEP boundary in WT compared to Panx3-/- mice where it was limited to the AF-CEP boundary in the outer AF (Figure 4A).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Localization of hypertrophic chondrocyte markers in Panx3-/- IVDs. (A) Representative mid-sagittal sections of lumbar IVDs from 19-month-old WT and Panx3-/- mice immunostained for either MMP13, RUNX2 or COLX (indicated by brown stain). Sections were counterstained with methyl green. Black boxes highlight the CEP-AF interface (n = 5 mice per group, 4–6 IVDs per mouse). (B) Serial sections of a representative WT lumbar IVD at 19 months-of-age stained with either safranin-O/fast green (red stain indicative of proteoglycan content) or anti- MMP13, RUNX2 or COLX antibody (indicated by brown stain) counterstained with methyl green. Arrowheads indicate enlarged AF cells.

In keeping with previous reports [27,28], we noted the presence of enlarged hypertrophic cells in the AF at 19 and 24 months-of-age, coincident with the accumulation of degenerative changes. To determine if these cells phenotypically resemble hypertrophic chondrocyte, we assessed the localization of MMP13, RUNX2 and COLX. While enlarged AF cells were detected in both WT and Panx3-/- mice at 19 months-of-age, these hypertrophic cells did not consistently show expression of markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy (Figure 4B), suggesting a phenotype distinct from that of hypertrophic chondrocytes.

2.4. Loss of Panx3 Is Associated with Maintenance of AF Tissue Integrity Following IVD Injury

Using a percutaneous IVD puncture model in the caudal spine (Figure 5A), we investigated the role of Panx3 in injury-induced IVD degeneration to assess its role in the context of altered disc biomechanics. In this model, acute injury is induced by a needle inserted through the AF into the central NP causing NP depressurization, mechanical instability and altered load distribution within the injured and adjacent IVDs [29,30]. Initial validation of this procedure confirmed the characteristic morphological changes in the IVD induced by AF injury, including loss of NP tissue evident immediately following puncture and fibrous NP repair tissue evident one week post-injury (Supplementary Figure S2E). Six weeks following injury, expected histopathological changes were detected in both WT and Panx3-/- mice, including loss of NP cell density and increased NP matrix accumulation compared to uninjured control IVDs (Figure 5B). While IVDs from both WT and Panx3-/- mice showed evidence of AF disruption associated with needle puncture, AF tissue architecture appeared better preserved in Panx3-/- IVDs compared to WT (Figure 5B). Specifically, hypertrophic cells were detected throughout the AF of WT mice following puncture but rarely detected in IVDs from Panx3-/- mice (Figure 5D). These enlarged AF cells were often found in clusters, appeared to contribute to widened inter-lamellar septa and were often associated with increased pericellular inter-lamellar GAG staining. Changes in ECM organization following puncture were assessed using Masson’s Trichrome staining (Figure 5C). In WT mice, the AF displayed disruptions in lamellar organization marked by areas of lamellar reversal, regions of undefined lamellar structure and loss of a defined NP-AF boundary. In contrast, the AF lamellar structure was generally preserved in Panx3-/- mice (Figure 5C). To quantify alterations in AF lamellar structure, we measured lamellar thickness (inclusive of both the lamellar and inter-lamellar widths), variables shown to increase with IVD age and degeneration [16,31,32], on the side of AF injury in WT and Panx3-/- mice. Following injury, a significant increase in the average lamellar thickness was detected in the AF of WT mice relative to Panx3-/- mice (Figure 5E).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Panx3-/- mice maintain AF tissue architecture following NP depressurization of caudal IVDs. (A) Representative X-ray images of WT and Panx3-/- caudal IVDs undergoing needle puncture. (B,C) Representative mid-sagittal sections of caudal IVDs 7/8 and 8/9 from WT and Panx3-/- mice harvested 6-weeks following needle puncture stained with (B) safranin-O/fast green and (C) Masson’s Trichrome. Adjacent, uninjured caudal IVD 6/7 served as the control. Images representative of n = 6 mice per group, 2 IVDs per mouse. Arrowheads indicate enlarged AF cells detected in WT mice following injury, arrows mark the needle puncture track. (D) Magnified view of AF cells in WT and Panx3-/- caudal IVDs 6-weeks following needle puncture. Images correspond to areas indicated by boxes in panel B. (E) Average AF lamellar thickness in WT and Panx3-/- IVDs following needle puncture injury. Lamellar thickness (inclusive of lamellar and inter-lamellar widths) was measured throughout the AF of Mason’s Trichrome stained caudal IVDs post-puncture and averaged per IVD. (* indicates, p < 0.05, unpaired t-test; n = 6 mice per group, 2 IVDs per mouse).

2.5. Loss of Panx3 Accelerates NP Degeneration in IVDs Adjacent to Site of Puncture

Although IVD injury was limited to caudal IVDs 7/8 and 8/9 in our model, we noted changes in histopathological features of the adjacent uninjured caudal IVD 9/10 in Panx3-/- mice. In WT mice, uninjured IVDs adjacent to the site of injury remained healthy 6 weeks post-injury (Figure 6). In contrast, in Panx3-/- mice, IVDs directly distal to the site of injury showed signs of accelerated NP degeneration, including increased matrix density and reduced cellularity on the side of injury (Figure 6); changes observed in 3/6 Panx3-/- mice and 0/6 WT mice.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Degenerative changes identified in adjacent uninjured NP tissue of Panx3-/- mice following needle puncture. Representative X-ray image demonstrating caudal IVD 8/9 undergoing needle puncture injury. Dotted red circle highlights caudal IVD 9/10 of the motion segment distal to the site of injury. Representative safranin-O/fast green-stained mid-sagittal sections of uninjured caudal IVDs distal to the punctured IVDs, harvested 6-weeks after injury. Images are representative of n = 6 mice per group. Black arrow indicates accelerated NP degeneration marked by increased matrix density and reduced cellularity.

3. Discussion

Panx3 is a channel-forming glycoprotein implicated in physiological and pathological functions in skeletal tissues. In cartilage, previous research suggests Panx3 mediates hypertrophic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes [17,20,22] and the development of post-traumatic OA in articular cartilage [19]. Given the catabolic role of Panx3 in related tissues, we investigated the role of Panx3 in the IVD using previously characterized Panx3-/- mice [19]. Our findings show that while loss of Panx3 did not alter age-associated IVD degeneration, it appears to confer protection to the AF following acute NP herniation in an injury-induced model of IVD degeneration. Furthermore, our work suggests that Panx3 may play a role in the adaptive cellular response to altered mechanical load.

Consistent with previous transcriptomic analysis by our group [24], we confirmed robust expression of Panx3 mRNA and protein in the IVD at 2 months-of-age. Our analysis also demonstrated a strong temporal regulation of Panx3 expression in the IVD. Compared to expression levels at 2 months, expression of Panx3 was decreased in the IVDs of mice from 6 to 24 months-of-age. IVDs of WT and Panx3-/- mice showed a similar progression of age-related degenerative changes as assessed by histopathological evaluation, with no evidence of compensatory upregulation in Panx1 or Panx2 gene expression in the IVD. ECM genes Acan and Col1a1 and hypertrophic markers Runx2 and Mmp13, were downregulated in Panx3-/- mice at 19 months-of-age, which may suggest subtle differences in the cellular microenvironment between WT and Panx3-/- mice. While decreased aggrecan in the NP is associated with degeneration [33,34], its increase in the AF is associate with early degenerative changes [33]. Similarly, while increased type I collagen is associated with NP fibrosis [34,35], it is the primary collagen of the AF lamellar network [36]. Since we assessed gene expression in intact IVDs, we cannot differentiate whether the observed decreases in Acan and Col1a1 expression in Panx3-/- IVDs are indicative of a catabolic or anabolic response.

The downregulation in Runx2 and Mmp13 expression detected in Panx3-/- mice is intriguing given the role of Panx3 in promoting hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and its reported role as a target of Runx2 [20]. Runx2 and Mmp13 are well-characterized in the context of chondrocyte hypertrophy and OA [23]. Elevated Runx2 transcription was reported in human IVDs with moderate degeneration [37] and RUNX2 has been localized, along with other hypertrophic markers such as MMP13, to the NP and AF of degenerated human IVDs [25,38]. Previous work suggests a positive correlation between Panx3 and MMP13 expression in OA cartilage [19], consistent with the downregulated Mmp13 expression we observed in IVDs of Panx3-/- mice. These data suggest a subtle protective role for the loss of Panx3 in the IVD, associated with a delay in expression of hypertrophic markers at the onset of degeneration. Based on its role in articular cartilage, we considered that Panx3 may be regulating hypertrophic-like changes in the IVD. Despite the changes in gene expression, immunohistochemical analysis revealed no overt differences in MMP13 or RUNX2 localization between WT and Panx3-/- mice at 19 months-of-age, with subtle differences detected in COLX staining at the AF/CEP interface. Importantly, we demonstrate that enlarged cells detected in the AF with age-associated degeneration do not express classical markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy (i.e., MMP13, RUNX2, COLX). While the presence of enlarged AF cells has been reported as a histopathological feature of degeneration [27,28], to our knowledge the phenotype of these cells has not been directly investigated; our findings suggest that phenotypic changes associated with hypertrophy in the AF are distinct from those of chondrocytes and warrant further investigation.

Our finding of a subtle phenotype in Panx3-/- mice with age is consistent with previous characterization of pannexin knockout mouse models. Despite its broad expression, multiple Panx1 knockout mouse models show seemingly normal anatomy and health [39,40]. In a Panx3-deficient mouse model, Yorgan et al., reported delayed ossification at birth but the absence of a skeletal phenotype in mature mice [41]. Similarly, characterization of the Panx3-/- mouse model used in this study demonstrated differences in the size of muscle attachment sites and diaphysis lengths [42] but overall normal skeletal development [19]. Of note, two additional Panx3 knockout mouse models have been reported with more prominent bone abnormalities [22,43]. The reason for these phenotypic discrepancies may relate to differences in Cre drivers or background strains used to generate the transgenic mice [44]. Recent characterization of a Panx1/Panx3 double knockout mouse model reported reduced body weight, decreased long bone length and alterations in skull shape and size in neonatal mice compared to WT, suggesting the importance of these proteins in early stages of skeletal development [45].

Interestingly, studies report more robust phenotypes in pannexin knockout mice in response to stress or injury [19,46,47]. Results from the current study using an injury-induced model of IVD degeneration support the hypothesis that pannexins contribute to tissue-specific adaptation to mechanical stress. Following injury, WT mice displayed characteristic changes in the AF including the accumulation of clusters of large, rounded cells associated with increased pericellular GAG staining and AF lamellar disorganization. In contrast, following NP depressurization, AF tissues in Panx3-/- mice maintained structural integrity and did not show evidence of cellular changes or matrix reorganization. These findings are in keeping with recent studies showing that Panx3-/- mice were resistant to surgically-induced OA [19]. Of interest, however, was the observation that IVDs adjacent to the site of injury (which experience altered biomechanics due to adjacent IVD depressurization) were prone to accelerated NP degeneration on the side of injury in Panx3-/- mice, changes not detected in WT mice. In humans, IVDs adjacent to immobilized motion segments following spinal fusion show accelerated degeneration as a consequence of altered mechanical stress [48]. Taken together, we speculate that changes in AF cell morphology and ECM deposition following injury in WT IVD tissues are evidence of an adaptive response to alterations in mechanical loading and contribute to the preservation of tissue homeostasis at adjacent IVD levels. The hypertrophic, GAG-producing AF cells at the site of injury may buffer mechanical stresses transferred to the AF by synthesizing an altered inter-lamellar ECM in response to the high compressive loads experienced following NP depressurization. This adaptive response may dampen transmission of aberrant loads to adjacent IVD tissues. Our data suggest a role for Panx3 in mediating the response of AF cells to altered mechanical stress, possibly through its functional role in ATP release at the cell surface or calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, as characterized in chondrocytes [17,18]. However, further investigation is required to better characterize the longitudinal response of Panx3-/- mice to IVD injury and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.

This work highlights a complex, context-dependent role of Panx3 in the IVD. Our analyses demonstrate that Panx3 does not play a significant role in the progression of age-associated IVD degeneration but may be involved in mediating the response to altered mechanical stress. We show that Panx3 is expressed in the AF where it may play a role in mediating responses to altered mechanical load, associated with the propagation of aberrant loads across spinal segments.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Experimental Animals

All experiments were performed in accordance with the policies and guidelines set forth by the Canadian Council on Animal Care and approved by the Animal Use Subcommittee of the University of Western Ontario (protocols 2017-154 and 2015-031). Genotyping confirmed homozygous deletion of Panx3 in the whole-body Panx3-/- mice previously reported by our group [19]. Age-matched WT C57BL/6 mice were used as controls. Mice were housed in standard cages on a 12-h light/dark cycle with rodent chow and water available ad libitum. Mice were euthanized at 2, 3.5, 6, 12, 19 (±2 weeks) or 24 (±2 weeks) months-of-age. Intact lumbar (L1-L6) or caudal (C5-C12) spines were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Thoracic IVDs (T5-T13; including NP, AF and CEP) were pooled (6–8 IVDs per mouse) for gene expression analyses. Intact IVDs or AF tissues were microdissected from alternating spinal levels (T3 to L6) and pooled (8 IVDs per mouse) for protein analysis.

4.2. Gene Expression Analysis

Immediately following dissection, thoracic IVDs from WT and Panx3-/- mice were placed in TRIzol (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), homogenized and total RNA extracted according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RNA concentrations were determined using a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), followed by reverse transcription of 350 ng of RNA/sample (iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Gene expression was assessed by qPCR using the Bio-Rad CFX384 system (Hercules, CA, USA). Reactions were run in triplicate with 140 ng cDNA/reaction, with the exception of Panx1, Panx2 and Panx3 that were run with 420 ng cDNA/reaction. Each reaction contained 470 nM of forward and reverse primers (using previously validated primers and PCR parameters [47,49,50]; primer sequences provided in Supplementary Table S1) and 2 x SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Transcript levels were quantified using ∆∆CT, normalized for input based on expression of Rps29 [51,52] and expressed relative to age-matched WT controls. Panx3 transcript levels were quantified relative to a six-point standard curve (1/5 serial dilution with initial input of 240 ng/µL) made from cDNA generated from IVD tissues at postnatal day 28.

4.3. Western Blot Analysis

Intact IVDs and AF tissues were harvested from 2-month-old (8 ± 2 weeks) WT and Panx3-/- mice for protein analysis. Human embryonic kidney 293T cells overexpressing mouse Panx3 (described in [21]) served as control. Total protein was harvested following tissue homogenization (PRO250 homogenizer, PRO Scientific, Oxford, CT, USA) and sonication (Sonic Dismembrator 100, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in Triton-based extraction buffer as previously described [21]. Following quantification using the bicinchoninic acid assay, 16 μg total protein were separated by gel electrophoresis on a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were blocked for 1.5 h with 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit polyclonal anti-Panx3 primary antibody (1:1000; described in [21]). Membranes were washed and incubated for 45 min with IRDye 800CW goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:10,000; LiCor, Lincoln, NE, USA; 925-32211) prior to visualization using Odyssey LiCor infrared imaging system (Lincoln, NE, USA). GAPDH was detected using a mouse monoclonal primary antibody (1:5000; Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA; MAB374), followed by incubation with IRDye 680RD goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:10,000; LiCor, Lincoln, NE, USA; 925-68070).

4.4. Histology

Spines harvested for histological analyses were fixed overnight with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde in PBS, followed by 7 days of decalcification with Shandon’s TBD-2 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Following standard processing, tissues were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at a thickness of 5 μm. Mid-sagittal sections of lumbar and caudal spines were stained with 0.1% safranin-O/0.05% fast green or Masson’s Trichrome and imaged using a Leica DM1000 microscope (Wetzlar, Germany) with Leica Application Suite software. Safranin-O/fast green stained sections of lumbar spines were assessed for IVD degeneration based on an established histopathological scoring system [16] to assess the NP, AF and NP/AF boundary (4–6 IVDs scored per mouse). ImageJ (version 1.51s; National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to measure the lamellar widths in Masson’s Trichrome stained sections of caudal spines following AF puncture, defined as the distance between the medial edges of adjacent lamellae (inclusive of lamella and inter-lamellar matrix), perpendicular to the orientation of each lamella. Lamellar widths were assessed for all lamellae on the side of needle puncture with measurements taken as closed to the mid-IVD level as possible, while avoiding the needle puncture track. All lamellae on the side of puncture were measured and averaged for each IVD. A single section was assessed per IVD and two IVDs were assessed per mouse (n = 6 mice/group).

4.5. Immunohistochemical Analysis

Mid-sagittal sections of lumbar spines were used for immunohistochemical analyses. Antigen retrieval was performed in 0.1% (v/v) Triton-X followed by incubation in 3% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide in methanol. Slides were blocked in species-specific serum (5%) in PBS for 30 min at room temperature, followed by primary antibody incubation in a humidified chamber overnight at 4 °C. Primary antibodies were diluted in blocking solution as follows: rabbit polyclonal anti-COLX (1:750; abcam, Cambridge, England; ab58632); rabbit polyclonal anti-MMP13 (1:200; Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA; 18165-1-AP); rabbit polyclonal anti-RUNX2 (1:100; Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA; NBP1-77461). As negative control, slides were incubated overnight in blocking solution in the absence of primary antibody and IgG isotype controls were included for MMP13 and RUNX2 immunostaining. Slides were incubated in secondary antibody diluted in PBS [goat anti-rabbit for RUNX2 immunodetection (1:100; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; HAF008), goat anti-rabbit for MMP13 and COLX immunodetection (1:250; SantaCruz, Dallas, TX, USA; sc-2004)] for 1 h at room temperature. Secondary antibodies were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and visualized following incubation with diaminobenzidine substrate (Dako Omnis, Santa Clara, CA, USA), followed by counterstaining with 0.5% methyl green.

4.6. Percutaneous IVD Needle Puncture

To induce IVD degeneration, we adapted a percutaneous needle injury model based on previous methods [53]. 2-month-old WT and Panx3-/- mice (n = 6 per genotype) were anesthetized using 1.75% isofluorane and dorsal view X-ray images were used to locate caudal IVDs in reference to a landmarking device (Supplementary Figure S2A). X-ray images were acquired at a peak energy of 60 kVp and a tube current of 20 mA using the PXM-20BT PLUS portable X-ray unit (United Radiology Systems Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA). Caudal IVDs 7/8 and 8/9 were marked on the dorsal side of the tail (Supplementary Figure S2B) then punctured with a 30-gauge needle inserted through the skin. The depth of puncture was standardized using a 22-gauge needle sleeve designed to expose 1.4 mm of the 30-gauge needle for a puncture depth at 50–70% of the IVD width (Supplementary Figure S2C). The needle was held in place for 45 s and depth of the puncture was confirmed with a lateral view X-ray (Supplementary Figure S2D). Following the procedure, mice were returned to conventional housing and euthanized 48 h, 1 week or 6 weeks later.

4.7. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism Software version 6.0c (San Diego, CA, USA). Data from qPCR analysis of Panx3 gene expression was assessed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. qPCR analyses comparing gene expression between Panx3-/- and WT mice were assessed using a two-tailed, unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction, followed by the ROUT outlier test. Histopathological scores were compared using a Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test. Average lamellar width measurements were compared using two-tailed, unpaired t-test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations

Acan Aggrecan
ADAMTS-4 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4
ADAMTS-5 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5
AF Annulus fibrosus
CEP Cartilaginous endplates
CI Confidence interval
Col1a1 Collagen, type I, alpha 1
Col10a1 Collagen, type X, alpha1
COLX Collagen type X
Col2a1 Collagen, type II, alpha 1
ECM Extracellular matrix
GAG Glycosaminoglycan
IVD Intervertebral disc
MMP-13 Matrix metalloproteinase-13
NP Nucleus pulposus
OA Osteoarthritis
Panx3 Pannexin 3
Panx3-/- Whole-body Panx3 knockout
PBS Phosphate buffer saline
qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Rps29 Ribosomal protein S29
Runx2 Runt-related transcription factor 2
Vcan Versican
WT Wild-type
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Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be found at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1080/s1.

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Author Contributions

All authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically for content. Study conception and design: M.S., F.B., S.P. and C.A.S.; Acquisition of data: M.S., P.M.M., D.Q.; Analysis and interpretation of data: M.S., D.Q., F.B. and C.A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

M.S. was supported by awards from Western’s Bone and Joint Institute Collaborative Program in Musculoskeletal Health Research and the Canadian Institute of Health Research. C.A.S. was supported by a Career Development Award from the Arthritis Society and Early Researcher Award from the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation. This research is supported by funding from the Canadian Institute of Health Research.

Institutional Review Board Statement

All experiments were performed in accordance with the policies and guidelines set forth by the Canadian Council on Animal Care and approved by the Animal Use Subcommittee of the University of Western Ontario (protocols 2017-154 and 2015-031).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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