Table. Demographic Characteristics for the BAV Group and for the CBHS Cohort and the BAV and Non-BAV Groupsa.
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | Difference (95% CI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BAV group (n = 196) | CBHS cohort (n = 25 360)b | ||
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Male | 133 (67.9) | 13 068 (51.5) | 16.3 (9.5 to 23.2) |
| Female | 63 (32.1) | 12 292 (48.5) | −16.3 (−23.2 to 9.5) |
| Singleton/twin pregnancy, No. (%) | |||
| Singleton | 190 (96.9) | 24 458 (96.9) | 0.5 (−2.2 to 3.2) |
| Gestational age, mean (SD), d | 280.0 (10.9) | 278.9 (11.4) | 1.1 (−2.7 to 0.5) |
| Preterm (<37 wk), No. (%) | 6 (3.1) | 1236 (4.9) | −1.8 (−4.5 to 0.9) |
| Weight at birth, kg | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.5) | 0 (−0.8 to 0.7) |
| Length at birth, cm | 51.7 (2.3) | 51.5 (2.5) | 0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) |
| Apgar score <10, No. (%) | 17 (8.7) | 1511 (6.0) | 2.7 (−1.5 to 6.9) |
| Age at transthoracic echocardiography, d | 10.5 (6.8) | 11.9 (7.6) | −1.4 (0.3 to 2.4) |
| Weight at transthoracic echocardiography, kg | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.6) | 0 (−0.1 to 0.1) |
| Length at transthoracic echocardiography, cm | 52.4 (2.5) | 52.3 (2.6) | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.3) |
| Maternal age at delivery, y | 31.7 (4.8) | 31.7 (4.6) | 0 (−0.6 to 0.7) |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMId | 23.9 (4.2) | 23.6 (4.4) | 0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) |
| Maternal smoking history, No. (%) | |||
| Yes | 15 (8.1) | 835 (3.4) | 4.7 (2.1 to 7.3) |
| Maternal race, No. (%) | |||
| White | 164 (91.1) | 21 399 (92.2) | −1.1 (−5.5 to 3.4) |
| Black | 2 (1.1) | 255 (1.1) | 0.0 (−1.5 to 1.6) |
| Asian | 11 (6.1) | 1190 (5.1) | 1.0 (−2.8 to 4.8) |
| Othere | 3 (1.7) | 406 (1.7) | −0.1 (−2.0 to 1.9) |
| Characteristic | BAV group (n = 191)f | Non-BAV group (n = 382) | Difference (95% CI)c |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Male | 131 (68.6) | 262 (68.6) | 0 (−8.1 to 8.1) |
| Female | 60 (31.4) | 120 (31.4) | 0 (−8.1 to 8.1) |
| Singleton/twin pregnancy, No. (%) | |||
| Singleton | 188 (98.4) | 376 (98.4) | 0 (−2.2 to 2.2) |
| Gestational age, d | 280.5 (10.4) | 280.4 (10.1) | 0.03 (−1.7 to 1.8) |
| Age at transthoracic echocardiography, d | 10.3 (5.9) | 10.3 (5.9) | 0.02 (−1.1 to 1.0) |
| Weight at transthoracic echocardiography, kg | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.5) | 0.004 (−0.1 to 0.1) |
Abbreviations: Apgar, appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration; BAV, bicuspid aortic valve; BMI, body mass index; CBHS, Copenhagen Baby Heart Study.
Results from a sensitivity analysis excluding all newborns with coexisting cardiac structural or functional abnormal findings (ventricular septal defect, coarctation, congenital aortic stenosis, reduced left ventricular systolic function requiring follow-up) showed no clinically important differences compared with results for the total cohort.
Excluding newborns with BAV (all included newborns had tricuspid aortic valves, except for 2 with quadricuspid aortic valves).
Mean difference for continuous variables; absolute percent difference for categorical variables.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Other race is defined as mixed origin and races not included in the categories above.
Matching criteria for 5 newborns with BAV were not fulfilled and were excluded (3 newborns from twin pregnancies and 2 from single pregnancies; all deviated considerably in gestational age, weight [2.1-2.9 kg and 4.0 kg] and/or age [15-47 days] from average at time of examination).