A 48-year-old woman presented to our facility with a 2-day history of fever and rapidly enlarging skin discolouration over her right hand. On admission, normal vital parameters were noted. Cutaneous examination revealed two tender necrotic indurated plaques (5×4 cm and 10×6 cm) with focal haemorrhagic bulla and peripheral retiform purpura (figure 1). No abnormality was detected on systemic examination. Reverse transcriptase PCR for SARS-CoV-2 from oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab was positive. Laboratory investigations documented thrombocytopenia (90×109/L), elevated prothrombin time (17.6 s), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (53.5 s) along with elevated fibrin degradation products (37 mg/L; normal <10 mg/L) and D-dimer levels (7680 ng/mL; normal <500 ng/mL). Blood culture showed no growth. She was diagnosed with acute infectious (SARS-CoV-2) purpura fulminans and promptly started on anticoagulation therapy. Despite an initial improvement, the patient’s course of illness was complicated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and she died after 12 days of hospitalisation.
Figure 1.
Multiple erythematous indurated plaques with focal necrosis, haemorrhagic bullae and peripheral retiform purpura.
COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the WHO and has claimed innumerable lives until today. Though, majority of the cases present with respiratory symptoms, coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and its cutaneous manifestations are being increasingly recognised.1 Recently, livedoid and necrotic eruptions were noted in patients with more severe occlusive vascular disease.2 Purpura fulminans (PF) is a life-threatening disorder characterised by rapidly progressive cutaneous haemorrhage and necrosis caused by vascular thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three distinct categories identified include neonatal (inherited or acquired abnormalities of protein C, S or other coagulation systems), acute infectious (meningococcus, Gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus and varicella) and idiopathic.3 4 Physicians caring for patients with COVID-19 should recognise PF as a potential manifestation of underlying coagulopathy and immediately initiate anticoagulation therapy.
Footnotes
Contributors: AS and AC contributed to conception, initial drafting of manuscript, critical revision of content and final approval of the manuscript. UC, IAK and SK contributed to patient management, conception, critical revision of content and final approval of the manuscript. All authors are in agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: None declared.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
Contributor Information
Ismat Ara Khan, Dermatology, Medical College and Hospital Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Supratim Karmakar, Dermatology, Medical College and Hospital Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Uddalak Chakraborty, Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, IPGMER & SSKM Annex 1, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Abheek Sil, Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Atanu Chandra, Internal Medicine, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Next of kin consent obtained.
References
- 1. Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, et al. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Haematol 2020;7:e438–40. 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30145-9 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Galván Casas C, Català A, Carretero Hernández G, et al. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. Br J Dermatol 2020;183:71–7. 10.1111/bjd.19163 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Sil A, Bhanja DB, Chakraborty S. Idiopathic purpura fulminans. Postgrad Med J 2020;96:504. 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137247 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Edlich RF, Cross CL, Dahlstrom JJ, et al. Modern concepts of the diagnosis and treatment of purpura fulminans. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2008;27:191–6. 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v27.i3.30 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]