Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Specification of Control Variables for Low-income Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics Adults.
| Overall | Whites | Blacks | Hispanics | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Expansion states | Non–expansion states | Expansion states | Non–expansion states | Expansion states | Non–expansion states | Expansion states | Non–expansion states | |||||||||
| Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 36.68 (13.57) | 37.24 (13.96) | 36.98 (13.67) | 37.33 (13.82) | 37.37 (13.87) | 38.19 (14.29) | 37.51 (13.93) | 37.72 (14.06) | 36.35* (13.11) | 36.82 (13.5) | 36.95 (13.41) | 37.7 (13.73) | 34.56* (12.79) | 34.83 (13.04) | 35.24 (13.01) | 35.3 (13.07) |
| Female | 0.54* (0.5) | 0.56 (0.50) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.57 (0.5) | 0.53 (0.5) | 0.54 (0.5) | 0.54 (0.5) | 0.54 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.49) | 0.62 (0.49) | 0.62 (0.48) | 0.62 (0.49) | 0.55 (0.5) | 0.55 (0.5) | 0.56 (0.5) | 0.57 (0.5) |
| Elementary school | 0.04 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.04 (0.2) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.08 (0.27) |
| Middle school | 0.13* (0.33) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.11* (0.31) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.12 (0.32) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.17 (0.37) | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.15 (0.35) |
| High school | 0.73 (0.45) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.76 (0.42) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.76 (0.42) | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.7 (0.46) | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.71 (0.46) |
| Bachelor/Graduate school | 0.1* (0.3) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.10 (0.3) | 0.13* (0.33) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.06 (0.23) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.05* (0.22) | 0.06 (0.23) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.25) |
| Married | 0.30* (0.46) | 0.30 (0.46) | 0.32 (0.47) | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.32* (0.47) | 0.32 (0.46) | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.34 (0.47) | 0.18* (0.38) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.20 (0.4) | 0.20 (0.4) | 0.35* (0.48) | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.4 (0.49) | 0.37 (0.48) |
| Employed | 0.59* (0.49) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.61 (0.49) | 0.6 (0.49) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.61 (0.49) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.55* (0.5) | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.6 (0.49) | 0.59* (0.49) | 0.61 (0.49) | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.67 (0.47) |
| Family size | 3.18* (1.98) | 3.20 (2.04) | 3.13 (1.92) | 3.08 (1.85) | 2.84 (1.83) | 2.87 (1.92) | 2.88 (1.85) | 2.8 (1.75) | 3.25 (1.92) | 3.22 (1.90) | 3.20 (1.88) | 3.17 (1.89) | 4.10* (2.08) | 3.94 (2.11) | 3.89 (2.02) | 3.77 (1.9) |
| Number of child | 1.11 (1.40) | 1.10 (1.43) | 1.10 (1.38) | 1.08 (1.38) | 0.94 (1.32) | 0.94 (1.37) | 0.95 (1.31) | 0.91 (1.28) | 1.22 (1.45) | 1.21 (1.44) | 1.16 (1.41) | 1.18 (1.45) | 1.56 (1.49) | 1.42 (1.46) | 1.5 (1.46) | 1.43 (1.49) |
| Activity limitation | 0.19* (0.40) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.22* (0.41) | 0.25 (0.43) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.24 (0.42) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.13 (0.34) |
| Fair/poor Status | 0.19* (0.40) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.20* (0.4) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.22 (0.42) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.17 (0.37) |
| Serious psychological distress | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.07 (0.25) |
| Rural | 0.83* (0.38) | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.73 (0.45) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.76 (0.42) | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.66 (0.47) | 0.96* (0.19) | 0.96 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.84 (0.36) | 0.96* (0.2) | 0.97 (0.18) | 0.91 (0.29) | 0.9 (0.3) |
| Unemployment rate | 4.46* (1.06) | 2.93 (0.75) | 4.02 (0.99) | 2.58 (0.59) | 4.33 (1.02) | 2.81 (0.69) | 3.95 (0.99) | 2.51 (0.53) | 4.44* (0.96) | 3.02 (0.69) | 4.28 (0.95) | 2.74 (0.54) | 4.91* (1.12) | 3.16 (0.87) | 3.88 (1.03) | 2.55 (0.75) |
Note. The means were weighted by NHIS final weights. Standard deviation is in parentheses. Difference in means of pre-ACA Medicaid expansion between expansion and non-expansion states. *P < .05.