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BMJ Open logoLink to BMJ Open
. 2021 Feb 11;11(2):e042966. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042966

Burn-out syndrome in Spanish internists during the COVID-19 outbreak and associated factors: a cross-sectional survey

Cristina Macía-Rodríguez 1,2,, Álvaro Alejandre de Oña 2,3, Daniel Martín-Iglesias 2,4, Lucía Barrera-López 2,5, María Teresa Pérez-Sanz 2,3, Javier Moreno-Diaz 2,6, Adriana González-Munera 2,3
PMCID: PMC7880089  PMID: 33574150

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and burn-out syndrome in Spanish internists and the factors that could be related to its appearance.

Design

We performed an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study for which we designed a survey that was distributed in May 2020.

Setting

We included internists who worked in Spain during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Participants

A total of 1015 internists responded to the survey. Of those 62.9% were women.

Results

Of 1015 people, 58.3% presented with high emotional exhaustion, 61.5% had a high level of depersonalisation and 67.6% reported low personal fulfilment. 40.1% presented with the 3 criteria described, and therefore burn-out syndrome.

Burn-out syndrome was independently related to the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 (HR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.15 to 4.45), the lack of availability of personal protective equipment (HR: 1.41; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.91), increased responsibility (HR: 2.13; 95% CI 1.51 to 3.01), not having received financial compensation for overtime work (HR: 0.43; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.62), not having rested after 24-hour shifts (HR: 1.61; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.38), not having had holidays in the previous 6 months (HR: 1.36; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.84), consumption of sleeping pills (HR: 1.83; 95% CI 1.28 to 2.63) and higher alcohol intake (HR: 1.95; 95% CI 1.39 to 2.73).

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 outbreak, 40.1% of Internal Medicine physicians in Spain presented with burn-out syndrome, which was independently related to the assistance of patients with SARS-CoV-2, overworking without any compensation and the fear of being contagious to their relatives. Therefore, it is imperative to initiate programmes to prevent and treat burn-out in front-line physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Keywords: anxiety disorders, COVID-19, internal medicine, occupational & industrial medicine


Strengths and limitations of this study.

  • We present the results of the largest study dealing with burn-out syndrome in Spanish internists due to the COVID-19 outbreak.

  • The survey was specifically designed for this study, so it has not been previously used or validated.

  • This study has been carried out through a voluntary online survey so it is possible that the most affected doctors were most interested in answering the survey questionnaire, which may constitute a bias.

  • The survey was anonymous so we do not have data about the people who accessed the form but did not fill it in.

Introduction

The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new Betacoronavirus that appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan (China),1 has been a stressful period that has put healthcare systems and their professionals under considerable pressure.2 This illness can present with a range of symptoms, although fever and cough are the most common ones (mimicking SARS-CoV). The commonness of these symptoms, together with the different imaging patterns exhibited by the illness, complicates the diagnosis.3 The first case in Spain was diagnosed on 21 February 2020,4 with a subsequent exponential growth in the number of diagnoses that has affected more than 250 000 people in Spain by May 2020.5

Burn-out is a psychosocial syndrome that has a high prevalence6 7 in health professionals all over the world. It occurs in response to stressful situations during the development of a work activity. The first description of burn-out syndrome was made in 1974 by Freudenberger8 and, later, it has been extensively studied by Maslach.9 Currently, it has become a very common problem in daily clinical practice. Depersonalisation, emotional exhaustion and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment are its main characteristics.9 This syndrome is closely related to work overload, age, poor work environment, lack of leadership, inequity, negative feedback and whether someone has received threats.7 10 11 The most validated scale to quantify it is called the Maslach Burnout Inventory.12 A recent publication in Spain has revealed that more than a third of Internal Medicine specialists suffer from burn-out syndrome.10 Moreover, it has been shown that in several other countries more than an a half of the residents suffer from burn-out syndrome.13

A few studies have evaluated stress and burn-out syndrome in health workers during the COVID-19 outbreak, finding an increase in stress levels,14–17 with the exception of a single Chinese analysis that found less burn-out syndrome prevalence in people who worked on the front line compared with people performing usual ward work during the pandemic in Wuhan.18

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and burn-out syndrome in Spanish internists and the factors that could be related to its appearance.

Methods

For this study we designed a survey using the Google Forms application. The survey was specifically designed for this study by a group of Spanish internists with representation of all ages and work positions. The first part of the survey has not been previously used or validated. The second part of the survey corresponds to the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a questionnaire that has been validated to identify burn-out in health professionals.12 The survey consisted of the following sections:

  • Demographic variables: age, sex, marital status, and whether the person had children in their care or lived with older people.

  • Work conditions: type of contract, type of hospital, type of work performed, compliance with established work hours, commute time to the workplace and means of transportation, vacations in the previous 6 months, rest after night shifts and 24-hour shifts, and 48 hours of rest per week. Additionally, it has been studied whether people had practised sports or other leisure activities during their free time.

  • Change in work and lifestyle conditions due to the COVID-19 outbreak: assistance to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, confirmed personal SARS-CoV-2 infection, access to personal protective equipment (PPE), increased responsibility, increased working hours, financial compensation for overtime work, fear of infecting their families and change of place of residence to avoid it. Moreover, we studied the change in the pattern of tobacco or alcohol consumption, and the need for sleeping pills.

  • Maslach Burnout Inventory: Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel in Spanish. It consists of 22 questions, 9 of which refer to emotional fatigue, 5 to depersonalisation and 8 to personal fulfilment. Burn-out syndrome was defined as high emotional exhaustion, a high level of depersonalisation and low level of personal accomplishment.12

Participants and public involvement

A group of participants, who represented all ages and work positions, were involved in the design of the first part of the survey.

Participants

The survey was distributed in May 2020 through the mailing list of the members of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) and through SEMI’s social networks (Facebook, Twitter and Instagram). We only included internists who worked in Spain during the COVID-19 outbreak. We excluded retired people, medical students and internists who worked in a country other than Spain.

The SEMI had 6331 members at the time of the survey. The sample size needed considering a prevalence of burn-out in Spanish internists of 30%,10 a precision of the study of 3%, a confidence level of 95% and a missing rate of 15% is 924 responders. One thousand four hundred and ninety-seven internists accessed the form and 1015 of them filled it in. The distributions of sex and age of the people who replied are comparable to the distributions containing the data of all the members of SEMI. All the autonomous communities in Spain are represented in the data.

Statistical methods

A descriptive analysis was performed by calculating the rates of qualitative variables and the median and IQR for the continuous variables. In order to find the variables associated with burn-out, we performed a χ2 test (or Fischer’s exact test when n<5) for the qualitative variables and a Student’s t-test for the quantitative variables. Following the principle of parsimony, we omitted redundant items in the questionnaire to perform multivariate analysis. We conducted two stepwise binary logistic regressions backwards. The first one included the changes in work and lifestyle conditions that could trigger burn-out. The second one included behaviours and thoughts that may be regarded as consequences of burn-out. We considered p<0.05 to be statistically significant. The analysis was performed using the SPSS V. 22.0 software package (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA).

Ethics statement

The survey was anonymous, and all participants accepted the use of their responses for publication and scientific studies. We requested the explicit approval of the Gregorio Marañón Hospital’s Ethics Committee. However, they answered that due to the characteristics of the study (anonymous voluntary survey, without confidentiality issues), it was ethical and no explicit approval was needed. They have sent a favourable report that is available as online supplemental file 1. The study followed the criteria of the Helsinki Declaration.

Supplementary data

bmjopen-2020-042966supp001.pdf (933.8KB, pdf)

Results

Demographic characteristics

A total of 1497 internists accessed the form and 1015 of them (250 residents, 702 Internal Medicine specialists, 60 heads of department and 2 Chief Medical Officer) filled in the survey, representing all the autonomous communities in Spain. Of those, 62.9% were women. The mean age was 39.9±11.1 years, 77.2% were married or had a stable partner, 47.1% had children and 9.6% lived with older dependent people. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics and working conditions of the studied population. We do not have the data of the people who accessed the form but did not fill it in, due to the anonymity of the survey.

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and work conditions

Number of responders (1015) Number (%) or median (IQR)
Age 975 37 (31–47)
Sex 1015
 Female 638 (62.9)
 Male 377 (37.1)
Civil status 1011
 Single 231 (22.9)
 Married 446 (44.1)
 Stable partner (not married) 334 (33.0)
Partner is healthcare worker 934
 No 525 (56.2)
 Yes 409 (43.8)
Children 1009
 No 534 (52.9)
 Yes 475 (47.1)
Living with elderly person 1012
 No 915 (90.4)
 Yes 97 (9.6)
Being forced to separate from your family 1014
 No 712 (70.2)
 Yes 302 (29.8)
Afraid of infecting their family 1005
 No 133 (13.2)
 Yes 872 (86.8)
Current position 1014
 Resident doctor 250 (24.7)
 Medical specialist 702 (69.2)
 Service head 60 (5.9)
 Medical director 2 (0.2)
Assisted patients with COVID-19 1010
 No 79 (7.8)
 Yes 931 (92.2)
Infected with SARS-CoV-2 1009
 No 833 (52.6)
 Yes 176 (17.4)
Need of admission in hospitalisation ward 342
 No 327 (95.6)
 Yes 15 (4.4)
Need of admission in intensive care unit 237
 No 236 (99.6)
 Yes 1 (0.4)
Access to PPE when needed 1003
 No 295 (29.4)
 Yes 708 (70.6)
Type of hospital 1014
 Public 892 (88.0)
 Private 68 (6.7)
 Both 54 (5.3)
Hospital size 1006
 Regional hospital 257 (25.5)
 Secondary hospital 234 (23.3)
 Tertiary hospital 510 (5.7)
 Research centre/university 5 (0.5)
Commute time (from home to workplace) 1012
 Less than 1 hour from home 958 (94.3)
 More than 1 hour from home 58 (5.7)
Means of transportation to work 1011
 On foot 232 (22.9)
 By car 611 (60.4)
 Bicycle 22 (2.2)
 Motorcycle 13 (1.3)
 Public transport 132 (13.1)
 Working from home 1 (0.1)
More responsibility at work during pandemic 1011
 No 271 (26.8)
 Yes 740 (73.2)
Recognition of increased responsibility 737
 No 652 (88.5)
 Yes 85 (11.5)
Increase in weekly working hours during pandemic 1010
 No 189 (18.7)
 Yes 821 (81.3)
Economic compensation for overtime 913
 No 658 (72.1)
 Yes 255 (27.9)
Rest after 24-hour shifts 997
 No 139 (13.9)
 Yes 858 (86.1)
Holidays in the last 6 months 1011
 No 646 (63.9)
 Yes 365 (36.1)
Type of work contract 814
 Until the end of COVID-19 pandemic 25 (3.1)
 Less than a month 13 (1.6)
 1 month 22 (2.7)
 3 months 27 (3.3)
 6 months 42 (5.2)
 More than 6 months 170 (20.9)
 Permanent 515 (63.3)
Physical activity per week 1013
 Never or almost never 508 (50.1)
 Once 128 (12.6)
 Twice or thrice 267 (26.4)
 Everyday 110 (10.9)
Leisure activity per week 1013
 Never or almost never 426 (42.1)
 Once 193 (19.0)
 Twice or thrice 240 (23.7)
 Everyday 154 (15.2)
Need for sleeping pills 1011
 No 823 (81.4)
 Yes 188 (18.6)
Use of antidepressant drugs 1010
 No 952 (94.3)
 Yes 58 (5.7)
Change in smoking habits during pandemic 816
 Same 741 (90.8)
 Less 11 (1.4)
 More 46 (5.7)
 Start smoking 18 (2.2)
Change in alcohol consumption during pandemic 979
 Same 662 (67.6)
 Less 108 (11.0)
 More 180 (18.4)
 Start taking alcohol 29 (3.0)
Use of recreational drugs 1008
 No 993 (98.5)
 Yes 15 (1.5)
Choosing internal medicine again 1008
 No 212 (21.0)
 Yes 796 (79.0)
Having thought of changing specialty 1011
 No 616 (60.9)
 Yes 395 (39.1)
Having thought of working abroad 1008
 No 451 (44.7)
 Yes 557 (55.3)
Having thought of abandoning medicine 1009
 No 404 (40.0)
 Yes 605 (60.0)

PPE, personal protective equipment.

Change in work and lifestyle conditions due to the COVID-19 outbreak

Of the internists who answered, 92.2% treated patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, 73.2% experienced an increase in their usual responsibilities (only officially recognised in 11.5% of cases) and 81.3% underwent an increase in weekly working hours. Only 27.9% of the internists received financial compensation for overtime. Free time after 24-hour shifts was not respected in 13.9% of cases, and only 36.1% had gone on holidays in the previous 6 months.

Of those who filled the survey, 29.6% did not have access to PPE when they needed it, 86.8% were afraid of infecting their families because of their job, and 29.8% decided to change their usual place of residence to be separated from their families. Finally, 176 Internal Medicine physicians (17.4%) presented with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR test. Of these, 15 physicians required hospitalisation and only 1 required admission to an intensive care unit.

Of the participants 21.4% consumed more alcohol or started consuming alcohol during the pandemic, 7.9% smoked more tobacco or started smoking, 18.6% used sleeping pills on a regular basis.

Although 79.0% of the respondents would still choose Internal Medicine as a specialty, 39.1% have considered a change of specialty, 44.7% have considered working abroad and 60.0% have thought of leaving the medical profession.

Burn-out syndrome and related factors

Of those who responded (1015), 58.3% presented with high emotional exhaustion, 61.5% had a high level of depersonalisation and 67.6% reported low personal fulfilment. A total of 407 internists (40.1%) presented with the three previous criteria, and therefore burn-out syndrome. All Maslach Burnout Inventory results are shown in table 2.

Table 2.

Results of the Maslach Questionnaire

Number of responders (1015) N (%)
Emotional exhaustion, score 1015
 Low (0–18) 232 (22.9)
 Medium (19–26) 191 (18.8)
 High (27–54) 592 (58.3)
Depersonalisation, score 1015
 Low (0–33) 185 (18.2)
 Medium(6–9) 206 (23.2)
 High (10–30) 624 (61.5)
Personal accomplishment, score 1015
 Low (0–33) 686 (67.6)
 Medium (34–39) 235 (23.1)
 High (40–56) 94 (9.3)
Burn-out syndrome 1015
 No 608 (59.9)
 Yes 407 (40.1)
Burn-out syndrome in residents 250
 No 135 (54.0)
 Yes 115 (46.0)
Burn-out syndrome in specialists 764
 No 472 (61.8)
 Yes 292 (38.2)

Table 3 shows the distribution of the main items of the questionnaire and its distribution among physicians that had a burn-out syndrome according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Table 3.

Distribution of different included characteristics in the survey according to burn-out

Variable All (n=1015)
Median IQR or number/total (%)
No burn-out (n=609)
Median IQR or number/total (%)
Burn-out (n=406)
Median IQR or number/total (%)
P value
Demographics
 Age (years) 37 (31–47) 38 (31–48) 36 (30–44) 0.002
 Female 638/1015 (62.9%) 371/609 (60.9%) 266/406 (65.5%) 0.138
 Stable partner (married or unmarried) 780/1011 (77.2%) 478/608 (78.6%) 302/403 (74.9%) 0.172
 Partner is healthcare worker 525/934 (56.2%) 315/558 (56.5%) 209/376 (55.6%) 0.794
 Children 474/1009 (47%) 308/605 (50.9%) 166/404 (41.1%) 0.002
 Living with elderly person 97/1012 (9.6%) 51/607 (8.4%) 46/407 (11.4%) 0.118
 Being forced to separate from your family 302/1014 (29.8%) 168/609 (27.6%) 134/406 (33.1%) 0.061
 Afraid of infecting their family 872/1005 (86.8%) 506/601 (84.2%) 366/404 (90.6%) 0.003
 Infected with SARS-CoV-2 176/1009 (17.4%) 103/605 (17%) 73/404 (18.1%) 0.668
Work conditions
 Resident doctor 250/1014 (24.7%) 135/609 (22.2%) 115/406 (28.3%) 0.026
 Medical specialist 702/1014 (69.2%) 426/609 (70%) 276/406 (68%) 0.026
 Service head 60/1014 (5.9%) 46/609 (7.6%) 14/406 (3.5%) 0.026
 Medical director 2/1014 (0.2%) 1/609 (0.2%) 1/406 (0.2%) 0.026
 Regional hospital 257/1006 (25.5%) 149/609 (24.5%) 108/406 (26.6%) 0.228
 Secondary hospital 234/1006 (23.3%) 145/609 (23.8%) 88/406 (21.7%) 0.228
 Tertiary hospital 510/1006 (50.3%) 303/609 (49.8%) 208/406 (51.2%) 0.228
 Research centre/medical school 5/1006 (0.5%) 4/609 (0.7%) 1/406 (0.2%) 0.228
 Time to work >1 hour 58/1012 (5.7%) 25/607 (4.1%) 33/405 (8.1%) 0.007
 On foot to work 232/1011 (22.9%) 146/609 (24%) 85/406 (20.9%) 0.009
 By car to work 611/1011 (60.4%) 367/609 (60.3%) 244/406 (60.1%) 0.009
 Public transport to work 132/1011 (13.1%) 66/609 (10.8%) 67/406 (16.5%) 0.009
 Bicycle to work 22/1011 (2.2%) 13/609 (2.1%) 9/406 (2.2%) 0.009
 Motorcycle to work 13/1011 (1.3%) 13/609 (2.1%) 0/406 (0%) 0.009
 Assisted patients with COVID-19 931/1010 (92.2%) 544/606 (89.8%) 387/404 (95.8%) <0.001
 More responsibility at work during pandemic 740/1011 (73.2%) 406/607 (66.9%) 334/404 (82.7%) <0.001
 Recognition of increased responsibility 85/737 (11.5%) 63/408 (15.4%) 22/329 (6.7%) <0.001
 Number of patients per day 10 (8–12) 10 (8–12) 10 (8–12) 0.345
 No access to PPE when needed 295/1003 (29.4%) 151/601 (25.1%) 144/258 (35.8%) <0.001
 Increase in weekly working hours work 821/1010 (81.3%) 475/604 (78.6%) 346/406 (85.2%) 0.009
 Guard hours per week 32 (15–52) 30 (14–50) 40 (16.5–56) 0.009
 Economical compensation for overtime 257/913 (28.1%) 188/538 (34.9%) 69/375 (18.4%) <0.001
 No rest after 24-hour shift 139/997 (13.9%) 65/594 (10.9%) 74/403 (18.4%) 0.001
 Not having 48 hours per week to rest 582/1003 (58%) 318/599 (53.1%) 264/404 (65.3%) <0.001
 Free days in the last month 6 (4–7) 6 (4–7) 5 (3–6) <0.001
 No holiday in the last 6 months 646/1011 (63.9%) 369/606 (60.9%) 276/405 (68.1%) 0.019
 Stable contract 514/1015 (50.6%) 328/609 (53.9%) 186/406 (45.8%) 0.012
Habits and thoughts
 Physical or any leisure activity twice a week 559/1015 (55.1%) 356/609 (58.5%) 203/406 (50%) 0.008
 More tobacco (increased consumption or started to consume) 64/1015 (6.3%) 31/609 (5.1%) 33/406 (8.1%) 0.051
 More alcohol (increased consumption or started to consume) 209/1015 (20.6%) 96/609 (15.8%) 113/406 (27.8%) <0.001
 Use of recreational drugs 15/1015 (1.5%) 9/606 (1.5%) 6/402 (1.5%) 0.649
 Need for sleeping pills 188/1011 (18.6%) 83/605 (13.7%) 105/405 (25.9%) <0.001
 Use of antidepressant drugs 58/1010 (5.7%) 32/606 (5.3%) 26/404 (6.4%) 0.440
 Would not choose internal medicine again 212/1008 (21%) 80/603 (13.3%) 132/404 (32.7%) <0.001
 Having thought of changing specialty 395/1011 (39.1%) 172/607 (28.3%) 223/404 (55.2%) <0.001
 Having thought of working abroad 555/1008 (55.1%) 299/606 (49.3%) 256/402 (63.7%) <0.001
 Having thought of abandoning medicine 604/1009 (59.9%) 302/606 (49.8%) 302/403 (74.9%) <0.001

All variables in italics are significantly (p<0.05) related to burn-out syndrome.

PPE, personal protective equipment.

The demographic and work conditions regarded as trigger factors related to burn-out syndrome and its multivariate analysis are shown in table 4. Burn-out syndrome was independently related to the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 (HR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.15 to 4.45), the lack of availability of PPE (HR: 1.41; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.91), increased responsibility (HR: 2.13; 95% CI 1.51 to 3.01), not having received financial compensation for overtime work (HR: 0.43; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.62), not having rested after shifts (HR: 1.61; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.38), not having had holidays in the previous 6 months (HR: 1.36; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.84) and having used public transport to commute (HR: 1.96; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.95).

Table 4.

Associated trigger factors for burn-out (demographics, work conditions)

Variable Univariate
HR (CI 95%)
P value Multivariate initial model
HR (CI 95%)
P value Multivariate final model
HR (CI 95%)
P value
Age 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) <0.001 0.98 (0.96 to 1.01) 0.173
Children 0.67 (0.52 to 0.87) 0.002 0.78 (0.452 to 1.17) 0.233
Being forced to separate from family 1.30 (0.98 to 1.71) 0.061 1.21 (0.88 to 1.67) 0.232
Resident doctor 1.39 (1.04 to 1.85) 0.026 0.84 (0.53 to 1.32) 0.455
Assisted patients with COVID-19 2.59 (1.49 to 4.50) 0.001 1.61 (0.78 to 3.32) 0.190 2.26 (1.15 to 4.45) 0.017
No access to PPE when needed 1.66 (1.26 to 2.19) <0.001 1.33 (0.97 to 1.83) 0.075 1.41 (1.05 to 1.91) 0.024
Time to work >1 hour 2.06 (1.21 to 3.53) 0.008 1.75 (0.94 to 3.27) 0.075
Public transport to work 1.62 (1.12 to 2.34) 0.009 1.81 (1.18 to 2.79) 0.007 1.96 (1.30 to 2.95) 0.001
More responsibility at work during pandemic 2.36 (1.73 to 3.21) <0.001 1.91 (1.32 to 2.78) 0.001 2.13 (1.51 to 3.01) <0.001
Increase in weekly working hours work 1.56 (1.12 to 2.19) 0.009 1.38 (0.90 to 2.12) 0.136
Economic compensation for overtime 0.42 (0.30 to 0.57) <0.001 0.42 (0.29 to 0.59) <0.001 0.43 (0.31 to 0.62) <0.001
No rest after 24-hour shifts 1.83 (1.27 to 2.63) 0.001 1.33 (0.87 to 2.02) 0.180 1.61 (1.09 to 2.38) 0.016
Not having 48 hours a week to rest 1.66 (1.28 to 2.16) <0.001 1.21 (0.88 to 1.65) 0.235
No holidays in the last 6 months 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) 0.019 1.36 (0.99 to 1.86) 0.055 1.36 (1.01 to 1.84) 0.039
Physical or any leisure activity twice a week 0.71 (0.55 to 0.91) 0.008 0.81 (0.60 to 1.09) 0.176
Stable contract 0.72 (0.56 to 0.93) 0.012 1.19 (0.78 to 1.81) 0.406

PPE, personal protective equipment.

Moreover, we present in table 5 the multivariate analysis of habits and thoughts that can be considered consequences of burn-out syndrome. Physicians with burn-out syndrome were independently associated with consumption of sleeping pills (HR: 1.83; 95% CI 1.28 to 2.63), higher alcohol intake (HR: 1.95; 95% CI 1.39 to 2.73), increased desire to change medical specialty (HR: 1.87; 95% CI 1.38 to 2.54) and a greater desire to quit the medical profession (HR: 1.87; 95% CI 1.38 to 2.56).

Table 5.

Habits and career decisions associated with burn-out

Variable Univariate
HR (CI 95%)
P value Multivariate initial model*
HR (CI 95%)
P value Multivariate final model*
HR (CI 95%)
P value
Need for sleeping pills 2.20 (1.60 to 3.03) <0.001 1.86 (1.30 to 2.67) 0.001 1.83 (1.28 to 2.63) 0.001
Would not choose internal medicine again 3.17 (2.32 to 4.34) <0.001 2.01 (1.45 to 3.01) <0.001 2.10 (1.46 to 3.03) <0.001
Having thought of changing specialty 3.12 (2.39 to 4.05) <0.001 1.82 (1.34 to 2.47) 0.001 1.87 (1.38 to 2.54) <0.001
Having thought of working abroad 1.80 (1.39 to 2.33) <0.001 1.21 (0.90 to 1.63) 0.201
Having thought of abandoning medicine 3.01 (2.28 to 3.96) <0.001 1.83 (1.34 to 2.51) <0.001 1.87 (1.38 to 2.56) <0.001
More tobacco (increased consumption or started to consume) 1.65 (0.99 to 2.74) 0.053 1.19 (0.67 to 2.09) 0.545
More alcohol (increased consumption or started to consume) 2.06 (1.51 to 2.80) <0.001 1.90 (1.35 to 2.68) <0.001 1.95 (1.39 to 2.73) <0.001

*Adjusted by age and gender.

Discussion

More than 90% of the Spanish internists treated patients with SARS-CoV-2, and most of them experienced changes in their work and personal life caused by the outbreak. Excessive work and fear of being contagious to their relatives increased stress and resulted in burn-out.

More than 90 000 people in Spain were hospitalised from February to May 2020 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and more than 7000 had to be admitted to intensive care units.4 Spanish hospitals were overcrowded, without enough beds or ventilators for all the patients who needed them. Health workers had to work longer shifts and their responsibility increased. This was especially important in Internal Medicine, the specialty that generally treats infectious diseases in Spain.

This situation caused increased stress and ethical dilemmas when deciding which patients were candidates for intensive care units. Additionally, physicians faced an unknown new infectious disease without enough personal protective material. In fact, 29.6% of the respondents did not have access to PPE when they needed it. In our survey, 17.4% of the respondents presented with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR analysis, and 15 cases reported severe disease.

All these factors increased the number of Internal Medicine physicians who presented with burn-out syndrome. One year ago, the prevalence in Spain was 33.4%,10 and in the actual survey the prevalence is 40.1%.

Other previous studies14–17 also showed increased stress during the COVID-19 outbreak. Only a single Chinese study18 showed that burn-out syndrome prevalence was lower in professionals who worked on the first line. They discussed that this was possibly related to the fact that these professionals had more knowledge about the disease, more sense of control of the situation and more social recognition. In our study we have found the opposite results. This is probably due to shortage of PPE and low level of social recognition in Spain. In fact, the factors related to burn-out syndrome were those related to fear of contagion (managing patients with SARS-CoV-2, not having access to PPE and using public transport to commute) and those related to overworking without sufficient recognition (increased responsibility, not resting after shifts and not having financial compensation for overtime work).

Moreover, the pandemic hit Europe right after the influenza season, when health workers were already tired and stressed from the overwork of the winter season. In fact, not having had any holidays in the previous 6 months was related to higher burn-out scores.

As previous studies have found,7 19 20 burn-out had important consequences on the health of professionals, such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse or development of psychosomatic symptoms. In fact, we also found that burn-out was related to increased consumption of alcohol and sleeping drugs.

Moreover, doctors who had high levels of burn-out were less satisfied with their job and, similarly to previous studies,10 11 we found that they would be more willing to change their medical specialty or abandon the medical profession. Furthermore, there are studies that have found a reduction in the productivity and efficiency of medical care and an increase in medical errors.21 22

Therefore, it is important to initiate programmes to prevent and treat burn-out in front-line physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak.23–25 In general, two different types of stress reduction measures have been previously studied: those that focus on work organisation and those that focus on the individual. The first group includes measures such as reducing the number of shift hours, increasing professional recognition, rotation between different kinds of work and the implementation of equity policies.22 26 27 The second includes measures such as promotion techniques to handle stressful situations, meditation techniques, communication skills and cognitive–behavioral therapy.11 28–30

The main limitation of our study is that it was carried out through a voluntary online survey. It is possible that the most affected doctors were the most interested in answering the survey and, therefore, the prevalence of burn-out could have been overestimated. However, since our results were similar to those of previous studies,7 29 the high number of responders may have mitigated this effect. In addition, according to the design of the study, cause-effect relation of the variables can only be suggested and not categorically established. Moreover, the survey was distributed through SEMI’s social networks and the mailing list of the members of SEMI. The fact that this survey has been carried online and on a voluntary basis could have led to a higher number of answers by young people; nevertheless the distribution of ages of the sample was similar to the distribution of all the internists of the society.

In conclusion, during the COVID-19 outbreak more than 40% of Internal Medicine physicians in Spain presented with burn-out syndrome. The development of burn-out syndrome was independently related to the assistance of patients with SARS-CoV-2, the lack of PPE, greater responsibility during the outbreak, the absence of financial compensation despite working overtime, the absence of rest after 24-hour shifts, not having had holidays in the previous 6 months and the use of public transport to commute.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Spanish healthcare workers involved in assistance with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for their effort and dedication.

Footnotes

Contributors: CM-R and AAdO designed the survey, wrote the statistical analysis plan, cleaned and analysed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. CM-R is the guarantor. MTP-S wrote the statistical analysis plan, analysed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. LB-L and MTP-S drafted and revised the paper. JM-D and AG-M revised the paper.

Funding: This research was funded by the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Competing interests: None declared.

Patient consent for publication: Not required.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Data availability statement: Data are available upon reasonable request. Anyone who wishes to look at the data can contact the authors directly who will provide the database containing all information needed to reproduce the study.

Supplemental material: This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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