Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment of young women with breast cancer in China: a nationwide multicenter 10-year retrospective study

Abstract

Background

Breast cancer is currently the most common female malignancy in China. However, the clinical features and overall prognosis of young women diagnosed with this malignancy remain unclear. This study aimed to describe the clinicopathological characteristics of young patients (≤34 years of age) with breast cancer and explore the current treatment approaches used in China.

Methods

This was a hospital-based, multicenter, retrospective study of women with breast cancer across seven Chinese hospitals from 1999 to 2008. A total of 295 young (≤34 years of age) patients (research group) and 2,119 women aged 35 to 49 years (control group) were included in the study. Patient epidemiology, pre-operative examinations, clinical pathology, and treatment were analyzed.

Results

The percentage of young patients with breast cancer in the study group was 7.01%. These young women had a lower body mass index (BMI), a higher level of education, a lower number of previous births, and a lower history of breastfeeding than the control group (P<0.05). Increasingly, pre-operative use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are being used to diagnose breast cancer in young women in China. In young women with breast cancer, breast cancer not otherwise specified (NOS) was the primary pathology. The carcinoma in young women was more prone to lymph node metastasis, showed less progesterone receptor (PR) expression, and was more advanced than observed in the control group (P<0.05). We found that the number of young breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery in China is increasing.

Conclusions

Young breast cancer patients display unique clinicopathological features, including tumors of a higher grade than those aged 35 years or older. As breast cancer is more aggressive in younger women, prevention and early diagnosis are critical, and new policies should be developed in line with these findings.

Introduction

Breast cancer in young women has a low incidence, ranging from 6% to 25%, depending on the geographical location (1-10). Developing breast cancer at a young age is considered an independent and adverse prognostic factor (5,10-20). Up to 15–30% of very young patients with breast cancer (≤34 years old) are likely to have BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations (21-23). These germline mutations are associated with high-risk prognostic factors, including lack of estrogen receptors (ER), higher histological grade, and high proliferation rate.

However, the prognosis of young patients with breast cancer remains controversial. Two population-based studies previously examined the relationship between age and risk of death and found a higher risk of death in young patients diagnosed with breast cancer compared with older patients (16,18). However, other studies have shown that there was no impact of age on overall survival and disease-free survival in women with breast cancer (24,25). In addition, some studies even point to the fact that young patients with breast cancer have a better prognosis (26,27).

These differences in prognoses may reflect differences in the treatment choices made by younger women with breast cancer. As young patients tend to be more concerned by the appearance and fertility challenges resulting from some breast cancer treatments, and are more vulnerable to social and psychological pressures, their treatment choice may differ compared with older patients. For example, it has been previously reported that in women of reproductive age, fertility issues due to treatment for breast cancer is a significant concern (28).

In China, even though breast cancer is currently the most common malignancy, the characteristics of very young breast cancer patients (≤34 years of age) remain unclear. We defined the age of less than 35 as the definition for very young patients according to several previous studies (2,4,9,29) and clinical experience. The objective of the current study was to explore the clinicopathological features of very young patients with breast cancer in China, and their treatment choice compared to older patients with breast cancer (≥35 years old). We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/gs-20-574).

Methods

Study design and quality control

This study was a hospital-based, multicenter, retrospective study of female primary breast cancer cases that was approved by the Cancer Foundation of China Institutional Review Board (Approval: XJTU1AF2020LSK-211). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). We analyzed data from breast cancer patients over a period of 10 years, from 1999 to 2008.

Patient consent was not required, as there were no anticipated risks for the participants. However, all patient information was kept confidential, with all data stripped of any patient identifiers. The clinical and pathological characteristics of premenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer were collected.

Mainland China is divided into seven regions. One hospital with the highest level of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment was selected from each of the seven regions (i.e., north, northeast, northwest, central, east, south, and southwest China). Each individual hospital was responsible for the comprehensive diagnosis and appropriate treatment choice.

All patients enrolled in this study met the following inclusion criteria: (I) they have pathology confirmed primary breast cancer; (II) their admission date was within the selected month chosen by the study hospital; (III) they had received or were currently receiving treatment for breast cancer. Each hospital collected data from more than 50 cases per month during 1999–2008. Therefore, each hospital provided records for more than 500 cases over ten years.

In total, data from 4,211 cases were collected, including 295 cases of young women (≤34 years of age) that were diagnosed with breast cancer (research group). Data were collected using two independent inputting operators, and all data underwent qualification control. The regional data was validated with the EpiData software described previously in detail by Li et al. (1).

Data collection and stratification

The primary medical information was extracted, including general information, risk factors, imaging diagnosis, pathological features, and treatment. The histological subtype was determined using the 1981 and 2003 World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification criterion. The staging of breast cancer was determined using the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage criterion.

The expression of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) were detected by immunohistochemistry using ER, PR, and HER2-specific antibodies. ER, PR, and HER2 results were obtained from the medical records. A HER2 score of 3+ was considered HER2 positive (HER2+), whereas a HER2 score of 0, 1+, or 2+ was considered HER2 negative (HER2−).

Statistical analysis and comparison of multiple group data

Comparison of the epidemiology, pre-operative examinations, clinical pathology, and treatment between the control group and the research group were analyzed. The chi-square test was used to analyze the epidemiology, pre-operative examination, clinical pathology, and treatment status data in the control and research groups. The chi-square test was used to examine pre-operative imaging, clinical-pathological characteristics, and treatment trends over ten years. All statistics were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 17.0). A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

From a total of 2,414 examined cases during 1999−2008, there were 2,119 cases of women aged 35 to 49 with primary breast cancer (control group) and 295 cases of young women (≤34 years of age) with breast cancer (research group).

Incidence of young women with breast cancer

The percentage of young women (≤34 years of age) diagnosed with breast cancer was less than 10% per year over ten years, and this incidence did not vary significantly over time (Figure 1). Overall, the research group (≤34 y, n=295) represented only 7.01% (295/4,211) of all breast cancer patients studied. The mean age was 30.9 years and 43.5 years in the experimental group and control group, respectively.

Figure 1.

The percentage of young (≤34 years old) women diagnosed with breast cancer compared to all women diagnosed with breast cancer per year over a 10-year period (1999 to 2008).

Epidemiology of young women with breast cancer

The majority (78.43%) of young breast cancer patients were with normal body mass index (BMI) in the experimental group. The mean BMI of women in the experimental group (21.09) was lower than that in the control group (22.68; P<0.001). A higher proportion of women with a low BMI (≤18) were found in the experimental group compared with the control group (11.8% vs. 4.13%, respectively; P<0.001).

In both the research group and the control group, there were more women whose occupation was more manual labor (manual worker) rather than knowledge-based labor (mental worker). More women had finished higher education (58.2%) in the experimental group than women in the control group (43.0%). Most women of the experimental group had only one child (72.5%), while 63.3% of women aged over 35 had only given birth to one child. A higher percentage of the patients in the control group had a history of breastfeeding (90.2%) compared to the experimental group (77%). Table 1 contains the clinical baseline characteristics for all patients.

Table 1. Comparison of clinical characteristics between breast cancer patients in the research group (≤34 years old) and the control group (35–49 years old).

Epidemiological characteristics	≤34 years old, *N (%) (n=295)	35-49 years old, *N (%) (n=2,119)	^P value
BMI, mean (range)	21.09 (14.72–32.89)	22.68 (14.87–38.52)	<0.001
BMI subgroups			<0.001
Underweight (≤18.49)	24 (11.8)	74 (4.4)
Normal weight (18.50–24.99)	160 (78.4)	1,230 (73.5)
Overweight and obese (≥25.00)	20 (9.8)	369 (22.1)
Occupation			0.005
Manual worker	118 (44.5)	1,000 (54.2)
Mental worker	103 (38.9)	548 (29.7)
Others	44 (16.6)	297 (16.1)
Education			<0.001
Follow and primary school	66 (41.8)	606 (57.0)
High school and above	92 (58.2)	458 (43.0)
Age at first delivery (years)			0.563
≤24	59 (44.0)	439 (41.4)
≥25	75 (56.0)	621(58.6)
Number of live births			<0.001
0	24 (9.1)	41(2.0)
1	192 (72.5)	1,271 (63.3)
≥2	49 (18.5)	696 (34.7)
Breast feeding history			<0.001
Yes	147 (77.0)	1,226 (90.2)
No	44 (23.0)	133 (9.8)
Breast cancer family history			0.315
No	277 (95.2)	2,000 (96.4)
Yes	14 (4.8)	75 (3.6)
Tumor location			0.494
Left	158 (53.7)	1,086 (51.6)
Right	136 (46.3)	1,018 (48.4)
Mass size			0.617
≤20 mm	76 (34.1)	628 (35.8)
≥21 mm	147 (65.9)	1,127 (64.2)
Local invasion			0.178
No	228 (94.6)	1,756 (96.4)
Yes	13 (5.4)	66 (3.6)
Postoperative pathological diagnosis			0.531
Carcinoma in situ	15 (5.5)	74 (3.7)
breast cancer NOS	232 (84.4)	1,735 (86.1)
Invasive lobular carcinoma	9 (3.3)	74 (3.7)
Others	19 (6.9)	133 (6.6)
Lymph node			0.002
No	11 (42.6)	1,037 (52.4)
Yes	155 (57.4)	941 (47.6)
ER status			0.438
ER+	129 (54.9)	1,017 (57.6)
ER−	106 (45.1)	750 (42.4)
PR status			0.033
PR+	131 (55.7)	1,112 (62.9)
PR−	104 (44.3)	655 (37.1)
HER-2 status			0.927
HER-2+	44 (21.5)	349 (21.7)
HER-2− (including both negative and uncertain)	161 (78.5)	1,256 (78.3)
TNBC			0.099
No	149 (72.7)	1,348 (77.8)
Yes	56 (27.3)	385 (22.2)
TNM staging			0.004
I	33 (15.2)	349 (20.4)
II	108 (49.8)	939 (54.8)
III & IV	76 (35.0)	426 (24.9)

*, or specified; ^, Chi-square test. Missing data in some of the following categories. NOS, not otherwise specified; BMI, body mass index; N, patient number of each subgroup; n, sampling size; ER estrogen receptor; PR progestogen receptor; TNBC triple negative breast cancer; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; TNM, tumor size, lymph nodes, and metastases.

Preoperative imaging techniques used in young women

Imaging techniques are commonly used to diagnose breast cancer. We examined any trends between the type of pre-operative imaging examination used for young women under 35 years of age with young breast cancer over time. We divided the ten years into two stages, namely 1999–2003 and 2004–2008. We found that pre-operative breast ultrasound and MRI use is becoming significantly more frequent (P<0.001) in recent years compared with mammography (Table 2, Figure 2).

Table 2. Diagnostic examination and treatment allocation in the research group of young patients (≤34 years old).

Variable	1999–2003, N (%)	2004–2008, N (%)	*P value
Mammography			0.309
No	94 (74.6)	79 (68.7)
Used	32 (25.4)	36 (31.3)
Breast ultrasound			<0.001
No	78 (61.9)	33 (28.4)
Used	48 (38.1)	83 (71.6)
MRI			0.007 (fisher test)
No	133 (100.0)	132 (94.3)
Used	0 (0.0)	8 (5.7)
Breast ultrasound and mammography			<0.001
No	117 (92.9)	87 (75.7)
Used	9 (7.1)	28 (24.3)
Surgery			<0.001(fisher test)
No	4 (2.9)	7 (4.6)
Mastectomy	31 (22.1)	8 (5.2)
Radical mastectomy	96 (68.6)	107 (69.9)
Breast-conserving surgery	4 (2.9)	28 (18.3)
Simple mastectomy	3 (2.1)	1 (0.7)
Other	2 (1.4)	2 (1.3)
Chemotherapy			0.994
No	15 (10.6)	16 (10.7)
Yes	126 (89.4)	134 (89.3)
Radiotherapy			0.287
No	90 (73.2)	94 (67.1)
Yes	33 (26.8)	46 (32.9)
Endocrine therapy			0.211
No	19 (28.8)	28 (38.9)
Yes	47(71.2)	44 (61.1)
HER-2+ targeted drug therapy			1.000 (fisher test)
No	12 (100.0)	26 (96.3)
Yes	0 (0.0)	1 (3.7)

*, chi-square test or specified. N, patient number of each subgroup; n, sampling size; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Figure 2.

The use of different types of preoperative diagnostic imaging in young women (≤34 years old) diagnosed with breast cancer (research group) over time. Breast ultrasound and MRI is used more frequently in recent years, whereas the use of mammography and combined ultrasound/mammography has remained more consistent.

The difference in breast cancer pathology

We examined the main clinical pathology found in women below 35 years of age compared to the control group (Table 1). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the main postoperative pathology in these women and was found in 84.4% of our research group (Table 1). Compared with patients of the control group, women in the research group presented significantly more lymph node metastasis (57.4% vs. 47.6%; P=0.002), less PR expression (55.7% vs. 62.9%; P=0.033), and were in the more advanced tumor stages (stages III & IV: 35.0% vs. 24.9%; P=0.04) based on the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (30). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of other pathological characteristics, including tumor location, tumor size, local invasion, pathological type, ER expression, and HER2 status (P>0.05).

Treatment choices in young women with breast cancer

The majority (96.3%) of young patients had operative resection of their breast tumors, with 70.9% undergoing modified radical mastectomy (Table 2). In contrast, only 10.9% of patients chose to have breast-conserving surgery. However, over time, we found that the number of patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery increased (2.9% in 1999–2003 vs. 18.3% in 2004–2008), while the number of patients choosing radical mastectomy gradually reduced over time (22.1% in 1999–2003 vs. 5.2% in 2004–2008). Such differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). However, we found no statistically significant differences between radiation therapy, hormone replacement therapy, or targeted drug therapy over time (P>0.05).

Discussion

While breast cancer diagnosis under 35 is relatively uncommon, it is considered a separate prognostic factor (5,10-20). In this retrospective study spanning ten years, we examined the clinicopathological characteristics of young women with breast cancer from all over China, confirming that women’s age is a unique prognostic factor.

In this study, 7.01% of the patients with breast cancer were less than 35 years of age at diagnosis. This incidence rate agrees with reports from other Chinese research centers (3,13) and other countries (2,5,6,9). However, it is lower than other research reports from Asia, which report an incidence of 10% to 25% (8,31)_, and is lower than that reported in the Western world (4,10). There are several reasons to explain the variation in the observed prevalence rates between our study and others. First, there may be a genetic predisposition to breast cancer found in some populations. Additionally, there may be different levels of medical resources available in different countries, and there may be lack of a national breast cancer detection system. Finally, there could be sampling errors due to the methods of data collection.

Our study found that breast cancer patients less than 35 years of age showed a lower BMI than those over 35 years. Further, a higher proportion of these women had completed higher education, had an occupation that required mental labor, had more single births, and a lower number had previously breastfed compared to the control group (P<0.05). Our findings are consistent with other reports in the literature (32-34). We suggest that young women engaged in an occupation requiring more mental labor are exposed to more risk factors for developing breast cancer, such as the pressure from work and society. Due to their young age, they may also pay more attention to their image and controlling their weight, which would explain their low BMI compared to the control group.

These women engaged in an occupation requiring more mental labor have spent a long time completing their education and professional development, resulting in older age for their first child’s delivery. This would explain the lower number of live births and a lower history of breastfeeding. In the present study, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the number of births and history of breastfeeding. According to the available evidence, women who have fewer children and are not breastfeeding have a higher risk of breast cancer. It was reported that each full-term pregnancy can reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women by 3%, and increasing the number of pregnancies can also reduce the risk of breast cancer (35). In addition, for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, every 12 months of lactation has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk by 4.3% (36). These findings encourage us to add relevant content to health education in breast cancer prevention.

Imaging examination is commonly used to diagnose breast cancer. Due to the higher density of mammary glands and gland nodules in young women, conventional medical exam accuracy for diagnosing breast cancer is reduced (29,37). For example, in previously published reports, regular physical examination was only 37% accurate for diagnosing breast cancer in young women (37). We observed significant changes in the types of imaging diagnostic examinations performed between the two time periods of 1999–2003 and 2004–2008. It is important to note that China’s available resources for the early detection of breast cancer have changed over time. Since 2004, the Chinese government has gradually changed medical insurance policy, and more patients can now see a doctor in the hospital, which may explain some of the changes observed in our study. We found that breast ultrasound and MRI for breast cancer diagnosis are significantly increasing over time. However, the number of cases using MRI is still relatively low, which may be explained by this technique’s higher cost.

Pathological characteristics are related to therapy and prognosis for many diseases. In our study, women under 35 years of age had more lymph node metastasis, lower PR expression, and more advanced disease stages than older women. Our results are similar to those of previously published research in China and other Asian countries (3,13,29). Therefore, as supported by previous studies, younger women appear to have a more aggressive breast cancer with a worse prognosis (2,4,11,16,20,38-40). As the mammary glands of younger women have a higher density, it is not easy for the tumor to be found using regular physical examination and/or mammograms. This leads to the delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in young women, and therefore, a higher probability of metastasis. Notably, although the study group presented more aggressive tumor features, there was no difference in the application of chemotherapy across groups. The finding reflected that the treatment for patients with breast cancer during 1999 to 2008 was not consistent among different hospitals in China. These findings suggest that very young patients may need more individualized treatment that reflects their disease state.

ER-positive breast cancers have a better prognosis because they respond favorably to endocrine therapy, whereas HER2 positive cancers are more invasive than HER2 negative cancers. We found no significant differences between the number of HER2 and ER-positive cancers found in young women compared with controls. In our study, 54.9% of patients were ER-positive, and 21.5% were HER-2 positive. These are similar rates to previously published results (32). On the other hand, we found a lower incidence of triple-negative breast cancer in young women compared with other reports. Only 27.3% of young women were diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer in our study, which is lower than previously found in other countries (2). There is currently no endocrine or targeted drug therapy for triple-negative breast cancer, and therefore, this type of cancer has a poor prognosis (41).

Surgery was the most common treatment in Chinese female breast cancer patients. We found similar numbers of women undergoing surgery, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy compared to other studies; however, the number of women undergoing chemotherapy in our study was lower than previously reported (13). We further analyzed the surgical methods and found that breast-conserving surgery was increasing yearly. However, the proportion of women choosing breast-conserving surgery was still lower compared to studies from other countries (6). These country-related differences may be due to an increased understanding of the disease by physicians, the patient’s personal choice to improve their quality of life, and economic considerations. In clinical practice, the health providers should restrictedly following the indications for the conserving surgery to guarantee a good prognosis while at the same time paying more attention to the patients’ concerns to increase their mental health and quality of life.

As there is a difference in breast cancer pathology in younger patients, new treatment methods for these women are required. We also need to consider whether long-acting, more potent treatments are most appropriate for young women. For example, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy may influence fertility in these women. Thewes et al. confirmed that more than half of patients treated for breast cancer have fertility issues (42). Some young patients have expressed concern about their fertility and the possibility of early menopause due to treatment. Therefore, we advise that doctors provide more information to these women when deciding on treatment options for breast cancer.

There are some potential limitations to the conclusions from this study. We selected patients from the highest-level hospitals in each region. There may be selection bias in the cluster of breast cancer patients in these selected hospitals. However, these hospitals were able to maintain a complete clinicopathological record of patients, and most importantly, to ensure national standards for quality control of laboratory tests. These hospitals are also capable of comprehensive cancer treatment. Next, BRCA mutation information is important to explain the poor prognosis of very young women with breast cancer. However, during the study period [1999–2008], the BRCA mutation test was not a routine test in China. Therefore, BRCA data is not present in the current study. Finally, during the study period, most hospitals involved in the study had no tumor grade for breast cancer, while only a few hospitals had incomplete tumor grading records. This caused an information bias for the present study by missing data.

Conclusions

In Chinese women, breast cancer in young women has unique pathological features and clinical behaviors and tends to be more aggressive. Early detection is critical for patient prognosis, and the increasing use of MRI and breast ultrasound may lead to early diagnosis of breast cancer in young women. Based on the characteristics of young patients with breast cancer reported in this study, the government should make additional policies to guide young women in their breast cancer treatment choices.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cancer Foundation of China Institutional Review Board (approval#: XJTU1AF2020LSK-211). Given the anonymous characteristic and retrospective design the written informed consent from each patient was waived.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.