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. 2021 Jan 14;61(4):E525–E529. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.4.1634

Prevalence of insomnia among university students in South Asian Region: a systematic review of studies

AKIBUL ISLAM CHOWDHURY 1,✉, SUSMITA GHOSH 1,2, MD FAQRUL HASAN 1, KAFI AHMED SIAM KHANDAKAR 1, FAHMIDA AZAD 1
PMCID: PMC7888398  PMID: 33628956

Summary

Introduction

Insomnia is a global health problem among university students which is associated with various psychiatric problems like depression and anxiety. While different developed and developing countries assessed the prevalence of insomnia in youth, currently there is hardly systematic review of studies found based on the prevalence of insomnia in South Asia.

Aims

The aim of this study is to systematically review the evidence relating to the prevalence rate of insomnia in university students in South Asian countries.

Methods

Electronic searches of three databases, PubMed, Cochrane library, and Worldwide science were performed from 2010 to 2020 before April. In total, seven studies were included for evaluating insomnia in South Asian region among university students.

Results

The prevalence rates of insomnia of the seven studies ranged between 35.4% (95% CI: 32.4-38.5%) and 70% (95% CI: 65.7-74.1%). The pooled prevalence of insomnia among university students was 52.1% (95% CI: 41.1-63.1%).

Conclusions

This review emphasized that insomnia in university students might be a common health issue to give full concentration in their studies and academic performance. Thus, more attention should be given to the determinants of insomnia among university students, so that it could be helpful to identify the main causes of insomnia and effective measures could be taken.

Keywords: Insomnia, Prevalence, University students, Systematic review, South Asia

Introduction

Insomnia is a disease condition when an individual finds difficulty in sleeping or remaining asleep [1] and it is associated with various psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety, etc. [2-4]. Many recent studies have found that insomnia is a common psychiatric problem among young adults and university students [5, 6]. Other studies found that the prevalence rate of the poor sleeping condition is high among undergraduate students in the world [7]. Sleep quality and quantity among young adults especially university students has been changed due to the rapid development of technology such as using social media, the internet, etc. [8, 9] and there is a positive relationship between insomnia and the use of social media through the internet [10]. It is believed that poor sleep quality has an effect on physical and mental health and also causes mental problems such as anxiety and depression [11, 12]. Another study found that the effects of sleep disturbance have secondary behavioral consequences such as impaired social relationships, increased risk-taking behavior, and road accidents, etc. [13]. Sleep restriction among healthy young adults has been suffered from deleterious effects on endocrine functions, metabolic and inflammatory responses [14]. Many studies have shown that sleep is associated and affected by increasing years in university education [15, 16]. As university students represent the future of the society, the cost of sleep disturbance is high [17, 18].

Although the prevalence rate of insomnia increases day by day among adolescents, adults and university students, university students have received a little attention than others [5, 19, 20]. In a study which has found that 30% of the adult population from different countries have had symptoms of insomnia [21]. Other studies reported that the incidence of sleeping problem among university students was 14.9 to 70.3% [22, 23]. The variations of the prevalence of sleep problems appear to be affected by many factors such as geographical location, methods of assessment etc. [6, 24]. The evaluation method of insomnia varied from studies to studies. Some studies showed a low prevalence of insomnia using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or international classification of sleep disorder [6], some studies showed a high prevalence of insomnia without using any restrictive and standardize criteria [24, 25] and some studies evaluate the rate of insomnia using quantitative scales only [5, 26].

The present systematic review was aimed at to evaluate and explore high-quality studies and identify the prevalence of insomnia among university students in the South Asian Region from 2010 to 2020.

Methods

The reporting of this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane library and Worldwide science to identify peer reviewed articles, published between January 2010 and April 2020, reporting sleeping quality among university students. We used combinations of medical subject headings (MeSH) and free text words. Searches used the keywords (“insomnia” or “sleep quality” or “sleep disturbance” or “sleep disorder”) AND (“prevalence” or “cross-sectional study”) AND (“university student” or “undergraduate” or “young adult” or “medical student”) AND (“Afghanistan” or “Bangladesh” or “Bhutan” or “Nepal” or “India” or “Maldives” or “Sri Lanka” or “Pakistan”). Searches were limited to articles published in English.

SELECTION PROCESS

Two researchers have screened the titles and abstracts and then full texts were retrieved for selected records. Finally, a quality assessment was performed during data extraction by another researcher.

DATA EXTRACTION

Articles were considered for inclusion if the study was cross-sectional study; studies included students in medical college or university; studies included an aim to provide the prevalence of sleeping quality, studies measured the sleeping quality with some quantitative and validated scales, studies carried out in South Asian region (Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Maldives). The exclusion criteria were: a) failure to provide the separate prevalence of sleeping quality; b) studies didn’t include response rate; c) other epidemiological studies such as clinical trials. Demographic data, response rate, sample size, diagnostic scales used and prevalence data on student’s sleeping quality were abstracted.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT

The quality assessment instruction used in our study which was adopted from the article Ibrahim et al. [27]. The instruction included: 1) defined the population of study clearly; 2) selected the population randomly; 3) represented university students; 4) response rate ≥ 70%; 5) used validated scales for measuring sleeping quality; 6) sample size ≥ 300; 7) reported standard deviation (SD) or confidence interval (CI).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Heterogeneity by reporting the I2 (% residual variation due to heterogeneity) and τ2 (method of moments estimates of between-study variance) of the pooled estimate were assessed. A random effects model was used to pool the prevalence of insomnia as higher heterogeneity was expected. The 95% CI had been reported in a pooled analysis. All analysis was done by using MetaXL software version 5.3 in the Excel sheet.

Results

In this review, 787 peer reviewed articles were identified and after examining the titles, abstracts, and reference lists, 27 articles were retrieved. After careful reading and quality assessment, seven articles [28-34] were included in this study. Twenty articles were excluded as they didn’t maintain the criteria we followed (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

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The flowchart of searching and selecting articles for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Table I represents the demographic and methodological information of the selected studies from 2010 to 2020 before April. The overall sample size in the current review was 3,739 with a minimum of 308 and a maximum of 937. The mean age was ranged from 19 to 24 years. The percentage of males in the studies ranged from 37.1 to 57.14%. Three out of the seven studies were carried out in India, two in Pakistan and one in Nepal and Bangladesh. Among the seven studies, five studies used a simple random sampling method and two used a convenience sampling method. Moreover, all studies were cross-sectional studies.

Tab. I.

The information on the demographic and methodologies of selected studies from 2010 to 2020.

Research Amina et al. Parash et al. Amer et al. Ashwini et al. Amit et al. Arif et al. Syeda et al.
Year 2018 2017 2019 2019 2016 2015 2019
Country Pakistan Nepal India India India Pakistan Bangladesh
Sample 1AB 1A 1A 1B 1B 2B 2A
Insomnia scale PSQI PSQI PSQI PSQI PSQI PQSI, ESS PQSI
Cut-off > 5 > 5 > 5 > 5 > 5 > 5, > 10 > 5
Sample size 520 937 617 463 308 504 390
Response rate 85.8% 92% 95.07% 92.6% 96.25% 77.5% 75%
Sex male (%) 37.1 45.4 51 38.2 57.14 40.5 40.3
Mean age(± ± ± SD) 20.25 (1.5) 21.01 (2.18) 23.4 (3.6) 19.55 (1.04) 21.4 (1.85) 20 (1.4) NR
Total Prevalence(%) 59.04 35.4 51 70 39.6 39.5 69.5
Covariates measured Sleep quality was higher among non-medical students than in medical students Depression, internet addiction Physical activity, depression, anxiety Computer vision syndrome, headache, light sensitivity, double vision Analgesic self-medication, headache Poor sleep quality was higher among females Association of social status and internet use with sleep quality was measured
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PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; SD = Standard Deviation; 1 = random sampling; 2 = convenience sampling; A = university sample; B = medical sample; NR = Not Reported.

Figure 2 shows the forest plots of insomnia among university students. The prevalence rates of insomnia of the seven studies ranged between 35.4% (95% CI: 32.4-38.5%) and 70% (95% CI: 65.7-74.1%). The pooled prevalence of insomnia among university students was 52.1% (95% CI: 41.1-63.1%).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

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Forest plots about Insomnia studies among university students.

Discussion

In the 27 studies examined, some studies failed to report the prevalence of insomnia, some didn’t use proper measurement scales, and some did not show a response rate. A higher prevalence of insomnia (52.1%, 95% CI: 41.1-63.1%) was observed in this review than normal people of similar age (7.4%, 95% CI: 5.8-9.0%) [6]. Some studies outside of South Asia, reported that the prevalence of insomnia was 51.8% in Chile [35] and 58.7% in Lebanon [36] which was similar and higher than our findings respectively. Another study in Pakistan found that the poor sleeping quality among medical students was 77% and among them, 7.6% reported self-medication as a cause of insomnia [37]. Some developed countries showed a low prevalence of insomnia among university students than our findings in this review. In the USA, the prevalence of insomnia was 12% and among them 8% were males and 14% were females [38]. In China, the rate of insomnia prevalence was 18.80% [39] and in Japan, it was 25.6% [40].

Some factors were related to the high prevalence of insomnia among university students reported in many studies and these contributing factors were stress for concerning their future and employment, late night work on the computer, social interactions with friends, environmental noise, etc. [41-45]. A study in Nepal found that 31.5% of medical students suffered from sleep deprivation due to late night internet use [46]. Among the seven selected studies, one study reported that females had a higher prevalence of insomnia compared with males which was similar to many previous studies [47-50]. Good sleep quality reported by participants is a good sign, as according to WHO good health and wellbeing could be maintained by good sleep hygiene [51].

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used instrument for assessing sleep quality and it measures sleep quality along with seven components [52]. In our review, all the studies have used PSQI for measuring the prevalence of insomnia among university students. However, different types of scales can be used to measure the prevalence of insomnia and many differences are observed in the prevalence of insomnia when using different scales. So, more well-designed studies are required for the evaluation of insomnia prevalence among university students.

This review has several strengths and limitations. As high-quality studies were used, there is no possibility of publication bias. The limitation of this review is, missed the studies which were not published in English and did not include all studies reporting the prevalence of insomnia as they did not use a formal and standard scale and did not define the sample accurately.

Conclusions

Despite all limitations, this systematic review provided the evidence of the prevalence rates of insomnia among the university student in South Asian countries. As the pooled prevalence of insomnia is considerably higher than the general population, this review emphasized that insomnia in university students is a common health issue and more attention should be given to reduce insomnia among university students.

Figures and tables

Acknowledgements

All the authors whose research participated in this systematic review.

Funding sources: this research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Authors’ contributions

AIC has designed the study and contributed on the data extraction, data analysis, interpretation and the manuscript writing. SG has contributed on the data extraction and analysis. She has also helped in the manuscript writing and critically review the manuscript as well. MFH and KKAS contributed on data extraction. FA contributed on data extraction and data analysis.

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