Abstract
Background
The UK Severe Asthma Registry (UKSAR) is the world’s largest national severe asthma registry collecting standardised data on referrals to UK specialist services. Novel biologic therapies have transformed the management of type 2(T2)-high severe asthma but have highlighted unmet need in patients with persisting symptoms despite suppression of T2-cytokine pathways with corticosteroids.
Methods
Demographic, clinical and treatments characteristics for patients meeting European Respiratory Society / American Thoracic Society severe asthma criteria were examined for 2225 patients attending 15 specialist severe asthma centres. We assessed differences in biomarker low patients (fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) <25 ppb, blood eosinophils <150/μL) compared with a biomarker high population (FeNO ≥25 ppb, blood eosinophils ≥150/µL).
Results
Age (mean 49.6 (14.3) y), age of asthma onset (24.2 (19.1) y) and female predominance (62.4%) were consistent with prior severe asthma cohorts. Poor symptom control (Asthma Control Questionnaire-6: 2.9 (1.4)) with high exacerbation rate (4 (IQR: 2, 7)) were common despite high-dose treatment (51.7% on maintenance oral corticosteroids (mOCS)). 68.9% were prescribed biologic therapies including mepolizumab (50.3%), benralizumab (26.1%) and omalizumab (22.6%). T2-low patients had higher body mass index (32.1 vs 30.2, p<0.001), depression/anxiety prevalence (12.3% vs 7.6%, p=0.04) and mOCS use (57.9% vs 42.1%, p<0.001). Many T2-low asthmatics had evidence of a historically elevated blood eosinophil count (0.35 (0.13, 0.60)).
Conclusions
The UKSAR describes the characteristics of a large cohort of asthmatics referred to UK specialist severe asthma services. It offers the prospect of providing novel insights across a range of research areas and highlights substantial unmet need with poor asthma control, impaired lung function and high exacerbation rates. T2-high phenotypes predominate with significant differences apparent from T2-low patients. However, T2-low patients frequently have prior blood eosinophilia consistent with possible excessive corticosteroid exposure.
Keywords: asthma epidemiology
Key messages.
What is the key question?
What are the demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics of patients referred to UK specialist severe asthma services?
What is the bottom line?
Patients have substantial unmet need despite significant background treatment. Clear differences exist between T2-low and T2-high phenotypes although the majority of the T2-low group have evidence of prior T2-high disease, possibly reflecting effective suppression of T2 pathways with corticosteroids.
Why read on?
This study reports a comprehensive description of severe asthma patients in the UK from the largest national registry of its kind in the world.
Introduction
Severe asthma has been defined by the European Respiratory Society / American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS) as asthma which requires treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus a second controller (and/or systemic corticosteroids) to prevent it from becoming ‘uncontrolled’ or which remains ‘uncontrolled’ despite this therapy.1 Although some estimates have suggested that severe asthma affects approximately 5%–10% of the total asthma population,1 2 it is well recognised that many patients prescribed high-dose inhaled treatment remain poorly controlled because of suboptimal adherence to treatment or poor inhaler technique despite regular use. Once these two critical aspects of asthma care have been addressed the true prevalence of patients who remain poorly controlled on high-dose inhaled treatment falls to approximately 3%–4%.3 Exploring the clinical characteristics and disease expression in a large well-characterised severe asthma cohort is vital to understanding the heterogeneity and unmet need in these patients.
The British Thoracic Society (BTS) Difficult Asthma Registry was established in 2007 and was the first national registry to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics in a large patient group with well-characterised severe asthma.4 This ‘real-world’ data describing a population frequently underrepresented in clinical trials due to comorbidities or smoking history has been useful in helping to define clinical outcomes and health economic costs associated with routine clinical care, as well as the significant morbidity associated with systemic corticosteroids in this population.5–14
With our improved understanding of the central role of type-2 (T2) inflammation in severe asthma alongside the advent of biologic therapies targeting elements of the T2 inflammatory cascade, the original BTS Registry underwent a number of important structural changes and was renamed the UK Severe Asthma Registry (UKSAR). The data to be collected were initially agreed by consensus between UK Expert Physicians and in a subsequent Delphi Consensus of International Severe Asthma Experts, there was 95% agreement with the UKSAR data fields.15 The patient population is well-characterised, with the participating centres all being specialist multidisciplinary units for asthma care with all patients undergoing systematic assessment prior to inclusion in the registry.
The aims of the current article are to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of severe asthma patients in the UKSAR, to describe current biologic selection in eligible patients and to examine the difference between patients who are T2 biomarker-high and T2 biomarker-low at registration.
Materials and methods
Patients in UKSAR are enrolled to the registry after referral to Specialist UK Severe Asthma Centres with uncontrolled asthma (ie, severe symptoms or frequent exacerbations) at the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) treatment steps 4 and 5. The UKSAR has database ethical approval from the Office of Research Ethics Northern Ireland (15/NI/0196) and all patients provide written informed consent. All clinical centres in England are part of the NHS England Specialist Commissioning Network and operate on a ‘hub and spoke’ basis which aims to provide standardised multidisciplinary assessment and access to therapies under guidance issued by the National Institute for Clinical and Healthcare Excellence. Northern Ireland has a single-centre regional service (Belfast) and UKSAR also includes a single specialist regional centre in Scotland (online supplemental appendix 1).
thoraxjnl-2020-215168supp001.pdf (301.2KB, pdf)
Data were collected from November 2016 to February 2020. Baseline (at the time of registration) demographic and clinical variables are listed in (online supplemental appendix 2, but in brief, UKSAR captures 105 core variables classified into nine categories: patient demographics, medical history, investigations, lung function, allergy testing, Asthma Control Questionnaire, EuroQoL Questionnaire, asthma medication, and systematic assessment summary and management plan. Follow-up data are collected annually. The information recorded at each visit are listed in online supplemental appendix 3, however, follow-up data are not reported in this manuscript. The number of exacerbations was defined as a count of exacerbations requiring rescue systemic corticosteroids in the past 12 months. The number of hospitalisations and emergency department admissions for asthma was the number in the past 12 months. Asthma control was measured using the Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 (ACQ6). In this analysis, all patients were assessed by their treating clinician as fulfilling the criteria for severe asthma as defined by ERS/ATS Guidelines.1 T2-biomarker low patients were defined as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) <25 ppb and blood eosinophil count <150 cells/µL at registration. These cut-points were chosen as phase 3 clinical trials of targeted anti-interleukin 5 (IL5) and anti-IL4R biologic therapies have shown little benefit below these thresholds in patients with severe asthma.16 17 The T2-high comparator cohort was defined when both these biomarkers were above these thresholds.
All patients entered into UKSAR have undergone a thorough systematic multidisciplinary assessment as previously described in UK services.18 19 At this assessment, centres are asked to confirm that patients fulfil the ERS/ATS criteria for asthma that they have evaluated and optimised adherence to their current treatment plan and a management plan including additional treatments is registered (see online supplemental). Consecutive patients completing this assessment, and consenting to registry participation are entered on to the UKSAR.
Statistical analysis
This was a hypothesis generating study with no pre-specified hypotheses. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the entire cohort and for specific patient subgroups. Mean (with SD) and median (with IQR) were presented for continuous variables as appropriate. Categorical variables were summarised using counts and percentages. Univariate hypothesis tests between groups were conducted using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or χ2 test. All analyses were conducted using the STATA V.16 software package (StataCorp).
Results
Demographic, clinical characteristics and comorbidities
Two thousand two hundred and twenty-five adult patients with severe asthma according to ERS/ATS criteria registered between November 2016 and February 2020 from 15 centres across the UK are included in this data. The mean age at registration was 49.6 years (14.3) with a mean age at onset of 24.2 years (19.1). 62.4% were female and 79.1% Caucasian. Self-reported atopic disease was recorded in 62.8%; in those reporting a history of atopic disease and proceeding to skin prick test or radioallergosorbent (RAST) test, 72% (858 of 1189 patients) were positive to a perennial environmental allergen. In those reporting no atopic disease, 29% (207 of 707) were positive to skin prick or RAST-positive suggesting clinical history was of limited utility in identifying atopy in this group. Only 3.5% reported current smoking whereas 68.3% of patients were never-smokers. Patients were poorly controlled with a mean ACQ6 of 2.9 (1.4), and a median of 4 (IQR: 2, 7) exacerbations in the previous year. Lung function highlighted significant airflow obstruction and gas trapping with a FEV1 of 65.3 (21.3) % predicted, a FEV1/FVC of 63.4% (17.3%) and a residual volume of 132% (44.1%). Reported comorbidities included gastro-oesophageal reflux (16.9%), nasal polyposis (16.4%), depression or anxiety (8.3%) and eczema (2.9%) (table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic, clinical characteristics and comorbidities*
| Number of patients | 2225 |
| Age at first assessment | 49.6 (14.3) |
| 18–34 | 378 (17.0%) |
| 35–54 | 979 (44.0%) |
| 55–79 | 855 (38.5%) |
| 80+ | 11 (0.5%) |
| Age at onset of symptoms | 24.2 (19.1) |
| <12 | 715 (36.2%) |
| 12–18 | 184 (9.3%) |
| >18 | 1076 (54.5%) |
| Gender | |
| Female | 1389 (62.4%) |
| Male | 836 (37.6%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Caucasian | 1744 (79.1%) |
| Non-Caucasian | 462 (20.9%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 (7.1) |
| Smoking status | |
| Never smoker | 1490 (68.3%) |
| Ex-smoker | 617 (28.3%) |
| Current smoker | 76 (3.5%) |
| Atopic disease | 1378 (62.8%) |
| Spinal bone density (T-Score) | −0.7 (1.4) |
| Femoral neck bone density (T-Score) | −0.4 (1.1) |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 65.3 (21.3) |
| FVC (% predicted) | 83.1 (19.7) |
| FEV1/FVC | 63.4 (17.3) |
| Residual volume (% predicted) | 132.0 (44.1) |
| Total lung capacity (% predicted) | 103.9 (18.7) |
| ACQ6 Score | 2.9 (1.4) |
| Exacerbations requiring rescue steroids in last year | 4 (2, 7) |
| Exacerbations requiring hospital admission in last year | 0 (0, 1) |
| Invasive ventilation (ever) | 193 (10.0%) |
| Eczema | 63 (2.9%) |
| Nasal polyps | 356 (16.4%) |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 367 (16.9%) |
| Depression or anxiety | 180 (8.3%) |
*Mean (SD), median (IQR) or count (%) as appropriate.
ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index.
Biomarker profile
The median blood eosinophil count at registration was 0.33 (IQR: 0.16, 0.60) cells×109/L with the median highest historical result recorded as 0.62 (IQR: 0.40, 1.00) cells×109/L. Median FeNO levels were 39.0 (IQR: 20.0, 75.0) ppb and the median total IgE was 181 (IQR: 60, 480) IU/mL (table 2). These levels highlight a predominantly T2-high profile in patients entered into the UKSAR.
Table 2.
Medication and biomarkers*
| Number of patients | 2225 |
| Blood eosinophil count (N/109 L) | 0.33 (0.16, 0.60) |
| Highest blood eosinophil count (N/109 L)† | 0.62 (0.40, 1.00) |
| FeNO (ppb) | 39.0 (20.0, 75.0) |
| IgE (IU/mL) | 181 (60, 480) |
| Maintenance oral steroids | 1142 (51.7%) |
| Maintenance oral steroid dose (mg) | 10 (5, 15) |
| Inhaled steroid dose (mcg, BDP equivalent) | 2000 (1600, 2000) |
| LAMA | 1161 (53.5%) |
| Theophylline | 595 (27.2%) |
| SABA | 2089 (95.1%) |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonist | 1048 (48.9%) |
| Maintenance macrolide | 199 (9.3%) |
| Nebuliser | 533 (24.5%) |
| Prior anti-IgE therapy | 251 (11.5%) |
| Initiate/continue biologic therapy | 1524 (68.9%) |
| Biologic therapy name | |
| Omalizumab | 329 (22.6%) |
| Dupilumab | 5 (0.3%) |
| Mepolizumab | 731 (50.3%) |
| Benralizumab | 380 (26.1%) |
| Reslizumab | 9 (0.6%) |
*Mean (SD), median (IQR) or count (%) as appropriate.
†Highest blood count is the highest recorded in available prior medical records.
FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist; SABA, short acting β2-agonist.
Asthma medication patterns
All patients were on high-dose ICS and long-acting beta agonist therapy with a median ICS dose of 2000 (IQR: 1600, 2000) mcg BDP equivalent. Of these, 53.5% were additionally on a long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist (LAMA), 48.9% on a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) and 27.2% on theophylline. There was no evidence of greater airflow obstruction among those prescribed a LAMA (FEV1/FVC ratio: 63.2%) compared with those not prescribed one (FEV1/FVC: 64.2%), p=0.111. 51.7% were on maintenance oral corticosteroids (mOCS) with a median daily dose of 10 (IQR: 5, 15) mg prednisolone. 68.9% were prescribed biologic therapy including mepolizumab (50.3%), omalizumab (22.6%), benralizumab (26.1%), reslizumab (0.6%) and dupilumab (0.3%) (table 2).
Comparison of biologic prescribed and non-prescribed patients with severe asthma
A comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics between patients prescribed biologic therapies and those treated with conventional therapies highlighted significant differences in several domains. While the age and gender distribution were similar, a greater proportion of those prescribed biologics were Caucasian (80.6% vs 75.5%; p=0.024). Patients on biologics were also more likely to be never-smokers (70.8% vs 62.7%) and less likely to be current smokers (2.2% vs 6.4%; p<0.001).
Patients treated with biologics had evidence of more severe airflow obstruction (FEV1 64.2% vs 67.7%; p<0.001), greater air trapping (residual volume 136.3% vs 120.7%; p<0.001), higher registration (0.36 vs 0.30; p<0.001) and historic (0.70 vs 0.50; p<0.001) blood eosinophil and FeNO levels (41 ppb vs 36 ppb; p<0.001). Prescription of non-biologic agents also differed significantly between patients additionally on biologic therapies. Specifically, patients starting on biologics had higher rates of mOCS (59.9% vs 33.5%; p<0.001) and LAMA use (54.6% vs 50.9%; p<0.001), despite lower LTRA use (45.4% vs 56.2%; p<0.001) (table 3).
Table 3.
Biologic population versus non-biologic population*
| No biologic therapy (n=687) | Biologic therapy (n=1524) | P value | |
| Age at first assessment | 49.1 (14.3) | 49.7 (14.3) | 0.332 |
| 18–34 | 118 (17.2%) | 257 (16.9%) | |
| 35–54 | 315 (45.9%) | 659 (43.3%) | |
| 55–79 | 251 (36.5%) | 599 (39.4%) | |
| 80+ | 3 (0.4%) | 7 (0.5%) | |
| Age at onset of symptoms | 23.6 (18.9) | 24.5 (19.2) | 0.321 |
| <12 | 230 (37.3%) | 481 (35.7%) | |
| 12–18 | 57 (9.3%) | 124 (9.2%) | |
| >18 | 329 (53.4%) | 742 (55.1%) | |
| Gender | 0.964 | ||
| Female | 428 (62.3%) | 951 (62.4%) | |
| Male | 259 (37.7%) | 573 (37.6%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.024 | ||
| Caucasian | 514 (75.5%) | 1218 (80.6%) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 167 (24.5%) | 293 (19.4%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 (7.4) | 30.9 (6.9) | 0.747 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never smoked | 428 (62.7%) | 1053 (70.8%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 211 (30.9%) | 403 (27.1%) | |
| Current smoker | 44 (6.4%) | 32 (2.2%) | |
| Atopic disease | 457 (66.7%) | 912 (60.9%) | <0.001 |
| Spinal bone density (T-Score) | −0.7 (1.4) | −0.7 (1.4) | 0.912 |
| Femoral neck bone density (T-Score) | −0.5 (1.1) | −0.4 (1.1) | 0.446 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 67.7 (22.0) | 64.2 (20.8) | 0.001 |
| FVC (% predicted) | 83.2 (20.0) | 83.0 (19.5) | 0.814 |
| FEV1/FVC | 65.0 (14.8) | 62.7 (18.4) | 0.007 |
| Residual volume (% predicted) | 120.7 (43.7) | 136.3 (43.7) | <0.001 |
| Total lung capacity (% predicted) | 100.5 (17.6) | 105.0 (19.1) | 0.007 |
| ACQ6 Score | 3.0 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.060 |
| Rescue steroids in last year | 4 (2, 6) | 4 (2, 7) | 0.005 |
| Hospital admissions for asthma in last year | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.190 |
| Invasive ventilations (ever) | 35 (7.2%) | 158 (11.0%) | <0.001 |
| Eczema | 32 (4.9%) | 30 (2.0%) | <0.001 |
| Nasal polyps | 80 (12.3%) | 273 (18.2%) | <0.001 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 166 (25.4%) | 198 (13.2%) | <0.001 |
| Depression or anxiety | 85 (13.0%) | 93 (6.2%) | <0.001 |
| Blood eosinophil count (N/109 L) | 0.30 (0.13, 0.54) | 0.36 (0.18, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| Highest blood eosinophil count (N/109 L)† | 0.50 (0.30, 0.82) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| FeNO (ppb) | 36.0 (17.0, 69.0) | 41.0 (22.0, 76.5) | <0.001 |
| IgE (IU/mL) | 182 (57, 524) | 180 (60, 467) | 0.726 |
| Maintenance oral steroids | 230 (33.5%) | 906 (59.9%) | <0.001 |
| Maintenance oral steroid dose (mg) | 6 (0, 15) | 10 (8, 15) | <0.001 |
| Inhaled steroid dose (mcg, BDP equivalent) | 2000 (1600, 2000) | 2000 (1600, 2000) | 0.056 |
| LAMA | 348 (50.9%) | 806 (54.6%) | <0.001 |
| Theophylline | 177 (25.9%) | 414 (27.7%) | 0.015 |
| SABA | 644 (94.0%) | 1434 (95.7%) | 0.007 |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonist | 378 (56.2%) | 662 (45.4%) | <0.001 |
| Maintenance macrolide | 64 (9.6%) | 135 (9.3%) | 0.077 |
| Nebuliser | 154 (22.7%) | 377 (25.4%) | 0.044 |
| Prior anti-IgE therapy | 0 (0.0%) | 251 (16.8%) | <0.001 |
*Mean (SD), median (IQR) or count (%) as appropriate.
†Highest blood count is the highest recorded in available prior medical records.
ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist; SABA, short acting β2-agonist.
Further differences between biologic and non-biologic treated patients were observed with regards to comorbidities, with nasal polyposis being more prevalent in biologic patients (18.2% vs 12.3%; p<0.001), while gastro-oesophageal reflux (13.2% vs 25.4%; p<0.001) and psychological morbidity (6.2% vs 13.0%; p<0.001) being more common in biologic untreated patients (table 3).
Clinical characteristics of anti-IgE versus anti-IL5/5R treated patients
Analysis of the clinical and phenotypic characteristics of the biologic treated patients highlighted a number of significant differences between those prescribed the anti-IgE mAb omalizumab from those prescribed the anti-IL-5/5R mAbs mepolizumab, reslizumab or benralizumab.
Compared with anti-IL-5/5R treated patients, anti-IgE treated patients were younger at first assessment (47.6 vs 50.7 years old; p<0.001), had an earlier onset of symptoms (15.2 vs 27.5 years old; p<0.001), were more likely to be female (66.9% vs 61.0%; p=0.053) and had a higher reported history of atopic disease (86.7% vs 52.6%; p<0.001). In contrast, nasal polyposis was more prevalent in the anti-IL5/5R patients (20.8% vs 11.1%, p<0.001). Prescribing of other asthma medications also differed with prescription of mOCS more prevalent in the anti-IL-5/5R patients (65.0% vs 44.6%, p<0.001) and the reverse being true for LTRA (43.3% vs 52.4%, p=0.014). In keeping with the specific clinical phenotypes these two classes of biologic therapies are targeted at, significant differences in T2 biomarker levels were observed with a higher registration (0.40 vs 0.22; p<0.001) and historic (and 0.72 vs 0.50; p<0.001) blood eosinophil count in those on anti-IL5/5R therapies and a higher total IgE in those on anti-IgE treatment (294 vs 143, p<0.001) (table 4). Interestingly although 22.6% of biologics patients were prescribed omalizumab, 44.8% of the total biologics cohort met published eligibility criteria for this therapeutic option.
Table 4.
Anti-IgE versus anti-IL5*
| Anti-IgE (n=329) | Anti-IL5 (n=1120) | P value | |
| Age at first assessment | 47.6 (14.6) | 50.7 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| 18–34 | 71 (21.6%) | 167 (14.9%) | |
| 35–54 | 140 (42.6%) | 481 (43.0%) | |
| 55–79 | 117 (35.6%) | 464 (41.5%) | |
| 80+ | 1 (0.3%) | 6 (0.5%) | |
| Age at onset of symptoms | 15.2 (16.0) | 27.5 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| <12 | 168 (60.6%) | 279 (27.8%) | |
| 12–18 | 26 (9.4%) | 95 (9.5%) | |
| >18 | 83 (30.0%) | 630 (62.7%) | |
| Gender | 0.053 | ||
| Female | 220 (66.9%) | 683 (61.0%) | |
| Male | 109 (33.1%) | 437 (39.0%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.143 | ||
| Caucasian | 261 (79.3%) | 895 (80.8%) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 68 (20.7%) | 213 (19.2%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.3 (6.8) | 30.7 (7.0) | 0.183 |
| Smoking status | 0.757 | ||
| Never smoked | 233 (72.8%) | 763 (69.8%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 81 (25.3%) | 307 (28.1%) | |
| Current smoker | 6 (1.9%) | 23 (2.1%) | |
| Atopic disease | 281 (86.7%) | 578 (52.6%) | <0.001 |
| Spinal bone density (T-Score) | −0.7 (1.4) | −0.6 (1.4) | 0.593 |
| Femoral neck bone density (T-Score) | −0.3 (1.1) | −0.5 (1.2) | 0.062 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 63.4 (21.7) | 64.9 (20.6) | 0.321 |
| FVC (% predicted) | 82.4 (18.0) | 83.7 (20.2) | 0.369 |
| FEV1/FVC | 61.8 (14.7) | 63.0 (19.8) | 0.355 |
| Residual volume (% predicted) | 138.7 (44.9) | 136.8 (43.6) | 0.684 |
| Total lung capacity (% predicted) | 105.6 (17.5) | 105.4 (19.6) | 0.913 |
| ACQ6 Score | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.178 |
| Rescue steroids in last year | 4 (2, 6) | 4 (3, 7) | 0.020 |
| Hospital admissions for asthma in last year | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.047 |
| Invasive ventilations (ever) | 44 (14.1%) | 108 (10.2%) | 0.134 |
| Eczema | 7 (2.2%) | 17 (1.5%) | 0.748 |
| Nasal polyps | 36 (11.1%) | 230 (20.8%) | <0.001 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 44 (13.5%) | 145 (13.1%) | 0.979 |
| Depression or anxiety | 21 (6.5%) | 65 (5.9%) | 0.926 |
| Blood eosinophil count (N/109 L) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.50) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Highest blood eosinophil count (N/109 L)† | 0.50 (0.30, 0.80) | 0.72 (0.50, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| FeNO (ppb) | 31.0 (18.0, 61.0) | 44.0 (24.0, 81.0) | <0.001 |
| IgE (IU/mL) | 294 (151, 485) | 143 (47, 407) | <0.001 |
| Maintenance oral steroids | 145 (44.6%) | 723 (65.0%) | <0.001 |
| Maintenance oral steroid dose (mg) | 10 (5, 15) | 10 (8, 18) | 0.054 |
| Inhaled steroid dose (mcg, BDP equivalent) | 2000 (1600, 2000) | 2000 (1600, 2000) | 0.029 |
| LAMA | 176 (55.0%) | 589 (54.4%) | 0.859 |
| Theophylline | 102 (31.4%) | 289 (26.4%) | 0.106 |
| SABA | 313 (96.6%) | 1054 (95.7%) | 0.764 |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonist | 164 (52.4%) | 466 (43.3%) | 0.014 |
| Maintenance macrolide | 28 (9.0%) | 103 (9.6%) | 0.713 |
| Nebuliser | 89 (27.9%) | 267 (24.5%) | 0.442 |
| Prior anti-IgE therapy | 140 (42.8%) | 77 (7.0%) | <0.001 |
*Mean (SD), median (IQR) or count (%) as appropriate.
†Highest blood count is the highest recorded in available prior medical records.
ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist; SABA, short acting β2-agonist.
Comparison of T2-high and T2-low patients
We identified 992 of 2225 (44.6%) patients categorised as T2-high and 210 (9.4%) T2-low using our composite biomarker definitions. Compared with T2-low patients, those in the T2-high group were more likely to be male (39.4% vs 32.9%, p=0.076), have an older age of symptom onset (25.9 vs 17.1 years old, p<0.001), be a never-smoker (69.7% vs 59.1%, p<0.001), have nasal polyposis (19.5% vs 10.8%, p=0.006) and have more severe airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC 63.6 vs 66.7, p=0.007). In contrast, T2-low patients had a higher body mass index (BMI) (32.1 vs 30.2, p<0.001), higher prevalence of depression and anxiety (12.3% vs 7.6%, p=0.040) and higher rate of current smoking (8.2% vs 2.2%, p<0.001). A greater proportion of T2-low patients were treated with mOCS (57.9% vs 42.1%, p<0.001) as well as theophylline (35.1% vs 23.4%, p=0.001) and more likely to have a home nebuliser (35.1% vs 19.6%, p<0.001). A history of atopic disease was also more prevalent in the T2-low group (71.5% vs 61.8%, p=0.028) although the median IgE was higher in the T2-high group (189 vs 155, p=0.007). Importantly, although the blood eosinophil count on registration was used to define T2 status, analysis of the historic blood eosinophil counts highlighted a median count of 0.35 (0.13, 0.60) in the T2-low group (table 5).
Table 5.
Comparison of T2-high and T2-low patients*
| T2-low (n=210) | T2-high (n=992) | P value | |
| Age at first assessment | 48.1 (15.1) | 48.8 (14.3) | 0.522 |
| 18–34 | 47 (22.4%) | 173 (17.5%) | |
| 35–54 | 84 (40.0%) | 456 (46.1%) | |
| 55–79 | 78 (37.1%) | 360 (36.4%) | |
| 80+ | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Age at onset of symptoms | 17.1 (16.6) | 25.9 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| <12 | 96 (53.6%) | 282 (31.0%) | |
| 12–18 | 18 (10.1%) | 88 (9.7%) | |
| >18 | 65 (36.3%) | 540 (59.3%) | |
| Gender | 0.076 | ||
| Female | 141 (67.1%) | 601 (60.6%) | |
| Male | 69 (32.9%) | 391 (39.4%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.012 | ||
| Caucasian | 178 (85.2%) | 748 (76.4%) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 31 (14.8%) | 231 (23.6%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.1 (7.8) | 30.2 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never smoked | 123 (59.1%) | 688 (69.7%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 68 (32.7%) | 277 (28.1%) | |
| Current smoker | 17 (8.2%) | 22 (2.2%) | |
| Atopic disease | 148 (71.5%) | 607 (61.8%) | 0.028 |
| Spinal bone density (T-Score) | −1.0 (1.4) | −0.7 (1.4) | 0.010 |
| Femoral neck bone density (T-Score) | −0.5 (1.1) | −0.4 (1.1) | 0.314 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 66.2 (22.6) | 66.5 (20.6) | 0.858 |
| FVC (% predicted) | 80.6 (19.8) | 84.4 (18.7) | 0.020 |
| FEV1/FVC | 66.7 (14.8) | 63.6 (13.7) | 0.007 |
| Residual volume (% predicted) | 122.8 (44.1) | 128.1 (44.7) | 0.450 |
| Total lung capacity (% predicted) | 96.2 (22.8) | 103.3 (17.7) | 0.016 |
| ACQ6 Score | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.161 |
| Rescue steroids in last year | 4 (1, 7) | 4 (2, 8) | 0.014 |
| Hospital admissions for asthma in last year | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.005 |
| Invasive ventilations (ever) | 26 (15.5%) | 73 (8.4%) | <0.001 |
| Eczema | 8 (3.9%) | 29 (3.0%) | 0.341 |
| Nasal polyps | 22 (10.8%) | 190 (19.5%) | 0.006 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 41 (20.2%) | 173 (17.8%) | 0.317 |
| Depression or anxiety | 25 (12.3%) | 74 (7.6%) | 0.040 |
| Blood eosinophil count (N/109 L) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.50 (0.30, 0.70) | <0.001 |
| Highest blood eosinophil count (N/109 L)ϯ | 0.35 (0.13, 0.60) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.15) | <0.001 |
| FeNO (ppb) | 14.0 (9.0, 18.0) | 60.0 (39.0, 94.0) | <0.001 |
| IgE (IU/mL) | 155 (34, 437) | 189 (67, 509) | 0.007 |
| Maintenance oral steroids | 121 (57.9%) | 415 (42.1%) | <0.001 |
| Maintenance oral steroid dose (mg) | 10 (5, 20) | 10 (5, 15) | 0.013 |
| Inhaled steroid dose (mcg, BDP equivalent) | 2000 (1600, 2000) | 2000 (1600, 2000) | 0.733 |
| LAMA | 116 (56.0%) | 527 (54.2%) | 0.790 |
| Theophylline | 73 (35.1%) | 228 (23.4%) | 0.001 |
| SABA | 196 (94.2%) | 937 (95.3%) | 0.801 |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonist | 107 (53.0%) | 488 (50.8%) | 0.784 |
| Maintenance macrolide | 23 (11.4%) | 76 (7.9%) | 0.248 |
| Nebuliser | 73 (35.1%) | 189 (19.6%) | <0.001 |
| Prior anti-IgE therapy | 36 (17.3%) | 99 (10.2%) | 0.008 |
*Mean (SD), median (IQR) or count (%) as appropriate.
†Highest blood count is the highest recorded in available prior medical records.
ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist; SABA, short acting β2-agonist.
Discussion
The UKSAR represents the largest national registry of its kind in the world recruiting patients with severe asthma who have been systematically evaluated at specialist asthma centres within the UK. This includes assessment and confirmation of severity, inflammatory phenotype, therapeutic intervention and related comorbidities. We report that the majority have evidence of T2 inflammation despite high rates of systemic corticosteroid use, that T2 low patients have a higher BMI and prevalence of anxiety/depression and that a significant unmet need exists despite currently available therapies.
In line with the increasing availability of biologic therapies targeting the T2-inflammatory pathway, we report a high uptake of biologic therapies in UKSAR, reflecting the fact that referrals and registry enrolment are prioritised by centres for biologic patients. This is despite eligibility criteria that are considered among the most demanding in the world.20–23 However, we also highlight the sobering finding that over half of the UKSAR are on maintenance OCS, continue to have a high exacerbation rate averaging four acute OCS courses/year and remain poorly controlled with an average ACQ6 of 2.9 at assessment.
The relative proportions of each biologic prescribed in the UKSAR reflect the duration of availability of the specific therapy at the time of this analysis, the size of the eligible population as well as individual prescribing habits of physicians. However, it is interesting to note that despite the relatively recent arrival of anti-IL5/5R therapies, these make up over 75% of all biologic prescribing. This may in part to relate to the relatively high use of mOCS to manage severe asthma in the UK and the lack of controlled data supporting OCS sparing efficacy with omalizumab compared with mepolizumab24 or benralizumab but may also relate to the prescribing limitations of body weight and IgE levels which limit access to omalizumab.25
In addition, many of the clinical characteristics that differentiate the patients prescribed anti-IgE from anti-IL5/5R in UKSAR are in keeping with current understanding of allergic and non-allergic asthma phenotypes as well as the results of responder analyses conducted following the phase 3 trials of T2 biologics.26 Specifically, we report that younger atopic patients with an earlier disease onset were proportionately more likely to be prescribed omalizumab compared with the adult-onset older patients with comorbid nasal polyposis who were in much higher numbers in the anti-IL-5/5R group.
Our definition of T2-low severe asthma uses cut-points for blood eosinophil count and FeNO which have been identified in phase 3 clinical trials of biologics targeting anti-IL5/5R and anti-IL4R-α respectively, and which have identified little benefit of these therapies when the blood eosinophil count is <150 cells/µL or FeNO is <25 ppb.16 17 Although previous reports of mild-moderate asthma using sputum analysis have described an approximate 50–50 split between T2-high and T2-low phenotypes,27 28 it is increasingly recognised that severe asthma is predominantly associated with a T2-high phenotype. In keeping with this, we found that while the median blood eosinophil count at registration in the UKSAR was 0.3 cells×109/L, the previous historic (prior to UKSAR registration) median level was 0.62 cells×109/L with levels greater than 0.4 cells×109/L in 75% of the cohort, reflecting prominent blood eosinophilia despite substantial background treatment. The median FeNO of 39 ppb further supports background T2 inflammatory pathway activation in this group. Recent data have demonstrated that when corticosteroids are down-titrated in a UK severe asthma population, T2-biomarkers increase, with the maximal prevalence of T2-low severe asthma reported at 5%.29
Indeed, what is perhaps surprising is that such high T2 biomarker levels were evident despite the very high inhaled and systemic steroid utilisation in this cohort and despite adherence assessment. Dividing our cohort into T2-high and T2-low groups based on the combination of blood eosinophils and FeNO at registration highlighted that only a minority of patients fulfilled the biomarker definition of T2-low asthma. Moreover, analysis of the historic blood eosinophil count in the T2-low group revealed a median level consistent with a T2-high diagnosis and more than 25% of patients had readings in excess 0.6 cells×109/L. Taken together it highlights the difficulties in labelling asthmatics as T2-low given the variability of biomarkers such as the blood eosinophil count and FeNO in relation to background corticosteroid treatment,29 30 which are known to suppress these biomarkers. Consequently, this and any comparison of T2 phenotypes using biomarker stratification at a single timepoint, when on high-dose corticosteroid treatment is challenging and prone to misclassification of patients. It also suggests that corticosteroid treatment in these persistently symptomatic patients may be elevated beyond a point where there would be any additional therapeutic benefit. Consistent with this, we noted that 58% of these patients were on maintenance OCS.
In light of the high level of morbidity and mortality which we have previously highlighted to be associated with systemic steroids31 and the recognition that this therapy is only associated with clinical benefit in the presence of T2 inflammation, it would suggest a greater level of OCS stewardship is required in these patients. In addition, further work is required to establish the mechanism of persistent poor symptom control in these patients who lack objective evidence of T2 inflammation as this presumably drives some clinicians to increase corticosteroid treatment despite the absence of T2 inflammation. Importantly this will require detailed consideration of extrapulmonary factors given the elevated BMI and reduced total lung capacity observed in this group.32 It is also striking that the rescue corticosteroid use in this T2-biomarker low group is identical to the T2-high group, given T2-biomarkers have consistently been shown to have prognostic value in terms of exacerbation risk. Additionally, one would anticipate therapeutic benefit from corticosteroids in exacerbations in the T2-high population, but it remains unclear if this is also the case in biomarker low patients. As such, understanding the mechanism and inflammatory phenotype of exacerbation events in T2-biomarker low patients is an important future research question. This same issue applies to the residual 50% of exacerbation events seen in clinical trials of biologic therapies targeting T2-pathways and clinical trials are underway to try and explore this issue further in patients on mepolizumab and benralizumab (NCT03324230 and NCT04102800).
It was also noteworthy that we did not see higher prescription rates of LAMA and/or macrolide therapy in the T2 low group despite these therapies frequently being discussed as possible therapeutic options when a T2 inflammatory signal appears absent in severe asthma and particularly given the high symptom burden in this population. We cannot identify if these therapies were previously tried and withdrawn but ongoing follow-up will identify any additional treatment in these patients and if corticosteroid treatment is reduced.
Several observations require further investigation. One of these is the differences observed in biologic prescribing between Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients in the UK. While it is possible that variances in access to care, cultural and language barriers as well as possible underlying endotype differences may all play a role this area, and we have noted different disease by ethnicity in UKSAR33 which we are actively exploring further in primary care datasets. Additionally, the higher rate of depression and anxiety seen in the T2-low group as well as the larger group of patients not prescribed a biologic therapy deserves attention. These patients are frequently on mOCS which have well-recognised psychological effects8 34 but our data suggests it is not due to a higher rate of exacerbations, hospitalisation or a poorer level of asthma control in the non-biologic group. The impact of depression and anxiety, and overall quality of life, in severe asthma is a major issue that needs further consideration.
The size of our registry cohort now gives us the power to understand real-world outcomes of severe asthma patients across a common multidisciplinary healthcare system. Annual clinical reviews are being entered as registry follow-up entries and will allow us to better understand the influence of baseline differences on disease trajectory. A further important utility of the registry is its potential to highlight the characteristics of UK severe asthma to inform the commissioning process and also to understand where there might be variation in care between centres, and why this might be the case. To facilitate this, we have recently reviewed the registry data-metrics, in particular reflecting on our current results and in partnership with the NHS England Quality Improvement initiative, and have revised the data-fields in UKSAR for 2020 onwards (online supplemental appendix 2 and 3).
In summary, the UKSAR describes the characteristics of a very large cohort of severe asthmatics in routine clinical care across the UK with over 1500 patients treated with biologic therapies. It highlights current prescribing patterns, the predominance of the T2-high clinical phenotype in severe asthma and offers the prospect of providing novel insights across a range of research areas including real world responses to biologic therapies and the natural history of severe asthma.
Acknowledgments
We thank the data input and medical staff in the UK Difficult Asthma Centres.
Footnotes
Collaborators: Dr Paul Dilworth, Royal Free London NHS Trust; Dr Aashish Vyas, Lancashire Teaching Hospital; Dr Rekha Chadhuri, Gartnavel General Hospital; Dr Deepak Subramnian, University Hospitals of Derby & Bunton NHS; Dr Paddy Dennison, Southampton General Hospital.
Contributors: CJJ, JB, PEP, AMG, TB, RG, MD, AM, SM, RN, MP and LGH made substantial contributions to data acquisition, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting the manuscript. The final manuscript was approved by all the authors prior to submission.
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Ethics approval: Approval for collection and analysis of pseudonymised UKSAR data was granted by ORECNI (15/NI/0196).
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: No data are available.
Contributor Information
the UK Severe Asthma Registry:
Paul Dilworth, Aashish Vyas, Rekha Chadhuri, Deepak Subramnian, and Paddy Dennison
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Supplementary Materials
thoraxjnl-2020-215168supp001.pdf (301.2KB, pdf)