A pilot clinical trial with losartan in Myhre syndrome

Abstract

Introduction

Myhre syndrome (MS) is an ultra‐rare disorder due to pathogenic variants in the SMAD4 gene that encodes a protein regulating the TGF‐β pathway and extra‐cellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. Main clinical features of MS include thickening of skin and joint stiffness. Previous studies showed that losartan improved ECM deposition in MS fibroblasts.

Materials and methods

Four molecularly confirmed MS subjects (mean age 23.8 ± 17 years) were evaluated for: (a) skin thickness by Rodnan score, (b) joint range of motion (ROM) by goniometry, and (c) speckle‐tracking echocardiogram. Following baseline evaluations, three MS individuals received losartan for 12 months and pre‐defined endpoints were monitored after 6 and 12 months of treatment.

Results

At baseline, Rodnan scores were increased, joint ROM was reduced, and speckle‐tracking echocardiogram revealed reduced myocardial strain. In three MS subjects, improvements in skin thickness, joint ROM and to a lesser extent of myocardial strain, were observed after 6 and 12 months of losartan treatment.

Conclusions

Although further long‐term controlled clinical trials with a larger number of affected individuals are needed, the present study suggests that losartan might improve skin, joint and heart abnormalities of MS.

1. INTRODUCTION

Myhre syndrome (MS; MIM 139210) is an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with short stature, short hands and feet, facial dysmorphisms, deafness, compact build, nonspecific skeletal anomalies, and a broad spectrum of scleroderma‐like manifestations, such as thickening of skin and joint stiffness due to progressive fibrosis (le Goff, Michot, & Cormier‐Daire, 2014; Lin et al., 2016). In MS abnormal fibrosis occurs spontaneously or following trauma or surgery, it is progressive, and it might lead to severe life‐threatening complications (e.g., laryngotracheal stenosis and pulmonary insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, and constrictive pericarditis) (Lin et al., 2016). MS is caused by recurrent pathogenic gain‐of‐function variants in the SMAD4 gene that encodes a protein involved in the bone morphogenetic pathway (BMP) and the transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling pathway (Le Goff et al., 2012). SMAD4 pathogenic variants result in derangements of extra‐cellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis (le Goff et al., 2012; Piccolo et al., 2014). MS is part of TGF‐β‐pathies, a group of disorders that includes both genetic and nongenetic conditions, such as acromicric dysplasia (Banka et al., 2015), geleophysic dysplasia (Banka et al., 2015), Weill–Marchesani syndrome (Banka et al., 2015), Leri pleonosteosis (Banka et al., 2015), stiff skin syndrome (Banka et al., 2015), and systemic scleroderma (SSc). TGF‐β‐pathies share ECM abnormalities resulting in progressive fibrosis (Jensen et al., 2020). Rodnan score, joint range of motion (ROM) by goniometry and speckle‐tracking echocardiography have been used for monitoring skin, joint and heart fibrosis in SSc, the most common TGF‐β‐pathy (Khanna et al., 2017; Shima et al., 2015; Spethmann et al., 2014).

Losartan is an antihypertensive drug that blocks the type 1 receptor of angiotensin II. Besides its antihypertensive effect, losartan attenuates TGF‐β‐mediated fibrosis by lowering expression of TGF‐β activators and reducing both total and active TGF‐β and TGF‐β receptors (Habashi, 2006). Moreover, losartan can improve connective tissue abnormalities in SSc (Hughes et al., 2015). In MS fibroblasts, losartan restored balance in gene expression of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors and corrected fibrillin‐1 and COL1A1 deposition, suggesting an improvement of the ECM defect (Piccolo et al., 2014). Anecdotally, one MS individual with restrictive pulmonary disease treated with losartan in association with other anti‐inflammatory therapies showed some clinical improvement (Alape et al., 2020).

Clinical endpoints for monitoring MS progression and investigating new treatments are lacking and to overcome this gap, we took advantage of endpoints already established in SSc, including scores for skin thickness, joint ROM, and speckle‐tracking echocardiography (Khanna et al., 2017; Shima et al., 2015; Spethmann et al., 2014), that we evaluated in four MS individuals. Moreover, we investigated in three MS individuals the safety and efficacy of losartan.

2. SUBJECTS AND METHODS

2.1. Ethics statement

Losartan was given as off‐label treatment that received institutional review board approval and either parents or adult subjects were provided written informed consent at the beginning the study.

2.2. Clinical evaluations

Four Caucasians subjects (S1‐S4) included in this study had a MS diagnosis confirmed by SMAD4 pathogenic variants. Modified Rodnan score (mRSS; Khanna et al., 2017), joint ROM, and speckle tracking echocardiography were evaluated in all four individuals. Three subjects (S1‐S3) were re‐evaluated after 6 and 12 months of losartan treatment. The mRSS evaluates skin thickness by clinical palpation using a 0–3 scale for each of 17 surface anatomic areas of the body: face, anterior chest, abdomen, fingers (right and left separately), forearms, upper arms, tights, lower legs, dorsum of hands, and feet (Khanna et al., 2017). ROM was evaluated by goniometer (Shima et al., 2015) at elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle. ROM and mRSS were both evaluated in independent age‐, gender‐, and ethnicity‐matched controls (n = 5) from an outpatient general pediatric clinic. Skin thickness and joint ROM were evaluated by two examiners (G.C. for S1, S2, and S3 and G.M. for S4) three times per visit in each individual. Speckle‐tracking echocardiography using GE Healthcare VividE9 was used for quantitative assessment of motion of myocardial tissue. The software divided cardiac walls in several segments based on 17‐segment model, and we tracked points on a frame‐by‐frame basis to include the entire myocardium. Strain as percentage change in length of a myocardial segment and automatic function imaging was applied to analyze global longitudinal systolic peak strain (GLPS) of three apical views, including GLPS of apical four chamber view (GLPS‐A4C), GLPS of apical two chamber view (GLPS‐A2C), GLPS of apical long axis view (GLPS‐LAX) that generated an average GLPS (GLPS‐Avg; Menting et al., 2016). For S4, only GLPS‐Avg was available. Normal values have been reported to be 20.2 ± 1.6 for adults (Menting et al., 2016) and 20.2 ± 0.7 for pediatric patients (Levy et al., 2016).

2.3. Losartan treatment

Oral losartan for 12 months was given to three MS subjects (one child and two adults—S1, S2, S3). Following baseline evaluations, losartan was titrated to maintain baseline blood pressure levels (Table 1). Adverse events were recorded along with pre‐defined endpoints including: skin fibrosis and thickness by mRSS [performed by one examiner (G.C.) three times per visit], ROM of elbow, wrist, knee, ankle joints by goniometer [performed by one examiner (G.C.) three times per visit]; myocardial strain by two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography [performed by the same operator (G.L.)].

TABLE 1.

Demographics and baseline clinical features

	Subject 1a	Subject 2b	Subject 3b,c	Subject 4
Current age (years)	3.8	41.3	34	16
Gender	Female	Female	Male	Female
Weight kg (SDS)	11.5 (−2.2)	56.5 (0)	61 (0)	34.5 (−3)
Height cm (SDS)	83.8 (−3.9)	140 (−3.8)	140.5 (−4.4)	126 (−5.7)
Head circumference cm (SDS)	45.5 (−2.2)	52.4 (−2.2)	55.5 (−0.7)	55
Intellectual disability	+ Mild	+ Mild	+ Severe	+ Mild‐to‐moderate
Autism spectrum disorder	−	−	+	+
Heart disease	+ Tetralogy of Fallot	+ Aortic stenosis, arrhythmia	−	+ Aortic stenosis
Life‐threating complications	Pericarditis	−	−	3‐min cardiac arrest
Hearing loss	−	+	N.A.	+
Eye	+ Ectopia lentis	−	−	+ Myopia, astigmatism, cataract
Lung	−	+ Restrictive pulmonary disease	N.A.	+ Restrictive pulmonary disease
Gastrointestinal system	−	+ Recurrent abdominal pain	+ Hyperamylasemia	+ Duodenal and pyloric stenosis
Puberty/reproductive system	−	+ Secondary amenorrhea	−	N.A.
Recurrent infections	−	+	−	+ Pneumonia
Surgery	+ Tetralogy of Fallot correction	+ Correction of aortic valve disease, endometrial curettage for menorrhagia	+ Arthroscopy left elbow with secondary ankylosis	+ Cardiac surgeries and pyloric/duodenal stenosis
Others	−	Recurrent abdominal pain, persistent neutrophilic leukocytosis, polycythemia, anxiety	−	Hepatomegaly, anxiety
Systolic blood pressure range mmHg	92–75	130–100	110–85	110
Diastolic blood pressure range mmHg	50–70	86–76	72–58	64
Drugs	Furosemide, Esomeprazol, aspirin	Aldactone, furosemide, omeprazole, aspirin	−	Aldactone, Esomeprazol

Note: Reported in ^aAlagia et al., 2018; ^bCaputo et al., 2012; ^cTitomanlio et al., 2001.

Abbreviations: N.A., not available; SDS, standard deviation score.

2.4. Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis) and parametric tests (ANOVA, Student‐test). Statistical significance of differences among groups was evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test (a nonparametric test which was used when ANOVA assumptions are not verified). Shapiro–Wilk test on the ANOVA residuals and Levene's test were used to test whether data are normally distributed and the variance across species are homogeneous. As the statistical test is significant, a post‐hoc analysis based on a Dunnet multiple pairwise‐comparisons was applied to determine significance difference between specific pairs of species. Analysis was carried out in R software environment and in GraphPadPrism8. p values below .05 were considered as statistically significant.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Baseline assessment

Three female and one male individuals with MS were evaluated [(average age: 23.8 ± 17 years (range 3.8–41.3 years)] (Table 1). S1, S2, and S3 were previously reported (Alagia et al., 2018; Caputo et al., 2012; Titomanlio et al., 2001). All subjects carried the same recurrent pathogenic SMAD4 sequence variant (NM_005359.5: c.1498A>G, p.Ile500Val) and presented with typical facial dysmorphisms, cardiac abnormalities, and intellectual disability (Table 1). Cardiac abnormalities included tetralogy of Fallot, progressive aortic valve disease, cardiac rhythm abnormalities, and pericarditis (Table 1). In SSc, mRSS is increased with an average score of 15 ± 12 (Khanna, 2006; Reveille et al., 2001). In four MS subjects, mRSS total score ranged from 10 to 25, with an average of 15.8 ± 1.5 that overlapped with the scores of SSc, and was different compared to the scores of 1.6 ± 1.2 (range: 0–4) detected in age‐ and gender‐matched controls (n = 5; p < .001; Figure 1a,b). Joint ROM of elbow flexion, wrist dorsal and palmar flexion, knee flexion, ankle plantar, and dorsal flexion measured by goniometer (Luttgens & Hamilton, 1997) in MS subjects were globally reduced compared to controls (p < .001; Figure 1c,d).

FIGURE 1.

(a) Rodnan score at each skin site in subjects S1, S2, S3, S4 and controls (n = 5). (b) Heatmap for Rodnan score at each skin site and total score in each individual and controls. (c) Joint range of motion (ROM) at the elbow, wrist, knee and ankle in S1, S2, S3, S4 and controls (n = 5). Normal range from Luttgen and Hamilton (Luttgens & Hamilton, 1997) are reported in parenthesis. (d) Heatmap of joint ROM for each patient and controls at different sites. (e) Average global longitudinal systolic peak strain (GLPS). Dashed line indicates average value in controls, that in children corresponds to 20.2 ± 0.7% and in adults to 20.2 ± 1.6%. (f) Heart walls divided into 17 segments and segmental strain measurements were plotted in a bull's eye and left ventricular global longitudinal strain based on all three apical views was calculated. For S4, only average GLPS was available. GLPS, global longitudinal systolic peak strain; GLPS_LAX, long axis view; GLPS_A2C, apical 2 chambers view; GLPS_A4C, apical four chambers view [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

MS subjects were evaluated by speckle‐tracking echocardiography and average GLPS in four MS subjects was 15.3 ± 2% (Figure 1e,f) that is below the normal values of 20.2 ± 1.6% and 20.2 ± 0.7% reported in adults (Menting et al., 2016) and children (Levy et al., 2016), respectively. Lower GLPS values are detected in conditions impairing myocardial motion, such as myocardial fibrosis (Menting et al., 2016).

3.2. Losartan treatment

S4 discontinued losartan shortly after the time it was started because of dizziness, whereas the remaining three MS subjects (S1, S2, and S3) were treated with losartan for 12 months and evaluated after 6 and 12 months of treatment for mRSS, joint ROM, and speckle‐tracking echocardiography. S1 tolerated 0.7 mg/kg per day of losartan while subjects S2 and S3 who were both adults, were administered 100 mg and 50 mg per day, respectively (Figure 2a). S3 had orthostatic hypotension with 100 mg per day, and thus he continued with the lower dose of 50 mg/day (Figure 2a). S2 had aortic stenosis, a condition that might result in hypotension under losartan treatment. Nevertheless, this subject did not experience drops in blood pressure with losartan treatment.

FIGURE 2.

(a) Subjects S1 (blue), S2 (red), S3 (green) were treated with losartan for 12 months and the dose was titrated according to blood pressure levels (numbers in boxes indicate mg per day). (b,c) Modified Rodnan scores evaluated at baseline (T0) and after 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) months of treatment with losartan in subjects S1, S2, and S3. Single sites (b) andglobal (c) scores are shown. Dashed lines (c) indicate average total score detected in controls (n =5). (D,E) Joint ROM in three MS subjects at baseline (T0) and after 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) months of treatment. Single sites (d) and average scores (e) are shown. The dashed line (d, e) indicates average value in controls. (f, g) Apical views (long axis, two chambers, four chambers; f) and average global longitudinal systolic peak strain (GLPS; g) in three subjects after 6 and 12 months of treatment with losartan. The dashed line indicates the average value in controls: GLPS average normal values in children is 20.2 ± 0.7% and in adults is 20.2 ± 1.6%. ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test have been used for significance calculation, *p < .05, **p < .01 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

During treatment, S2 self‐reported an improvement in climbing stairs and parents reported improvement in swimming skills in S3. Following 12 months of losartan, mRSS decreased in all subjects compared to baseline evaluations (Figure 2b,c) and joint ROM improved in all subjects (Figure 2d,e). Although a statistical significance was only obtained for S2, a trend towards improved GLPS was observed in the other two subjects treated with losartan. The improved area varied among subjects, and myocardial segments belonging to 2‐ and 4‐chamber views showed statistical differences at T6 and T12 in S2 and S3, respectively (Figure 2f,g and Figure S1).

4. DISCUSSION

Early diagnosis of MS by high‐throughput targeted, exome or genome sequencing is becoming increasingly more common (Alagia et al., 2018), thus offering the opportunity for surveillance of long‐term and life‐threatening disease complications. Moreover, there is a strong need to gain knowledge on the natural history of MS and to identify endpoints that can be evaluated to establish the efficacy of novel therapies. In the present study, we aimed at identifying such endpoints. In addition, we investigated the efficacy of losartan treatment in a pilot preliminary study on MS subjects.

Diffuse fibrosis of skin and internal organs with dermal thickening and collagen infiltration, are manifestation of MS (le Goff et al., 2014) resembling the skin involvement of SSc, a chronic multisystem autoimmune disorder due to excessive collagen deposition in skin and visceral organs. MS and SSc share the involvement of TGF‐β pathway as underlying disease mechanism (Banka et al., 2015). Based on these similarities, we applied in MS the measurements used to monitor SSc, including mRSS, goniometry, and speckle‐tracking echocardiography to evaluate skin, joint, and myocardial fibrosis, respectively. Total mRSS was increased in MS compared to controls and within the range typically observed in SSc (Khanna, 2006). Notably, in S1 who was 3‐year and 10‐month old at the time of the evaluation, mRSS was 19 which was higher than age‐matched controls, suggesting that fibrotic skin induration might be an early and progressive finding in MS. Compared to normal values (Luttgens & Hamilton, 1997) and our internal controls, MS individuals also showed reduced joint ROM with a pattern of joint involvement (wrists and ankles) similar to SSc (Shima et al., 2015). However, both mRSS and joint ROM evaluations were performed in a nonblinded manner and thus, potential bias cannot be excluded.

Consistent with high prevalence of cardiac problems in MS (Lin et al., 2016), all five MS cases showed cardiac involvement, including congenital heart disease (tetralogy of Fallot in two cases), progressive aortic valve disease, constrictive pericarditis, and arrhythmia. The presence of congenital heart defects, especially following surgical correction, is per se responsible for abnormal speckle tracking parameters (Takayasu et al., 2011). Nevertheless, cardiac involvement (i.e., morphological and electrical) was absent in S3, suggesting that reduced myocardial strain is an intrinsic abnormality of MS. Speckle tracking echocardiography can detect subclinical myocardial damage and areas of regional fibrosis and stiffness in scleroderma patients (Candan et al., 2017). Here, we showed that systolic strain rate was significantly reduced in MS cases, suggesting that GLPS might be a sensitive, noninvasive method to detect cardiac fibrosis in MS. However, further prospective studies are needed to establish the clinical relevance and prognosis of the cardiac fibrosis in MS.

Based on previous studies (Piccolo et al., 2014), we evaluated the efficacy of losartan in reducing fibrosis‐related symptoms in three MS subjects. Skin fibrosis and joint ROM were both significantly improved after 12 months of treatment with upper and lower arms showing the most substantial changes. Moreover, cardiac fibrosis showed a significant improvement in one subject (S2) and a trend for improvement in the remaining two cases. Taken together, reduced skin fibrosis and increased joint ROM and GLPS suggest an improvement of the underlying connective tissue defect in MS by losartan. The two adult subjects (S2 and S3) received different doses of losartan because of an adverse event of decreased blood pressure in one of them (S3). Although generally well tolerated, losartan can induce hypotension and this risk is especially higher in MS patients with aortic stenosis.

The lack of a control group and the small sample size are limitations of this pilot study and further clinical trials performed in a blinded and randomized fashion and involving a larger number of cases are needed to show whether losartan is an effective treatment for MS. This study does not allow firm conclusions on the efficacy of losartan to be drawn and thus, treatment with losartan in MS based on currently available data is not recommended. Nevertheless, the preliminary data from this pilot study are encouraging and support future development of clinical trials.

In conclusion, the present study identifies endpoints to monitor progression of MS on skin, joints and heart that might be useful also to evaluate treatment efficacy. Given its excellent safety profile, and its effects on skin, joint, and heart fibrosis, this study suggests that losartan might provide clinical benefit in MS.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Gerarda Cappuccio and Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri conceptualized the paper, collected patients' information from collaborators, conducted and managed the trial. Martina Caiazza, Marta Rubino, and Giuseppe Limongelli performed cardiological evaluations. Alessandro Roca, Daniela Melis contributed to clinical case information. Antonella Iuliano performed statistical analysis. All the authors critically revised the manuscript and gave final approval.

Supporting information

FIGURE S1 Bull's eye 17‐segment model plot from speckle tracking echocardiography during losartan treatment. T0: baseline; T6: 6 months of losartan treatment; T12: 12 months of losartan treatment

Cappuccio G, Caiazza M, Roca A, et al. A pilot clinical trial with losartan in Myhre syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2021;185A:702–709. 10.1002/ajmg.a.62019

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.