Renal infaction in a patient with COVID-19

Dear Editor,

The most recognised renal manifestations of the current COVID-19 pandemic are multifactorial acute renal failure, usually prerenal, associated with the treatments used in severe disease or complications such as sepsis.1, 2 Furthermore, as the infection progresses, a procoagulant state develops that increases the risk of thromboembolic events. The most commonly reported are pulmonary and cerebral embolisms. We present the case of a patient with renal infarction.

56-year-old male of Peruvian origin who was admitted from the emergency department on 31/03/2020 due to a five-day history of intense asthenia with general malaise, fever: 38.5 °C, cough and diarrhoea. He had well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, a one-year history of mixed dyslipidaemia, and uncomplicated diverticulosis. He was receiving treatment with dapagliflozin/metformin and plantago ovata and adhering to a low-fat diet. On examination, he had a fever of 37.5 °C, was normotensive, and had moderate tachypnoea and sparse bibasal crackles. Height 174 cm, weight 94 kg (BMI 31). The main blood test results are summarised in Table 1 . Chest X-ray with patchy bilateral interstitial alveolar infiltrates. Initiated treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, enoxaparin 0.5 mg/kg/day and ventilatory support with nasal cannula at 2 bpm. At 24 h, the positive result for SARS-CoV-2 was received following a RT-PCR test on a nasopharyngeal swab. The patient's clinical course was unfavourable, with a greater oxygen requirement, continuous fever and an increase in acute phase reactants, so on the third day IV methylprednisolone boluses were started at 250 mg/day for 3 days, and 40 mg/day thereafter, and on the fourth day a single IV dose of tocilizumab 600 mg was administered. The patient’s condition continued to deteriorate, with clinical, laboratory and radiological progression (Fig. 1 ). On the sixth day, the enoxaparin dose was increased to 0.8 mg/kg/day. The patient remained stable until the ninth day, when his condition further deteriorated. The tenth day began with intense, continuous, non-radiating pain in the left iliac fossa, without accompanying bladder dysfunction. Intestinal perforation was suspected in relation to anti-interleukin treatment and an abdominal CT scan with intravenous contrast was performed (Fig. 2 ). Acute diverticulitis was identified and in the left kidney, hypodense, wedge-shaped areas were observed, findings consistent with extensive renal infarction, as well as associated thrombosis of the left renal artery (arrow). Renal function only showed a slight deterioration (sCr: 0.9–1.1 mg/dl and estimated GFR CKD-EPI from greater than 90–67 ml/min/1.73 m²) and the patient, who six months earlier had urine without proteinuria or haematuria and negative microalbuminuria, developed stage A3 microalbuminuria, microhaematuria and subnephrotic proteinuria. He was admitted to the intensive care unit, where he remains at the time of writing. Invasive mechanical ventilation, treatment with norepinephrine and anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin were required. Spontaneous diuresis greater than 0.5 ml/kg/h and anticoagulation with enoxaparin. The patient’s respiratory status is improving slowly.

Table 1.

Blood test results and their progression.

Values/day	Admission	2	3	4	5	6	8	10	11	12	13	18
Leukocytes	6.13	5.77	6.71	8.97	9.28	11.95	13.52	12.27	13.27	24.89	22.14	11.9
Lymphocytes	400	600	400	500	300	400	300	300	200	600	100	700
Hb	16.5	14.6	15.9	14.9	14.9	14.4	16.5	15.5	15.2	16.5	15.6	12.4
Platelets	181	196	218	249	287	356	400	310	281	321	173	212
Activ. PT	82.3	78	76	73	81.9	79.9	71.2	79.4	75	65.8	78	99.6
APTT	27.4	28.7	30	28.8	24.4	21	22	21.9	21.5	23.4	27.4	27.7
Fibrinogen	>500	>500	>500	>500	>500	675	487	423	317	414	446	>500
Creatinine	1.17	1.01	1.14	1.01	1.04	0.94	0.91	0.90	1.17	0.95	1.08	0.97
eGFR CKD-EPI	69	83	72	83	80	>90	>90	>90	69	89	76	87
Lactate	2.47		2.06	3.49	2.44	3.09				1.62	1.68	0.99
CPK	99		160				82	61		104	33	21
LDH	245	248	311	405	418	450	552	698	1718	461	1975	773
GPT (ALT)	35	31	31	33	43	51	67	47	99	167	131	44
GOT (AST)	40	36	44	50	49	49	57	56	202	236	91	50
CRP	107.5	105	183	191	190	69	17	15	15	28	44	94
d-dimer	2710		940	1470			5580	1080	1211	1886	8790	3350
Ferritin			546					475		1053
IL-6			99					>1000
aPL Ab												Negative
Urinalysis												Microhaem, PRT 100 mg/dl, isolated leukocyturia
Spontaneous urine:												MAu/Cru: 278
												PCR: 1870 mg/g Cr
TT	AZT		MPRN 250 × 3	TOC		ENOX1 mg/kg/12 h	MPRN 40	MEROP
	HCQ						ANAK	LINEZ
	CEFT
	ENOX 0.5 mg/kg/d

ANAK: anakinra; AZT: azithromycin; CEFT: ceftriaxone; ENOX: enoxaparin; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; LINEZ: linezolid; Mau/Cru: microalbuminuria/creatinine in urine; MEROP: meropenem; MICROHAEM: microhaematuria; MPRN: metal prednisolone; PCR: urine protein creatinine ratio; PRT: proteinuria; TOC: tocilizumab.

Units: leukocytes *10E3/µl; lymphocytes *10E3/µl; haemoglobin g/dl; platelets 10E3/µl; APTT sec; activ. prothrombin (Activ. PT) sec; derived fibrinogen mg/dl; creatinine mg/dl; lactate mmol/l; CPK U/l; LDH U/l; GPT (ALT) U/l; GOT (AST) U/l; estimated glomerular filtration rate [CKD-EPI] ml/min/1.73 m²; C-reactive protein (CRP) mg/l; d-dimer mg/dl; ferritin mg/dl; interleukin 6 (IL-6) ng/ml; SO: urinalysis, aPL Ab: antiphospholipid antibodies (beta-2 glycoprotein 1 IgG IU/ml, beta-2 glycoprotein 1 IgM IU/ml, anticardiolipin IgG GPL/ml and anticardiolipin IgM MPL/ml).

Fig. 1.

Chest X-ray, progression on days 1 (A), 2 (B), 3 (C), 6 (D), 9 (E) and 12 (F).

Fig. 2.

Abdominal CT scan on days 10 (A) and 18 (B).

Renal infarctions are uncommon lesions that can be seen in various situations: after intrarenal haematoma,³ renal artery dissection in instrumental procedures, dyslipidaemia,⁴ PR3-ANCA positive vasculitis,⁵ fibromuscular dysplasia, atherosclerotic disease, connective tissue diseases, embolic heart disease (atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysms, heart attacks, dilated cardiomyopathies), idiopathic heart disease⁶ and thrombophilias such as dysfibrinogenemia.⁷

Various series8, 9 have identified the following as the main risk factors: hypertension, smoking, atrial fibrillation, obesity, peripheral vascular disease, previous thromboembolic event, diabetes mellitus and oestroprogestin therapy. There is little consensus on whether the conservative approach with antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation, or the interventionist approach with fibrinolysis and angioplasty, is more effective.

Coronavirus can directly infect endothelial cells, platelets and megakaryocytes by combining with its receptor CD13,10, 11 inducing platelet damage, endotheliitis and apoptosis, which triggers the recruitment of macrophages and granulocytes that will synthesise pro-inflammatory cytokines. If the infection is not controlled, the inflammation progresses, exacerbates tissue and microvascular damage, stimulates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and inhibits fibrinolysis, which could trigger a hypoxia-aggravated consumption coagulopathy that would induce platelet aggregation, synthesis of thrombopoietin, fibrinogen, VEFG and thrombin, and lead to decreased anticoagulant factors such as antithrombin III and plasminogen activator inhibitor.12, 13, 14 This mechanism would be confirmed by increased d-dimer and thrombocytopenia levels. The resulting thromboinflammatory and procoagulant environment¹² would trigger thrombotic events in the different affected areas, 4.5% cerebral, 11.4% pulmonary and 20% deep vein thrombosis. Our patient maintained glomerular filtration stability at all times and was treated with anticoagulant doses of enoxaparin. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of renal artery thrombosis in this context.¹⁵