Abstract
Six patients (4 with post-operative radiotherapy, 2 without) were formally assessed by a speech and language therapist 12 months post-operatively. Patient-reported quality of life (QOL) was simultaneously measured. Patients treated with post-operative radiotherapy had lower overall speech comprehensibility scores, poorer swallowing function in puree and solid foods and lower overall QOL.
Keywords: Tongue cancer, speech, swallow, quality of life
Introduction
Surgical resection followed by free flap tongue reconstruction for tongue cancer carries significant morbidity, furthered by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) [1–3]. While traditionally the emphasis is on surgical outcomes and mortality following cancer resection, quality of life (QOL) is fast becoming an equally important outcome of treatment for both patients and the healthcare team alike [4].
Case series
Six patients that undertook resection with free flap reconstruction for tongue cancer, with or without radiotherapy, were recruited at 12 months post-treatment (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). Exclusion criteria included base of the tongue resection, prior compromised speech and swallowing function, prior oral surgery, prior head and neck radiotherapy.
Table 1.
Speech and language assessment in patients that did not undergo post-operative radiotherapy.
| Patient Demographics | Radiotherapy | Speech phonetics | Speech Intelligibility | Tongue Movements | Swallowing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient 1 Male, 58 |
No | Excellent articulation, some distortion of ‘s’ vowel | 90% | Present in all directions (up, down left, right), no circular movements on the right side | Excellent in liquids Some residue in puree and solids sensation intact |
| Patient 2 Male, 47 |
No | Excellent articulation | 100% | Present in all directions (up, down left, right), no circular movements | Excellent in all liquids, puree and solids sensation intact |
| Patient 3 Female, 42 |
Yes | no ‘r’ vowel articulation, distortion of ‘s, l, th, d’ | 80% | No movement (up, down left, right), No circular movements on the right side |
Excellent in liquids Some residue in pureed food without sensation Incomplete clearing of solid food with sensation |
| Patient 4 Female, 27 |
Yes | Distortion of ‘s’ only | 100% | Present in all directions (up, down left, right), Some inability to elevate tongue in the upwards direction |
Excellent in liquids Some incomplete clearing food during puree without sensation Incomplete clearing of solid food with sensation |
| Patient 5 Female, 61 |
Yes | absent articulation of ‘r,l,s,z;, distortion of ‘d, th’ | 90% | Absent in all directions (up, down left, right), No circular movements Could not protrude tongue |
Excellent in liquids Some incomplete clearing food during puree without sensation Incomplete clearing of solid food with sensation |
| Patient 6 Female, 53 |
Yes | Multiple absent vowels, intelligibility severely affected | 80% | Absent in all directions (up, down left, right), No circular movements Could not protrude tongue |
Excellent in liquids Residue in both pure and solids, patient would require sips of water to swallow No sensation |
Figure 1.
Intra-operative free-flap tongue reconstruction (a) preparation of reconstruction following hemi-glossectomy (b) the radial forearm free flap before implantation 3) pre-operative free flap design.
Figure 2.
Pre-operative and post-operative outcome of tongue reconstruction utilising the radial forearm free flap.
Speech, language and swallowing assessment
All patients undertook a one-hour one-to-one assessment with a qualified speech and language therapist. Speech function was assessed by asking the patient to read out words and sentences from a template that use all of the vowels, diphthong tokens and alveolar sibilants. Any inability to pronounce these was recorded, and an overall speech intelligibility score was allocated (from 0% to a perfect intelligibility score of 100%)
The mobility of the tongue was examined, and swallowing function was assessed via the ability to swallow a food bolus completely in all three formations (liquid, pureed and solids) in the absence of residue, coughing or choking, or tearing.
In the two non-irradiated patients, an excellent or near-excellent articulation of phonetic sibilants and speech intelligibility was observed (Table 2). Tongue movements were near-normal, with the absence of the ability to perform circular movements only. Swallowing liquids was excellent in both patients, with some minor residue during pureed and solids noticed in only one of the patients.
Table 2.
Background Information.
| Patient Number, gender and age (yrs) | Histological Diagnosis | Staging (TNM classification) | Operation | Tongue defect size (% of total surface area) | Free flap reconstruction | Post-operative Radiotherapy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient 1 Male, 58 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | T3N1M0 | Lt partial glossectomy and right sided lymph node clearance | 40% | Radial Forearm flap | No |
| Patient 2 Male, 47 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | T2N0M0 | Rt partial glossectomy and right sided lymph node clearance | 40% | Radial Forearm flap | No |
| Patient 3 Female, 42 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | T3N1M0 | Rt hemiglossectomy and right sided lymph node clearance and selective left sided lymph node clearance | 50% | Radial Forearm flap | Yes |
| Patient 4 Female, 27 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | T4N1M0 | Left partial glossectomy with right sided lymph node clearance and selective left sided lymph node clearance | 40% | Radial Forearm flap | Yes |
| Patient 5 Female, 61 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | T4N0M0 | Right partial glossectomy with right sided lymph node clearance | 40% | Anterolateral thigh flap | Yes |
| Patient 6 Female, 53 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | T3N1M0 | Left partial glossectomy with left sided lymph node clearance and selective left sided lymph node clearance | 40% | Anterolateral thigh flap | Yes |
In the radiotherapy group, significant articulation defects of multiple phonetic sibilants and mild to moderate speech intelligibility impairment were observed (Table 2). Patients that had adjuvant radiotherapy had absent tongue movements in all directions. Swallowing in liquids was excellent in all patients, but incomplete clearing of the mouth was noted during pureed and solids.
Quality-of-life assessment
All six patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires (EORTC-QLQ) and EORTC-H&N35, which assesses symptoms specific to head and neck cancers.
Patients who did not undergo radiotherapy reported higher overall QOL and better social and sexual functioning (Table 3). They also reported less pain, swallowing problems, speech problems, trouble with social eating and dry mouth (Table 3).
Table 3.
Patient responses to EORTC-C30 and EORTC-H&N35 questionnaires.
| Patient 1 (%) | Patient 2 (%) | Patient 3 (%) | Patient 4 (%) | Patient 5 (%) | Patient 6 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Health Status | ||||||
| Global Health Status/QoL | 83.33 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 83.33 | 66.67 | 66.67 |
| Functional Scales | ||||||
| Physical Functioning | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 93.33 | 80.00 | 93.33 |
| Role Functioning | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 66.67 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
| Emotional functioning | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 83.33 | 83.33 | 83.33 |
| Cognitive functioning | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 83.33 | 100.00 |
| Social functioning | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 83.33 | 33.33 | 50.00 |
| Symptom scales/items | ||||||
| Fatigue | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 11.11 | 33.33 |
| N&V | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 16.67 |
| Pain | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
| Dyspnoea | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Insomnia | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 |
| Appetite Loss | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
| Constipation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 |
| Diarrhoea | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Financial Difficulties | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 |
| H&N35 | ||||||
| Pain | 0.00 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 16.67 | 33.33 | 25.00 |
| Swallowing | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 16.67 | 8.33 |
| Senses problems | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 33.33 | 33.33 | 16.67 |
| Speech problems | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 44.44 | 0.00 |
| Trouble with social eating | 8.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 33.33 | 25.00 |
| Trouble with social contact | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 26.67 |
| Less sexuality | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 33.33 | 66.67 | 83.33 |
| Teeth | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 33.33 |
| Opening of mouth | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 33.33 |
| Dry mouth | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 66.67 | 66.67 | 0.00 |
| Sticky Saliva | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 |
| Coughing | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Felt ill | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Pain Killers | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
| Nutritional Supplements | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
| Feeding tube | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
| Weight Loss | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Weight gain | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Discussion
The functional decline observed in these patients caused by radiotherapy is due to its adverse effects on the free flap reconstruction and to the other structures of the oral cavity.
Large reconstructed tongues result in better swallowing function and speech outcomes [5,6]. Flap contraction is a known phenomenon in reconstructive surgery, and during tongue reconstruction it is suggested that an over-correction of 20–30% should be performed to compensate for this volume loss [7]. Radiotherapy following tongue reconstruction results in much greater flap contraction. At one-year post-operatively, magnetic resonance imaging scan analysis estimates the volume loss in irradiated patients is 44.2% (16 cm3) compared to 19.8% in the no-radiotherapy group (6.9 cm3), which may explain in part the findings of our study [8].
Radiotherapy is also associated with insults to other structures of the oral cavity that explain the poorer results in speech and language in tongue cancer survivors. Salivary gland atrophy and subsequent saliva deficiency causes xerostomia, which was a prevalent complaint in the radiotherapy group in our study, and subsequent difficulties in swallowing [9]. Subcutaneous fibrosis and mucosal oedema also have a direct effect on speech and swallowing and subsequently on the quality of life [10].
Our study highlights the negative effects of post-operative radiotherapy in free flap tongue reconstruction, and plastic surgeons who perform these operations should be aware of these during patient counselling and pre-operative planning. In light of evidence that post-operative radiotherapy reduces flap volume by over 40%, an overcorrection of 1.4 may be appropriate for patients undertaking this adjunct therapy. The authors, however, believe that this overcorrection should be preferred in consideration of the projected prognosis. Patients with projected good prognosis may be the ideal candidates for such an overcorrection, whereas those with poorer prognosis may not be, despite radiotherapy, due to the immediate post-operative adverse effects of a large flap in speech, language and quality of life in the short term (first 12 months after resection). Lastly, the side effects of reduced mobility and subsequent tongue functional impairment may potentially be mitigated by the use of re-innervated flaps, a technique which was not utilised in this study [11]. These flaps provide a sensory and mobility element to the reconstructed neo-tongue and may result in an acceptable quality of life despite the use of radiotherapy.
Funding Statement
This research did not receive any grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
References
- 1.Huang T, Liu H, Zhang P, et al. Effect of induction chemotherapy on the quality-of-life in patients with advanced stage tongue cancer by a prospective study. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(4):1461–1466. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Gupta N, Gupta R, Acharya AK, et al. Changing Trends in oral cancer - a global scenario. Nepal J Epidemiol. 2016;6(4):613–619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists – Head and Neck Surgeons. Effective Head and Neck Cancer Management: Second Consensus Document. London: Royal College of Surgeons, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Marzouki HZ, Biron VL, Dziegielewski PT, et al. The impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) status on functional outcomes and quality of life (QOL) after surgical treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma with free-flap reconstruction. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;47(1):58. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Iizuka T, Suzuki M, Thoren H, et al. Functional outcome after total and subtotal glossectomy with free flap reconstruction. Head Neck. 2008;30(7):909–918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Kimata Y, Sakuraba M, Hishinuma S, et al. Analysis of the relations between the shape of the reconstructed tongue and postoperative functions after subtotal or total glossectomy. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:905–909. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Kimata Y, Sakuraba M, Namba Y, et al. Functional reconstruction with free flaps following ablation of oropharyngeal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2005;10(4):229–233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Tarsitano A, Battaglia S, Cipriani R, et al. Microvascular reconstruction of the tongue using a free anterolateral thigh flap: Three-dimensional evaluation of volume loss after radiotherapy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016; 44(9):1287–1291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Shin YS, Koh YW, Kim SH, et al. Radiotherapy deteriorates postoperative functional outcome after partial glossectomy with free flap reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70(1):216–220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Bokhari WA, Wang SJ.. Tongue reconstruction: recent advances. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;15(4):202–207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Longo B, Pagnoni M, Ferri G, et al. The mushroom-shaped anterolateral thigh perforator flap for subtotal tongue reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2013; Sep 1132(3):656–665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]