Evaluation of effects of chronic nasal steroid use on rhinological symptoms of COVID-19 with SNOT-22 questionnaire

Abstract

Background

The benefits of corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19 infection are documented in the literature. The goal of the study is to compare the severity of rhinological symptoms of COVID-19 between patients with nasal steroid use (NSU) and the control group (CG) using the sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22) questionnaire.

Methods

A face-to-face survey was conducted at a second referral state hospital between. Patients with a complete recovery from COVID-19 were included in NSU and CG groups. Two subscales of the SNOT-22 were filled by the patients. The frequency and duration of smell and taste loss and SNOT-22 scores were compared between the two groups.

Results

Forty-seven patients were included in the study. Thirty-one patients were in CG and 16 patients in the NSU group. Twenty-four (51.1%) patients were females and 23 (48.9%) were males. The mean age was 41.4 ± 8.6 years. Olfactory dysfunction was detected in 12 (75%) patients in the NSU group, and 31 (93.3%) patients in the control group (CG). Gustatory dysfunction was seen in 10 (62.5%) patients in the NSU group and 24 (77.4%) patients NSU group. (p = 0.071, 0.279, respectively). The duration of the olfactory (6.6 ± 2.5 days) and gustatory dysfunction (6.1 ± 2.6 days) and the mean SNOT-22 total score (11.9 ± 1.6) was significantly lower in the NSU group (p < 0.001, CI 11.1–5.1, CI 9.9–4.6, CI 9.3–5.9, respectively).

Conclusions

Although nasal steroid use does not prevent olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, it may reduce the severity and duration of these symptoms.

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is so far responsible for more than 2 million deaths worldwide. The most prevalent symptoms are fever, cough, dyspnea, sputum production, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, sore throat, loss of olfactory and taste [1]. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions stand out as important diagnostic symptoms of the COVID-19 infection which are detected in up to 90% of the cases [1]. Accompanying nasal symptoms are frequently present especially in the early stages of the disease [2]. The Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) is a widely accepted questionnaire for objective measurement of rhinological symptoms of sino-nasal diseases [3]. Also, this questionnaire has been divided into four validated subscales representing categorical symptoms: nasal, otologic/facial, sleep-related, and emotional symptoms. The validity and reliability of SNOT-22 in the Turkish language have been previously confirmed [4].

Nasal steroids are frequently used for the treatment of allergic or non-allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis [5, 6]. They decrease the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airway mucosa, selectively suppress local cytokine expression, inhibit mediator release, and support normal mucosal structure [7]. Minshall et al. [7] showed the decrease of focal metaplasia within the nasal epithelium after long-term use of mometasone by biopsy specimens. Recent studies suggest that nasal steroid treatments should be continued in patients with allergic rhinitis during COVID-19 pandemic [8]. Besides, stopping oral or inhaled corticosteroid treatments are not recommended due to the potentially dangerous worsening of asthma or allergic airway symptoms [8]. The use of nasal corticosteroids for COVID-19-related anosmia or ageusia is controversial. In the literatüre, there is a lack of evidence-based data regarding this topic.

SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for adhesion and entry to the host cell. Recent studies revealed that ACE2 expression is higher at the nasal mucosa [9, 10]. The ACE2 expression in human nasal epithelial cells is significantly suppressed with Dexamethasone, in vitro [10]. Post-viral olfactory dysfunction is a sensorineural disorder and the use of oral or intranasal steroids is a C-level recommendation for the treatment [11]. In the current study, we aimed to test the hypothesis: 'COVID-19 associated nasal symptoms will be milder in patients with chronic nasal steroid use'. SNOT-22 questionnaire was used for the assessment of nasal symptoms objectively. We also aimed to evaluate if nasal oral steroid treatment was beneficial for anosmia or ageusia arising from COVID-19 infection.

Materials and methods

The study was designed as a face-to-face survey at a second referral state hospital (Nusaybin State Hospital) between April 2020 and July 2020. Symptomatic patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR +) for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swabs were included in the study after complete regression of the symptoms and a negative PCR (−) test. After obtaining verbal and written informed consent, the volunteers were queried and the SNOT-22 was completed by the patients. Two subscales of the questionnaire (nasal and otologic/facial pain, Q: 1–12, min. score:0, max. score: 60) were assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to nasal steroid use (NSU). Patients who had NSU (intranasal mometasone furoate spray, 1 × 200 mcg, once in a day) for the last six months for allergic rhinitis were included in the study group. Patients with a history of other regular systemic or topical treatment were excluded. In the control group, patients with a previous history of smell or taste dysfunction, sino-nasal surgery, psychiatric or neurological diseases, tobacco use, previous trauma, surgery and/or radiotherapy in head and neck region, pre-existing taste or smell dysfunctions, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, and patients younger than 18 years were excluded.

The demographic data of the patients were recorded. SNOT-22 scores were calculated and the duration of odor loss was determined. The results were compared between the NSU and the control group (CG) using the Mann–Whitney U and Chi-squared (χ²) test. Spearman Rho Correlation Coefficient for complaints of smell and taste loss with the score of odor and taste items in SNOT-22 was calculated. SPSS 22.0 program (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistics. The study was carried out in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and subsequent amendments. The institutional review board was approved by the local Provincial Health Directorate for the study (No: 37201737-2/4/2020).

Results

Forty-seven COVID-19 patients were included in the study. Sixteen patients were enrolled in the nasal steroid use (NSU) group and 31 patients in CG. Patients were 24 (51.1%) females and 23 (48.9%) males. The mean age was 41.4 ± 8.6 years. The most common complains were loss of smell (n = 41, 87.2%), cough (n = 38, 80.8%), loss of taste (n = 34, 72.3%), and nasal obstruction (n = 27, 57.4%), respectively. The olfactory and gustatory functions began to recover after an average of 11.9 ± 6.1 and 10.8 ± 5.4 days, respectively. The mean total SNOT-22 score was 16.9 ± 4.5 (min: 9, max: 25). Total SNOT-22 scores were significantly lower in the NSU group and the loss of smell and taste complaints showed earlier improvement in this group (p < 0.001, Table 1).

Table 1.

Distribution of the demographic characteristics and findings of the patients by study groups

(n, %)		CG		NSU		p
						χ2
Gender	Male	16	51.6	7	43.8	0.609
	Female	15	48.4	9	56.3
OD	−	2	6.5	4	25.0	0.071
	+	29	93.5	12	75.0
GD	−	7	22.6	6	37.5	0.279
	+	24	77.4	10	62.5
(Med, 75%)		Mann–Whitney U test
Age		39	48	40	47	0.719
SNOT-22 total		20	22	12	13	< 0.001
Duration of OD		14	18	7	8.5	< 0.001
Duration of GD		13	15	6	8	< 0.001

NSU nasal steroid use, CG control group, OD olfactory dysfunctions, GD gustatory dysfunctions

The mean, standard deviation, and p values of the scores obtained from the questions in the SNOT-22 questionnaire according to the study groups are presented in Table 2. A significant positive correlation was detected between the smell and taste loss complaints and the relevant scale in SNOT-22 (p < 0.001, r = 609 and p = 0.006, r = 397) (Fig. 1).

Table 2.

The mean (m), standard deviation (SD), and p values of the scores obtained from the SNOT-22 questionnaire

	CG		NSU		p*
	m	SD	m	SD
Need to blow nose	1.5	0.7	.6	0.5	< 0.001
Nasal obstruction	1.6	0.6	1.1	0.6	0.015
Sneezing	1.4	0.6	.9	0.6	0.016
Runny nose	1.7	0.7	1.2	0.4	0.009
Cough	2.7	1.0	1.9	0.5	0.004
Postnasal drip	1.4	0.7	0.4	0.5	< 0.001
Thick nasal discharge	1.5	0.8	0.4	0.5	< 0.001
Ear fullness	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.613
Dizziness	0.8	0.4	0.8	0.4	0.764
Ear pain	0.2	0.4	0.1	0.3	0.341
Facial pain and/or pressure	2.2	1.0	0.9	0.3	0.011
Loss of smell and taste	4.2	1.0	3.1	1.3	0.001
SNOT-22 Total	19.6	3.1	11.9	1.7	< 0.001

NSU nasal steroid use, CG control group

*Mann–Whitney U test

Fig. 1.

Average and total (TS) SNOT-22 scores in the nasal steroid use (NSU) and control group (CG)

Discussion

Human CoV was formerly known as a rare cause of post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) [12]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, up to 90% association with gustatory and olfactory dysfunction is reported as an indicative symptom of the virus infection [1, 13, 14]. In the current study, taste and smell dysfunctions were also among the main symptoms associated with COVID-19. Anamnesis could not be obtained regarding the initial symptoms of the patients, however, taste and smell complaints were the symptoms that recovered the latest. Therefore, these patients are often admitted to the otorhinolaryngology clinic after the regression of the disease.

The successful outcomes of systemic and topical steroid treatment for post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) are reported in the literature, but the level of evidence is low [11]. Sharif-Askari et al. reported downregulating ACE2 expression in the nasal tissues of patients with chronic rhinosinüsitis (CRS) after prolonged use of steroids [10]. The authors suggested the possible protective effect of steroids during these infections [10]. Nasal steroids are frequently used for the treatment of nasal inflammatory diseases such as allergic rhinitis or CRS [5, 15]. In an experimental animal study, a decreased ACE2 expression is shown during eosinophilic and allergic airway inflammation [16]. Yamaya et al. [17] demonstrated that budesonide reduces rhinovirus count, replication, and concentrations of cytokines of primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. Studies evaluating the positive effects of inhaled steroids and systemic dexamethasone treatment on COVID-19 are reported in the recent literature [18, 19]. In the current study, our findings showed that SNOT-22 total scores were significantly lower and the loss of smell and taste complaints showed earlier improvement in the NSU group.

Ogimi et al. [20]. demonstrated a significant association between prolonged shedding of human coronavirus (HCoV) with high-dose steroid use in patients with hematopoietic cell transplant. Waltl et al. [21] reported that betamethasone may decrease epithelial damage caused by rhinovirus by anti-inflammatory properties on immune cells. Kim et al. [22] showed the in vitro antiviral activity of budesonide via inhibiting the human rhinovirus replication by autophagy activation. The authors suggested budesonide as a therapeutic option. In addition, the duration and dose of NSU are not homogeneous among studies in the literature.

However, the number of patients in NSU group was insufficient to make a reliable conclusion regarding this topic. Besides, it would add value if nasal mucosal changes caused by chronic nasal steroid use was demonstrated histopathologically. Although the possible benefits of NSU are tried to be measured objectively with a questionnaire, the absence of an objective test for the chemosensory function is another important limitation of our study. In this study, NSU in the last 6 months was set as the inclusion criteria, but in practice, there are different treatment modalities such as 1 year for perennial rhinitis.

In accordance with the literature, we observed that the nasal steroids may provide milder rhinological symptoms and also a shorter recovery in COVID-19 patients. But the level of evidence of the current study is low to present any suggestions. Prospective and controlled studies with larger samples would help to provide more valid results regarding the effects of nasal steroids on the nasal mucosa during COVID-19 infection. Also, the immunohistochemical pathway of gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients is still not clearly understood. Nasal steroids may be used for the treatment of the above-mentioned complaints in these patients, but this approach cannot be presented as a general recommendation at this stage.

Conclusion

The use and benefits of corticosteroids in COVID-19 infection are still controversial. With the help of the SNOT-22 questionnaire, observed that patients with nasal steroid use had mild rhinological symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. Although the level of evidence is low to come up with a suggestion, we observed that nasal steroids may be effective in the rapid recovery and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions of these patients.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.