A French Translation of the Transgender Congruence Scale: Validation and Associations with Distress, Well-Being, and Perceived Transition Status

Abstract

Purpose: Disparities in psychosocial functioning between transgender and cisgender populations highlight the importance of validating measures assessing mechanisms of resilience for transgender and nonbinary people. Gender congruence is an important mechanism of resilience, as it focuses on the individual's own gender objectives. Moreover, research increasingly links gender congruence to psychosocial functioning and well-being. The goals of the current study were to validate a French-language version of the Transgender Congruence Scale and examine how this scale was associated with life satisfaction, psychological distress, and perceived transition status.

Methods: Individuals (N=179) with a variety of transgender and nonbinary gender identities living in Quebec, Canada, were recruited online. They completed the Transgender Congruence Scale, as well as measures of transition status, psychological distress, and life satisfaction.

Results: A two-factor model (assessing appearance congruence and identity congruence, respectively) was supported in the current sample. The French translation of the Transgender Congruence Scale showed good reliability and validity, similar to those found with the original English language version of the measure. Higher scores on both subscales, as well as the total scale, were associated with better psychosocial functioning and self-defined transition status.

Discussion: Findings linked both appearance and identity congruence to psychosocial outcomes and supported the validity of this French version of the Transgender Congruence Scale. With potential clinical or research applications, the Transgender Congruence Scale is a brief and psychometrically sound measure of an important resilience construct for gender minority individuals that can now be used with Francophone populations.

Introduction

Transgender individuals are at increased risk for negative mental and physical health outcomes compared with cisgender individuals.¹ The importance of better understanding mechanisms of resilience for transgender and nonbinary populations, however, is underscored by findings suggesting that despite their increased likelihood of adverse experiences, many gender minority individuals survive and thrive.^2,3 Congruence, or the similarity between an individual's self-concept and their actual experience of the self,⁴ has long been posited as central for good psychological functioning and is linked with different indices of well-being.^5–7 Resolving discrepancies between self-concept and perception of the self, moreover, is a starting point for meaningful psychological change.

Kozee et al. postulate that an individual's congruence with regards to gender identity and appearance, or gender congruence, may reflect an important dimension for understanding resilience and well-being among transgender populations and developed the Transgender Congruence Scale to assess this construct.⁸ The Transgender Congruence Scale assesses “the degree to which transgender individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance/presence and accept their genuine identity rather than the socially prescribed identity.”⁸

Gender congruence offers advantages compared to assessing transition status using exclusively medical markers. Gender congruence can guide decision-making through informed consent to provide treatment that is matched to an individual's gender expression goals⁹ and acknowledges the diversity of identities within transgender and nonbinary communities.^10,11

The Transgender Congruence Scale provides important information both for individuals whose gender identities concord with the gender binary (i.e., being a man or woman) while also appreciating identities that are nonbinary or genderqueer. And, while this measure was developed to assess gender congruence among transgender populations, it differentiates between gender minority and cisgender populations¹² and shows good reliability in assessing gender congruence among cisgender sexual minority women.¹³ Finally, the Transgender Congruence Scale is strongly correlated with other lengthier measures of similar constructs such as the Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale that includes, among other elements, assessments of gender congruence,¹⁴ suggesting convergent validity.

The Transgender Congruence Scale includes two subscales,⁸ each assessing a different element of gender congruence. The first subscale assesses appearance congruence (AC), which captures the extent to which an individual's appearance reflects their identity. The second scale assesses gender identity congruence, which measures an individual's acceptance of their gender identity, and is moderately correlated with appearance congruence.⁸

Both the total score, as well as the two subscale scores of the Transgender Congruence Scale, have been previously associated with psychosocial functioning. Higher overall levels of gender congruence have been linked with higher levels of life satisfaction and self-esteem, having received gender affirming medical treatments, having better experiences with health care providers, and with having lower level of body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and stress, highlighting the importance of this construct in medical settings.^8,11,15,16

Previous research focusing on the appearance congruence subscale has also linked this construct with higher life satisfaction, body image, and quality of life and lower levels of depression and anxiety.^8,12,14,17 Finally, while less research has examined the identity congruence subscale, initial validation of this scale links higher gender identity congruence scores with higher levels of psychosocial functioning, less body dissatisfaction, and fewer mental health symptoms.⁸ These findings form part of a growing body of literature linking higher levels of gender congruence to better health and transition-specific outcomes.

Objectives

Clinicians and researchers need tools that reflect the complex and nonlinear ways that individuals can express satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their gender identities. The construct of gender congruence is particularly relevant for understanding well-being outcomes among transgender and nonbinary populations, but this construct has been tested exclusively among Anglophone samples. The construction of gender and gender identity is a culturally bound phenomena,¹⁸ requiring validated translations of instruments that assess how individuals perceive their gender.

Given important cross-cultural and linguistic nuance regarding gender and gender identity, assessing this construct properly requires adequately validated scales. The general objective of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the French translation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. We aimed to (1) confirm the factor structure of the French Transgender Congruence Scale and assess the reliability of its scales and (2) explore construct validity by calculating correlations between Transgender Congruence Scale scores, psychological distress, life satisfaction, and perceived transition status.

Methods

Participants

The sample included 179 French-speaking participants from the province of Quebec (Canada), aged between 14 and 68 years (M=27.94, SD=11.86), who identified as transgender (62.0%), nonbinary (22.9%), gender fluid (7.3%), or gender questioning (8.4%). Most participants (88.8%) were White. Participants also completed questions regarding their general transition status, their current gender identities, and their sex assigned at birth, and their responses are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics and internal consistency coefficients for the Transgender Congruence Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and K6 scales

Scale	n	M (SD)	Sk (ES)	K (ES)	α	Ω
TCS total	133	3.34 (1.01)	−0.11 (0.21)	−1.01 (0.42)	0.91	0.92
TCS-AC	133	3.06 (1.22)	−0.07 (0.21)	−1.21 (0.42)	0.94	0.93
TCS-GIA	130	4.14 (1.00)	−1.25 (0.21)	1.05 (0.42)	0.74	0.75
SWLS	127	20.80 (6.90)	−0.13 (0.22)	−0.41 (0.43)	0.83	—
K6	129	11.51 (5.32)	0.11 (0.21)	−0.45 (0.42)	0.86	—
Transition status	n	%
General
Questioning gender identity	9	5.0
Contemplating gender transition	18	10.1
Planning a gender transition	11	6.1
In the process of a gender transition	85	47.5
Completed their gender transition	15	8.5
Not anticipating a gender transition	13	7.3
Preferred not to answer	13	15.6
Current gender identity among respondents (n=111)
Man or mostly masculine	52	46.8
Woman or mostly feminine	42	37.9
Neither masculine nor feminine	8	7.2
Fluid	1	0.1
Questioning	2	0.2
Missing	6	5.4
Sex assigned at birth (n=111)
Male	44	31.3
Female	61	56.4
Prefer not to answer	12	6.7
Missing	6	5.6

α, Cronbach's alpha coefficient; Ω, omega internal consistency coefficient; AC, appearance congruence; ES, standard error; GIA, Gender Identity Acceptance; K, kurtosis; SD, standard deviation; Sk, skewness; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; TCS, Transgender Congruence Scale.

Measures

The Transgender Congruence Scale⁸ includes 12 items with a five-point Likert response format that are divided in two subscales: Appearance Congruence (nine items) and Gender Identity Congruence (three items). Internal consistency coefficients for the original version were high (α=0.92 for TCS total scale, α=0.94 for Appearance Congruence, and α=0.77 for Gender Identity Congruence), and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the two-factor model had an excellent fit to the data.

The Transgender Congruence Scale was translated by the research team using guided forward translation by committee.¹⁹ This method is considered superior to the classical back translation method, as it allows for a focus on psychological and cultural equivalence of the items and less on the linguistic equivalence in the target language.¹⁹ The measure was initially translated by one transgender or nonbinary identified community member and two education professors. The French version of the questionnaire was subsequently reviewed by a committee composed of two members from the transgender and nonbinary community, two education professors, a psychiatrist, a clinical psychologist, and a medical doctor. Four of these individuals were bilingual, with three having French as a primary language and one having English as a first language. The French translation is available in Table 2.

Table 2.

French translation of the Transgender Congruence Scale

L'identité de genre est définie comme le(s) genre(s) auquel(s) vous sentez que vous appartenez; elle n'est pas nécessairement liée à votre sexe assigné à la naissance. Pour les éléments suivants, veuillez indiquer la réponse qui décrit le mieux votre expérience au cours des deux dernières semaines.

Appearance Congruence scale

1. Mon apparence extérieure représente mon identité de genre.

a. 1 (fortement en désaccord)

b. 2 (légèrement en désaccord)

c. 3 (ni en désaccord, ni en accord)

d. 4 (légèrement en accord)

e. 5 (fortement en accord)

2. J'éprouve un sentiment d'unité entre mon identité de genre et mon corps.

3. Mon apparence physique exprime adéquatement mon identité de genre.

4. Je suis généralement à l'aise avec la façon dont les autres perçoivent mon identité de genre quand ils me regardent.

5. Mon corps physique représente mon identité de genre.

6. L'apparence actuelle de mon corps ne représente pas mon identité de genre. (R)

7. Je suis heureux(se) de la façon dont mon apparence exprime mon identité de genre.

8. Je ne pense pas que mon apparence reflète mon identité de genre. (R)

9. Je sens que mon esprit et mon corps sont cohérents l'un avec l'autre.

Gender Identity Congruence scale

10. Je ne suis pas fier(ère) de mon identité de genre. (R)

11. Je suis heureux(se) que j'ai l'identité de genre que j'ai.

12. J'ai accepté mon identité de genre.

Items marked with and (R) should be reverse scored.

Life Satisfaction was assessed with the French version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).^20,21 This scale includes five items, evaluated on a seven-point Likert-type scale, with higher total scores indicating greater life satisfaction. Both French and English version of the SWLS have shown good psychometric properties, with meaningful convergent and divergent correlations with a variety of relevant constructs.^20–22

Psychological Distress was assessed with the French version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6).^23,24 This scale includes six items that assess past month anxious and depressive symptoms on a five-point Likert-type scale. A higher total score indicates greater psychological distress. As a screening tool for mental health problems, the K6 is commonly used and as a valid tool in mental health epidemiological surveys.^23,24

Procedure

Following ethical approval from the institutional review board of the authors' institution, participants were recruited through electronic mailing lists, websites, and social media of diverse LGBTQ+ associations and support groups in the province of Quebec, Canada, between May and July 2018. Transgender, nonbinary, and gender questioning individuals were invited to participate in a study on access to services, service needs, integration challenges (social, academic, professional), and mental health. A hyperlink led interested individuals to a webpage presenting the consent form.

After giving their consent and confirming that they identified as transgender, nonbinary, or gender questioning, participants could complete the survey. The questionnaire was hosted on a secure server administered by the research team's university and programmed with LimeSurvey. After completing the survey, contact information of the principal researcher was provided if participants had additional concerns or wanted to ask questions.

The questionnaire was available in both French and English, although only French data are used in the present study. A total of 216 French-speaking participants consented to participate in the study. An additional 37 participants were excluded from the analytic sample for completing no or very few questions. Of those individuals who remained in the analytic sample, participants were retained for specific analyses based on whether they were missing 10% or less of the items of a given scale (missing data per scale specified in Table 1). In cases where individuals had responded to more than 90% of questions on a given scale, their missing items were means replaced.

Results

Descriptive statistics

Table 1 shows descriptive and reliability statistics for the three questionnaires in the current sample. Skewness and kurtosis indices showed that all variables were normally distributed.

Structural validity

A CFA was conducted with MPlus version 8.1,²⁵ with maximum likelihood estimation (all 12 items showed to be normally distributed: skewness range=−1.62 to 1.19; kurtosis range=−1.52 to 1.52). Missing data at the item level were estimated using full information maximum likelihood. As the two factors (Appearance Congruence and Gender Identity Acceptance) are theoretically expected to correlate, an oblique model was computed.

As shown in Table 3, the model failed to reach a satisfactory fit to the data (χ²(53)=121.42, p=0.001; CFI=0.93; TLI=0.92; SRMR=0.05; RMSEA=0.10 [90% CI=0.074–0.119]). Indeed, according to Hu and Bentler, for simple models such as the Transgender Congruence Scale (TCS), comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) values of 0.95 or higher, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) values of 0.06 or lower, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) values of 0.08 and lower are considered acceptable.²⁶ Measurement error covariances were observed between some pairs of items (which could indicate the presence of systematic rather than random errors), as indicated by high modification indices. Measurement error covariances may derive from item characteristics such as overlap in item content or the presence of a small subfactor within the factor.²⁷ Modification indices for all pairs of items were examined to identify high measurement error covariances that may penalize model fit.

Table 3.

Confirmatory factor analyses for the Transgender Congruence Scale

Models	χ2	df	CFI	TLI	SRMR	RMSEA
Model 1	121.42*	53	0.932	0.915	0.052	0.096 (0.074–0.119)
Model 2	106.86	52	0.946	0.931	0.050	0.087 (0.063–0.110)
Model 3	94.91	51	0.956	0.944	0.048	0.078 (0.053–0.103)
Model 4	75.52	50	0.975	0.967	0.046	0.060 (0.029–0.087)

N=140.

^*p<0.001.

Model 1, no correlated errors terms; Model 2, item 2 with item 9; Model 3, item 2 with item 9 and item 6 with item 8; Model 4, item 2 with item 9, item 6 with item 8, and item 1 with item 8.

χ², chi-square; CFI, comparative fit index; df, degrees of freedom; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; TLI, Tucker–Lewis index.

Respecified models (see models 2–4 in Table 3) were successively tested in CFA by freeing the path between the pair of error terms with the highest modification indices and that were substantively meaningful (e.g., item 8: “I do not feel that my appearance reflects my gender identity” and item 1: “My outward appearance represents my gender identity” show clear overlap in item content). The final CFA model included three freed paths between pairs of error terms (item 9 with item 2; item 8 with item 6; and item 8 with item 1). Following these respecifications, the model reached good fit to the data (χ²(50)=75.52, p=0.001; CFI=0.98; TLI=0.97; SRMR=0.05; RMSEA=0.06 [90% CI=0.029–0.087]).²⁶ All items had a substantial loading (all loadings >0.50) on their factor (Table 4).

Table 4.

Standardized loadings for two-factor confirmatory factor analysis of the Transgender Congruence Scale and mean and standard deviation for each item

Items	AC	GIA	M (SD)
1. My outward appearance represents my gender identity.	0.75		3.55 (1.42)
2. I experience a sense of unity between my gender identity and my body.	0.75		2.93 (1.50)
3. My physical appearance adequately expresses my gender identity.	0.91		3.15 (1.52)
4. I am generally comfortable with how others perceive my gender identity when they look at me.	0.82		3.09 (1.55)
5. My physical body represents my gender identity.	0.78		2.65 (1.52)
6. The way my body currently looks does not represent my gender identity.	0.70		2.65 (1.54)
7. I am happy with the way my appearance expresses my gender identity.	0.86		3.30 (1.38)
8. I do not feel that my appearance reflects my gender identity.	0.73		3.01 (1.54)
9. I feel that my mind and body are consistent with one another	0.67		3.18 (1.51)
10. I am not proud of my gender identity.		0.52	4.08 (1.27)
11. I am happy that I have the gender identity that I do.		0.78	4.09 (1.24)
12. I have accepted my gender identity.		0.82	4.27 (1.17)

N=139. The correlation between AC and GIA latent variables is 0.43.

Internal consistency

As shown in Table 1, Cronbach alpha and Omega internal consistency coefficients were high for the Transgender Congruence Total scale (α=0.91; Ω=0.92) and for the Appearance congruence scale (α=0.94; Ω=0.93), while they were acceptable for the Gender identity acceptance scale (α=0.74; Ω=0.75), despite the fact that this scale includes only three items. These reliability coefficients are highly similar to those of the original English version, with Cronbach's alphas of 0.92, 0.94, and 0.77 for the Transgender Congruence Total scale, Appearance Congruence Scale, and Gender Identity Congruence scale, respectively.⁸

Correlations with psychological distress, life satisfaction, and perceived transition status

Correlations between the Transgender Congruence Scales, life satisfaction, and psychological distress are presented in Table 5. As expected, Transgender Congruence Scale scores were positively correlated with life satisfaction and negatively correlated with psychological distress. Correlations of the Transgender Congruence Total Scale (r=0.48; p<0.01) and Appearance Congruence Scale (r=0.47; p<0.01) with life satisfaction were moderate to large in effect size according to Cohen's (1992) criteria,²⁸ while the correlation between Gender Identity Acceptance and life satisfaction was moderate (r=0.29; p<0.01). The negative associations between all three Transgender Congruence Scales and psychological distress were moderate in effect size (rs ≤ −0.34; p<0.01). These correlation patterns are comparable to those reported by Kozee et al.⁸

Table 5.

Correlations between the Transgender Congruence Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and K6 scales

Scales and subscales	1	2	3	4	5
TCS total
TCS-AC	0.98*
TCS-GIA	0.54*	0.34*
SWLS	0.48*	0.47*	0.29*
K6	−0.37*	−0.34*	−0.37*	−0.46*

^*p<0.01.

Criterion validity of the Transgender Congruence Scale was also assessed by comparing participants according to their perceived transition status (Table 6). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference between the seven different questioning/transitioning statuses on the TCS-AC scale [F(6, 136)=6.25; p<0.01]. As shown in Table 6, Games-Howell's post hoc comparisons (which does not assume equal sample sizes and variances) showed that participants who reported that they had completed their transition had significantly higher (ps < 0.01) appearance congruence scores than all other participants except those who did not plan on making a transition (p=0.06). The effect sizes for these differences were large (ds > 1.12).

Table 6.

Analysis of variance on Transgender Congruence Scale-Appearance Congruence scores by transition status

Group	Games-Howell's comparisons
	n	M (SD)	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
A. I am questioning myself about my gender identity	8	2.55 (0.84)
B. I am questioning myself about whether or not I should make a transition (regardless of its type)	19	2.63 (0.92)	1.00
C. I plan on making a transition (regardless of its type)	10	2.19 (0.92)	0.97	0.88
D. I'm in the process of transitioning and I consider that I will always be	27	2.96 (1.18)	0.92	0.93	0.39
E. I consider that I have completed my transition	17	4.44 (0.98)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
F. I am in the process of transitioning and I consider that it will eventually be completed	52	3.18 (1.24)	0.55	0.40	0.10	0.99	0.00
G. I don't plan on making a transition	10	3.11 (1.05)	0.86	0.87	0.10	1.00	0.06	1.00

An ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the seven different perceived transition statuses and the Gender Identity Acceptance scale [F(6, 133)=3.30; p<0.01]. As shown in Table 7, Tukey's post hoc comparisons showed that participants who considered that they have completed their transition, who are in the process of transitioning, or consider that their transition will eventually be completed had significantly higher (ps < 0.05) gender identity acceptance scores compared to participants who were questioning their gender identity. The effect sizes for these differences were large (ds > 0.93).

Table 7.

Analysis of variance on Transgender Congruence Scale-Gender Identity Acceptance scores by transition status

Group	Tukey's HSD comparisons
	N	M (SD)	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
A. I am questioning myself about my gender identity	10	3.33 (1.40)
B. I am questioning myself about whether or not I should make a transition (regardless of its type)	18	3.76 (1.01)	0.92
C. I plan on making a transition (regardless of its type)	9	3.59 (0.78)	1.00	1.00
D. I'm in the process of transitioning and I consider that I will always be	27	4.12 (0.80)	0.28	0.87	0.77
E. I consider that I have completed my transition	17	4.55 (1.00)	0.03	0.18	0.19	0.78
F. I am in the process of transitioning and I consider that it will eventually be completed	49	4.33 (0.97)	0.05	0.32	0.34	0.97	0.98
G. I don't plan on making a transition	10	4.53 (0.57)	0.08	0.38	0.32	0.91	1.00	1.00

HSD, honestly significant difference test.

Discussion

In line with the depathologization of gender nonconformity advocated by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health,⁹ the current study validates a measure that allows for a better understanding of an individual's gender congruence while accounting for diversity in desired gender identities. The Transgender Congruence Scale has the potential to support the improvement and personalization of health care and social services for transgender and nonbinary populations by providing information pertaining to an individual's subjective experience of their desired gender presentation.

Knowing that accepting and knowledgeable service providers are one of the most important factors for helping individuals to address difficulties regarding their gender identity or gender expression,²⁹ the two subscales of the Transgender Congruence Scale can also support the working alliance by informing the practitioner about their client's gender acceptance. The present study assessed the validity of the French translation of the Transgender Congruence Scale in a sample of French-speaking participants from the province of Quebec, Canada.

In line with the first objective, the results showed that this French-language version of the Transgender Congruence Scale showed good reliability and validity, similar to the English-language version of the questionnaire.⁸ Furthermore, findings supported the two-subscale structure of this scale and suggested a moderate correlation between the subscales. The translated scale is similar to the original measure, suggesting that it is appropriate for assessing gender congruence among francophone populations.

Regarding the second objective, higher total scores, as well as higher appearance and identity subscale scores, were moderately associated with higher levels of life satisfaction (although this association was weak for the identity subscale), and all three scores were weakly but significantly associated with lower levels of psychological distress. These results are in line with previous research linking higher levels of gender congruence to more positive psychosocial outcomes.^8,11,15,17 These findings replicate and extend previous work suggesting that the total scale, as well as the appearance and identity acceptance subscales, is linked with psychosocial functioning more broadly.

Similarly, preliminary findings suggested that significant differences in both subscales were observed across transition status, with individuals who reported having completed their transition, or described themselves in the process of completing their transition, reporting higher levels of congruence. These findings support the construct validity of the current measure, as they show how higher gender congruence is associated with an individual's own perceptions of their transition status.

The current findings provide a first validation of a French-language version of the TCS and replicate and extend existing work by suggesting that this scale, as well as the two subscales, is associated with psychosocial well-being and perceived transition status. These findings should be interpreted in light of several limitations. First, the participants in the current study were all living in Quebec, Canada. The French-language version of this questionnaire may require some adjustments to make it relevant to other Francophone populations.

Second, to recruit a sufficient number of transgender and nonbinary participants, the current study contacted participants using the social media platforms of LGBTQ+ organizations. Individuals who participate in these types of organizations may not be representative of transgender and nonbinary individuals who have lower levels of contact with gender and sexual minority communities.

Third, findings from the current study were cross-sectional, and future work, examining stability and change in gender congruence as individuals move toward their ideal gender expression, may be useful for better understanding how this construct evolves over time. Indeed, some previous research suggests higher levels of gender congruence following the reception of gender-affirming medical services.¹⁶ Fourth, the reliability scores for the Total Scale and the Appearance Congruence Scale were both very high (α > 0.90), suggesting redundancy between items³⁰ and indicating that future researchers may be able to eliminate some items from the Appearance Congruence scale.

Finally, the overall sample size of the study was small. While sample size was sufficient for the CFA, the reliability assessments, and the correlations,^31–33 this smaller number of participants limits the interpretation of the comparative analyses for some specific groups such as nonbinary participants. Future studies with larger samples and greater ethnic diversity may allow for a more detailed understanding of differences in gender congruence across transition status.

The findings support gender congruence as being an important correlate of psychosocial well-being among gender minority individuals and indicate the Transgender Congruence Scale as a brief and efficient measure of this construct. Ultimately, giving researchers and service providers more transaffirmative tools with which to assess mechanisms for resilience among transgender and nonbinary people can provide important insights for improving services and health outcomes within gender diverse populations.

Abbreviations Used

α

Cronbach's alpha coefficient

χ²

chi-square

Ω

omega internal consistency coefficient

AC

appearance congruence

ANOVA

analysis of variance

CFA

confirmatory factor analysis

CFI

comparative fit index

CI

confidence interval

df

degrees of freedom

ES

standard error

GIA

Gender Identity Acceptance

HSD

honestly significant difference test

K

kurtosis

RMSEA

root mean square error of approximation

SD

standard deviation

Sk

skewness

SRMR

standardized root mean square residual

SWLS

Satisfaction with Life Scale

TCS

Transgender Congruence Scale

TLI

Tucker–Lewis index

Author Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

Funding Information

This project was funded by a Canada Research Chair awarded to the first author by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and by a grant to the second author from the Université de Sherbrooke.

Cite this article as: Martin-Storey A, Cotton J-C, Le Corff Y, Michaud A, Beauchesne-Lévesque S (2021) A French translation of the Transgender Congruence Scale: validation and associations with distress, wellbeing and perceived transition status, Transgender Health 6:1, 23–30, DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2020.0037.