Fig. 6.

Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on insulin sensitivity in vitro. FMT using fecal slurry from mice exposed to IH or RA for 6 weeks with and without PA were performed for 3 weeks in recipient naïve mice, and plasma samples were then collected form which exosomes were isolated. Equal number of exosomes (20 × 10⁶) were applied in vitro to naïve adipocyte (3T3-L1) cells for 24 hrs, after which insulin sensitivity was examined by adding insulin 5 nM for 30 min. (a) Representative Western blot of pAKT and tAKT from adipocytes after exosome and insulin treatment (n = 5 per experimental condition). (b) Mean pAKT/tAKT ratios in naïve murine adipocytes (3T3-L1) treated with exosomes from FMT recipients showing reduced insulin sensitivity in FMT-IH vs. all other groups (n = 5 per experimental condition). Two-way of variance (ANOVA) for non-repeated measures was used. *Indicates, p<0.05. NS indicates not significant.