Table 1.
Assessment of the antitumor effects of specific receptor-targeting nanoparticles carrying chemotherapy drugs following systemic delivery in animal models of breast cancer.
| Constituents (1) of Nanoformulations and Their Sizes (2) | Name of Drug (1), Its Amount Used (2) and Encapsulation (3a) or Loading (3b) Efficiency | Cell Lines (1) and No. of Cells Used (2) to Induce Tumors in Animals (3) (Mice/Rats) | Days Required to Form Tumors (1) and Their Sizes (2) Prior to Administration | Route of Delivery (Intraven-Ous (i.v.)/Intratum-Oral/Peritoneal (i.p.)/Oral) |
Amount of Drug Administered at One Time (1) and Frequency of Administration (2) and Interval Time (3) | Total Period of Tumor Measurement since 1st Administration | Fold Reduction in Tumor Size (1 a) or Mass (1b) Compared to Free Drug at the End | Decrease in Body Weight for Drug-Free Particles (1) and Drug-Loaded Particles (2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) EGF peptide- PMBN (2) ~200 nm [75] |
(1) Paclitaxel (2) 15 mg/kg and (3a) NR (3b) NR |
(1) A431 and H69 (2) 1.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) NR (not reported) (2) 100 mm3 |
i.p. | (1) 15 mg/kg (2) 5 (3) 1 day |
21 days | (1a) 2-fold (1b) NR |
(2) No (2) No |
| (1) EGF peptides-polymeric micelle (2) 20–100 nm [72] |
(1) Aminoflavone (2) 7 mg/kg and (3a) NR (3b) 16.7% |
(1) MDA-MB-468 (2) 1.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) 56 days (2) 500 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 7 mg/kg (2) 5 (3) 4 days |
46 days | (1a) 7-fold (1b) NR |
(2) NR (2) NR |
| (1) EGF peptides-PLGA-PEG (2) 210 nm [88] |
(1) Curcumin (2) 5 mg/kg and (3a) 92.3 ± 2.7 (3b) NR |
(1) MCF-7 cells (2) 1.0 × 107 (3) mice |
(1) 7 days (2) NR |
i.v. | (1) 5 mg/kg (2) 20 (3) 1 days |
21 days | (1a) 7-fold (1b) 2-fold |
(1) NR (2) NR |
| (1) Folic acid-liposome (2) ~190 nm [99] |
(1) Celastrol (Cs) and Irinotecan (IR) (2) NR and (3a) 90% for both (3b) 28.5 ± 0.8% (Cs) and 14.7 ± 0.5% (Ir) |
(1) MDA-MB-231 (2) 1.0 × 107 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) NR (2) 4 (3) 3 days |
25 days | (1a) 3-fold (1b) 2-fold |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) Folic acid-lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) (2) 279.9 ± 8.7 nm, [103] |
(1) paclitaxel. (2) 20 mg/kg (3a) 91.16% ± 1.12% (3b) 27.36% ± 0.91% |
(1) EMT6 (2) 2.0 × 107 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 100 mm3 |
Intratum-oral | (1) 20 mg/kg (2) 5 (3) 2 days |
16 days | (1a) no significant reduction (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) Folic acid-Gold nanorods-liposome (2) 154 nm, [104] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 2.5 mg/kg and (3a) 54.73 ± 2.13% (3b) NR |
(1) 4T1 (2) 1.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) 10 days (2) 100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 2.5 mg/kg (2) NR (3) NR |
15 days | (1a) 2.9-fold (1b) NR |
(1) No (2) No |
| (1) Folic acid-PGG NPs (2) 131.96 ± 5.34 nm, [106] |
(1) Docetaxel (2) 10 mg/kg and (3a) 67.83 ± 3.29(%) (3b) NR |
(1) 4T1 (2) 1.0 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 100–200 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 10 mg/kg (2) 4 (3) 7 days |
28 days | (1a) 2.6-fold (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) N0 |
| (1) Folic acid-Quantum dot-PEG-PLGA polymersomes (2) 170.53 ± 1.21 nm, [107] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 7 mg/kg and (3a) 54.26 ± 1.23% (3b) 10.82 ± 0.87 |
(1) 4T1 (2) 2.0 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 80–100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 7 mg/kg (2) 1 (3) 0 days |
21 days | (1a) 5-fold (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) Folic acid-Dextran–PLGA polymersomes (2) 178.53 ± 2.5 nm, [109] |
(1) Docetaxel (2) 10 mg/kg and (3a) 78.85 ± 3.81% % (3b) 9.32 ± 0.27 |
(1) 4T1 (2) 5.0 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) 7 days (2) 80–100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 10 mg/kg (2) 1 (3) 0 days |
21 days | (1a) 4.5-fold (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) HER2 peptide- chitosan-liposome (2) 116.18 ± 1.73 nm, [114] |
(1) Capecitabine (2) 10 mg/kg and (3a) 82.21 ± 0.62% (3b) NR |
(1) MCF-7 (2) 1.5 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) 14 days (2) NR |
i.v. | (1) 10 mg/kg (2) 9 (3) 2 days |
21 days | (1a) 29-fold (1b) NR |
(1) NR (2) NR |
| (1) HER2 peptide-liposome (2) ~80 nm [115] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 3 mg/kg and (3a) NR (3b) > 98% |
(1) MMTV/neu transgenic (2) NR (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) ~150–200 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 3 mg/kg (2) 5 (3) 2 days |
25 days | (1a) 3.5-fold (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) HER2 (CD-340)-antibody-PLGA (2) 241 nm [119] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 3 mg/kg and (3a) 88 ± 0.17% (3b) 8 ± 0.1 |
(1) SKBR-3 (2) 1.0 × 107 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 100–150 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 3 mg/kg (2) 3 (3) 2 days |
25 days | (1a) 2-fold (1b) NR |
(1) No (2) No |
| (1) Estron ligand-pegylated liposome (2) ~120 nm [128] |
(1) Paclitaxel (PTX), epirubicin (EPI) (2) 9.42 mg/kg (PTX), 6 mg/kg (EPI) and (3a) 90.23 ± 0.52 (EPI), 61.85 ± 0.56 (PTX) (3b) 5.07 ± 0.84 (EPI), 4.39 ± 0.67(PTX) |
(1) MCF-7 (2) 2.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) ~100–200 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 9.42 mg/kg (PTX), 6 mg/kg(EPI) (2) 5 (3) 2 days |
35 days | (1a) 6-fold (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) Hyaluronic acid-hybrid micelle (2) ~125 nm [133] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 3 mg/kg and (3a) NR (3b) NR |
(1) 4T1 (2) 2.5 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) ~100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 3 mg/kg (2) 4 (3) 2 days |
20 days | (1a) 4.8-fold (1b) 4.4 fold |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) Hyaluronic acid-p-CBA-Carbon dots (2) ~125 nm [134] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 3 mg/kg and (3a) NR (3b) 18.13% |
(1) 4T1 (2) 1.0 × 107 (3) mice |
(1) 6 days (2) ~50–100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 3 mg/kg (2) 5 (3) 2 days |
21 days | (1a) 4-fold (1b) 2.5 fold |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) mPEG-HA/CSO-SS-Hex/SPION (2) ~100 nm [135] |
(1) Gambogic acid (2) 6 mg/kg and (3a) 85.1% (3b) 23.7% |
(1) 4T1 (2) NR (3) mice |
(1) 15 days (2) 300–400 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 6 mg/kg (2) 6 (3) 2 days |
13 days | (1a) 10-fold (1b) 4- fold |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) Tf-PEG-NPs (2) 89 nm [140] |
(1) Doxorubicin (DOX) Curcumin (CUR) (2) 50 mg/kg (DOX), 50 mg/kg(CUR) and (3a) 82.7 ± 4.1% (D-OX), 85.3 ± 3.2%(CUR) (3b) NR, 4.6 ± 0.8% (CUR) |
(1) MCF-7 (2) 1.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) NR |
i.v. | (1) 50 mg/kg (2) 7 (3) 7 days |
49 days | (1a) 6-fold (1b) NR |
(1) No (2) No |
| (1) αvβ3 integrin RGD peptide-chitosan NPs (2) 200 nm [148] |
(1) Raloxifene (2) 10 mg/kg and (3a) 50% (3b) NR |
(1) 4T1 (2) 3.0 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) NR |
Oral | (1) 10 mg/kg (2) 4 (3) 1 days |
13 days | (1a) 5-fold (1b) 2.8-fold |
(1) No (2) No |
| (1) EGF and αvβ3 integrin peptide-liposome (2) 100 nm [149] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 7.5 mg/kg and (3a) NR (3b) 18.13% |
(1) D2. A1 (2) 5.0 × 105 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) NR |
i.v. | (1) 7.5 mg/kg (2) 3 (3) 1 days |
49 days | (1a) NR (1b) NR,BLI signalling reduced to 1.33 fold |
(1) NR (2) NR |
| (1) Biotinylated porous hexagonal ZnO nanodisc (2) 200 nm [151] |
(1) Doxorubicin (2) 50 µg/mL and (3a) NR (3b) 63% |
(1) EAC (2) 1.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) 12 days (2) 150 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 50 µg/mL (2) NR (3) NR |
28 days | (1a) 3.5-fold (1b) 5.3-fold |
(1) NR (2) NR |
| (1) Biotinylated polymeric NPs (2) 105.8 ± 1.4 nm [154] |
(1) Doxorubicin (DOX), Quercetin (QUT) (2) 5 mg/kg and (3a) 86% (DOX), 91% (QUT) (3b) 3.6% (DOX), 7.9% (QUT) |
(1) MCF-7/ADR (2) 3.0 × 107 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 50 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 5 mg/kg (2) 8 (3) 3 days |
25 days | (1a) 1.95-fold (1b) 7-fold |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) LHRH-peptide conjugated dextran NPs (2) ~22 nm [158] |
(1) Cisplatin (2) 4 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and (3a) 85.5% (3b) 7.5% |
(1) MCF-7 (2) 1.5 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 50 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 4 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg (2) 3 (3) 4 days |
20 days | (1a) 1.1-fold (4 mg/kg), 1.5-fold (10 mg/kg) (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) LHRH-peptide conjugated dextran NPs (2) ~22 nm [159] |
(1) Cisplatin (2) 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and (3a) 85.5% (3b) 7.5% |
(1) 4T1 (2) 1.5 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 50 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg (2) 3 (3) 4 days |
20 days | (1a) 1.4-fold (5 mg/kg), 2.4-fold (10 mg/kg) (1b) 1.3-fold (5 mg/kg), 2.6-fold (10 mg/kg) |
(1) Yes (2) No |
| (1) LHRH-peptide conjugated liposome (2) 103.3 ± 0.70 nm, [160] |
(1) Mitoxantrone (2) 2.5 mg/kg, and (3a) 98.2% (3b) 9.5% |
1) MCF-7 (2) 4.0 × 106 (3) mice |
(1) NR (2) 100 mm3 |
i.v. | (1) 2.5 mg/kg and (2) 3 (3) 7 days |
21 days | (1a) 2-fold (1b) NR |
(1) Yes (2) No |
Abbreviation and meaning: EGF, epidermal growth factor; PMBN, poly (MPC-co-n-butyl methacrylate (BMA)-co-pnitrophenyloxycrabonyl poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (MEONP); PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); PEG, poly (ethylene glycol); PGG, poly (l-g-glutamyl glutamine); p-CBA, 4-carboxybenzaladehyde; CSO, chitosan oligosaccharide; HEX, hexadecanol; SPION, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; LHRH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.