Effects of rosmarinic acid (RA)-loaded nanovesicles (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), RA (20 mg/kg) or aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) (75 mg/kg) on inflammasome components expression and IL-1β levels in DSS-induced colitis in mice. (a) Representative Western blot analysis of inflammasome proteins. Densitometry analysis of (b) nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing family, pyrin domain- containing 3 (NLRP3), (c) inflammasome adaptor protein (ASC) and (d) caspase-1 were performed following normalization to the control (β-actin housekeeping gene). (e) IL-1 β production was evaluated by ELISA assay. Results are representative of five experiments performed on different simples. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Mean value was significantly different compared with the sham group (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; Mann–Whitney U test). Mean value was significantly different compared with DSS group (+ p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001; Kruskal–Wallis test) or RA group (# p < 0.05, # # p < 0.01; Kruskal–Wallis test).