Abstract
Personnel of the Danish Armed Forces must complete a yearly basic physical fitness test consisting of a Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) and four strength-related bodyweight exercises. However, there is no validated alternative to the CRT allowing injured or sailing personnel to conduct the yearly basic physical fitness test. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate performance in a 6-min rowing ergometer test (6MRT) against CRT performance. Thirty-one individuals (M/F: 20/11, age: 34 ± 12 years) employed at the Danish Armed Forces completed testing on two independent days; (I) the CRT on an outdoor track and (II) a 6MRT with pulmonary measurements of breath-by-breath oxygen uptake. In addition, 5 participants (M/F: 4/1, age: 40 ± 10 years) completed re-testing of the 6MRT. No difference was observed between VO2max estimated from the CRT and measured during the 6MRT. Absolute VO2max correlated strongly (r = 0.95; p < 0.001) to performance in the 6MRT, and moderately (r = 0.80; p < 0.001) to performance in the CRT. Bodyweight (BW) and fat free mass (FFM) correlated stronger to performance in the 6MRT compared to the CRT. 6MRT re-testing yielded similar performance results. The 6MRT is a valid and reliable alternative to the CRT, allowing injured or sailing personnel of the Danish Armed Forces to complete the basic physical fitness test as required, albeit 6MRT performance demands must be made relative to bodyweight.
Keywords: basic physical fitness test, 6-min rowing test, Cooper’s test, military personnel, re-testing, fitness test, physical performance
1. Introduction
1.1. Preface
Being a soldier is a physically demanding job and physical fitness is an important element of military tasks and military readiness [1]. The required fitness level depends on the task in question and the environment in which it is performed [2]. In general, good all-round physical fitness and strength is essential to meet the physical demands on the battlefield [3]. To ensure the capability of the soldiers to meet these demands and solve their military tasks, the different nation’s armed forces have various kinds of physical fitness tests and protocols that soldiers must pass [4]. In Denmark, military personnel must successfully complete a yearly basic physical fitness test to fulfil the demands of employment at the Danish Armed Forces. The basic physical fitness test is a physical minimum requirement test and includes a Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) and four strength-related bodyweight exercises (Table 1). The requirements for the basic physical fitness tests are differentiated on age but not gender. Hence, the requirement for the CRT is 1800–2200 m depending on age. For injured or sailing personnel, incapable of completing the CRT, alternative tests are available such as a shuttle run test, an ergometer bike test, or an indoor rowing test. The indoor rowing test lacks validation against the primary test, which is the 12-min CRT, and is preferred as the back-up test for injured personnel, or sailing personnel/personnel with no access to a running track. In addition, there is a lack of the specific ergometer bikes needed for completion of the ergometer bike test, limiting availability of this test in the Danish Armed Forces. In contrast, the Concept 2 rowing ergometer is common equipment in gyms and onboard vessels of the Danish Armed Forces. However, the indoor rowing test has only been validated against self-reported CRT distances ([5] personal communication). Hence, the Danish Armed Forces requested a 6-min rowing ergometer test (6MRT) to be validated against supervised CRT performance to enable more injured and/or sailing personnel to conduct the basic physical fitness testing.
Table 1.
Basic physical fitness test of the Danish Armed Forces.
| Endurance ^ | Strength (Set × Repetitions) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | Cooper’s Run Test (m) | Shuttle Run Test (Level) | Split Squats | Dips | Horizontal Pull Ups | Burpees |
| <49 | 2200 | 8.3 | 3 × 15 | 3 × 15 | 3 × 5 | 1 × 15 |
| 50–59 | 2000 | 6.9 | 3 × 12 | 3 × 12 | 3 × 3 | 1 × 10 |
| >60 | 1800 | 5.9 | 3 × 10 | 3 × 10 | 3 × 2 | 1 × 5 |
^ It is sufficient to meet the minimum requirements of one endurance test when completing the basic physical fitness test in the Danish Armed Forces.
1.2. Background
The primary factor contributing to performance during running is the speed associated with lactate threshold [6]. The lactate threshold during running is composed by the maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max), the sustainable fraction of VO2max, and running economy [6,7]. The primary contributor to performance during a 2000-m rowing event is the power output (Watt) associated with VO2max [8,9]. In running and rowing alike, performance is highly dependent on individual VO2max [6,7,8,9]. Hence, in both disciplines, athletes have high relative (up to 85 mL·kg−1·min−1 in elite long distance runners [7]) and absolute (>6 L·min−1 in elite male heavyweight rowers [8]) VO2max values. In rowing, a high bodyweight is less detrimental to exercise performance compared to running [8,9,10,11,12,13], but rather correlate positively with performance [8,9], as bodyweight correlates positively with absolute VO2max in rowers [10].
Engagement of a large muscle mass is important for assessment of VO2max [14], and in running and rowing, a variety of test protocols are used to assess VO2max [8,9,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. In running, VO2max-testing has been assessed using incremental tests in large heterogeneous populations [21] and in smaller homogenous populations in training intervention studies [15,20], proving a reliable and valid method for assessment of VO2max in non-specific populations. Further, VO2max can be estimated by the CRT [16], and the CRT estimated VO2max has been validated against gold-standard VO2max measurements in both men and women [17,18,19]. However, compared to VO2max values obtained during an incremental bicycle ergometer test, the CRT is less valid [22], suggesting a within-discipline specificity of the CRT. In rowing, assessment of VO2max is often conducted as an incremental test [8,9,23] or as a 6-min all-out test [23]. Previous studies report no significant difference in VO2max obtained during either type of test in elite lightweight rowers [23], indicating that the 6MRT may be valid for indirect measurements of VO2max, however whether this holds true for personnel employed at the Danish Armed Forces is unknown.
1.3. Aims
The aims of the present study were to validate whether VO2max during a 6MRT was comparable to the estimated VO2max of a supervised CRT among personnel at the Danish Armed Forces, and to establish minimum demands for mean power output (MPO) during the 6MRT for comparison with the demands (distance) of a supervised CRT. Furthermore, to investigate whether the demand for MPO during a 6MRT was bodyweight (BW) dependent, and whether the 6MRT was reproducible, as there may be technical difficulties related to ergometer rowing, because of inexperience with rowing, among personnel at the Danish Armed Forces.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
The study was a cross sectional study including male and female personnel in the Danish Armed Forces. The study was conducted at the Danish Medical Command, Center for Military Physical Training (CMT) in Copenhagen and consisted of two tests; a CRT and a 6MRT. Testing was interspersed by at least 72 h, with an average of 25 ± 20 days (mean ± SD) between tests.
2.2. Subjects
Thirty-five individuals (11 females, 24 males) employed at the Danish Armed Forces volunteered to participate in the study. Thirty-one individuals (11 females, 20 males) (Table 2) completed both tests. All subjects gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee for the faculties of SCIENCE and HEALTH, University of Copenhagen, (504–0333/21–5000). Further, the protocol was approved by the Danish Defense Medical Command, Center for Military Physical Training.
Table 2.
Subject characteristics.
| Male/female (n) | 20/11 |
| Age (years) | 34.3 ± 12.0 |
| Height (cm) | 177.7 ± 8.5 |
| BW (kg) | 77.6 ± 12.1 |
| FFM (kg) | 60.0 ± 12.6 |
| VO2max (L·min−1) | 3.7 ± 1.0 |
| Estimated VO2max (L·min−1) | 3.8 ± 1.0 |
Data is presented as mean ± SD. BW: bodyweight, FFM: fat free mass, VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake measured during the 6-min rowing test, Estimated VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake estimated from the Cooper’s 12-min run test.
2.3. Testing
The CRT was conducted prior to the 6MRT for all subjects. Subjects were informed not to conduct endurance or resistance training within 48 h before testing. In case of injury and/or illness, testing was postponed, or subjects were excluded from the study. Subjects were instructed to avoid caffeine 24 h prior to testing [24], and to maintain their normal lifestyle (dietary habits and exercise training) between tests. Before testing, weight was measured (SECA 712, SECA GmbH, Hamburg, Germany), and subjects were equipped with a chest heart rate monitor (Polar Team2 HR monitors, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland). Afterwards, subjects were instructed in the use of the RPE-scale (Borg’s scale). To access reliability of the 6MRT, five subjects (1 female, 4 males) were re-tested in the 6MRT after at least 48 h of rest.
2.3.1. Cooper’s 12-Min Run Test
Subjects reported at CMT in the morning or afternoon and were introduced to the test protocol. Subjects conducted a 10-min individual warm-up. Then, 2 min after the warm-up the CRT was conducted on a 400-m cinders track (gravel track). Time was monitored by an instructor (Magma Pro, Hanhart, Prague, Czech Republic) and time-splits were given in 400-m intervals and 6, 8, 10, 11, and 11.5 min was announced. During the CRT, subjects received verbal encouragement to achieve maximal effort. A whistle marked the end of the test. Subjects were instructed to run as far and fast as possible, and the distance of the last 400-m lap not completed at the end of the test, was measured with a calibrated measuring wheel (Nedo Lightweight Meausering Wheel Econo, Nedo GmbH, Dornstetten, Germany). Immediately after the test, subjects reported test-related RPE values.
2.3.2. 6-Min Rowing Test
Subjects reported at CMT in the morning or afternoon and were introduced to the test protocol. Prior to the test, subjects underwent 4-site skinfold measurements (Harpenden Skinfold Caliber, Baty International, West Sussex, UK) to determine individual body fat percentage and FFM. The 6MRT was conducted on a rowing ergometer (Concept 2, Model D, PM5, Concept 2 Inc., Morrisville, VT, USA) with damper set at 5 of 10. Subjects conducted a 5-min warmup at an individual pace. Post warm-up, there was a 2-min break before start of the 6MRT. During the 6MRT, subjects were instructed to perform maximally, and subjects received verbal encouragement to achieve maximal effort. Time (mm:ss), distance (m), MPO (W), and power per stroke (W) was monitored on the Concept 2 PM5-computer. VO2 and RER were measured breath-by-breath on a calibrated gas analyzing system (Quark Cardio Pulmonary Exercise Test (CPET), COSMED, Rome, Italy). Immediately after the 6MRT, subjects reported test-related RPE values.
2.4. Anthropometrics
Thirty of the thirty-one subjects included completed a 4-site skinfold measurement prior to the 6MRT. The skinfold measurement was conducted on the right-hand side of the torso. The average of two skinfold measurements was calculated and converted to body fat percentage (%). If the second skinfold measurement deviated by ≥1 mm from the first, a third measurement was conducted. FFM was subsequently found by subtracting body fat mass (kg) from the bodyweight (kg).
2.5. Calculations
Estimated VO2max from the CRT was based on Cooper’s formula: VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) = (distance (miles)−0.3138)/0.0278 [16,17], which was converted from miles to meters: VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) = ((distance (m)*0.02233)−11.3). During the 6MRT, VO2max and RERmax were determined as the highest values achieved over a 30-s period.
2.6. Statistics
SigmaPlot (version 14.0, Systat Software Inc., San José, CA, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Student’s paired t-tests were used to compare performance between the CRT and 6MRT, and to evaluate changes in performance between the repeated 6MRTs. Normal distribution was assessed based on Shapiro Wilk’s test and Wilcoxon signed ranked test was performed to compare non-parametric data. A significance level of p < 0.05 was chosen. To assess correlations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was determined by use of regression analysis, with the strength of association regarded as weak (<0.71), moderate (0.71–0.87), or strong (>0.87).
3. Results
3.1. Maximal Oxygen Uptake
There was no difference between estimated VO2max from the CRT and measured VO2max during the 6MRT in relative (49.1 ± 7.9 vs. 48.2 ± 8.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) and absolute (3.8 ± 1.0 vs. 3.7 ± 1.0 L·min−1) values, respectively (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Relative (a) and absolute (b) VO2max estimated from the Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) and measured during the 6-min rowing test (6MRT) in 31 individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces.
3.2. Comparison of Performance Characteristics Between Cooper’s 12-min Run Test and the 6-min Rowing Test
During the CRT, distance covered was higher (p < 0.05) compared to the 6MRT. Maximal and mean HR were higher (p < 0.001) and RPE was lower (p < 0.05) during the CRT compared to the 6MRT (Table 3).
Table 3.
Performance characteristics of a Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) and a 6-min rowing test (6MRT) in 31 individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces.
| CRT | 6MRT | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distance (m) | 2705 ± 356 | 1507 ± 160 * | p < 0.001 |
| RPE (6–20) | 17.2 ± 1.2 | 17.7 ± 1.3 * | p < 0.05 |
| HRmean (beats·min−1) § | 176 ± 10 | 166 ± 13 * | p < 0.001 |
| HRmax (beats·min−1) § | 186 ± 10 | 176 ± 11 * | p < 0.001 |
| MPO (watt) | N/A | 211 ± 65 | |
| RERmax | N/A | 1.08 ± 0.07 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. CRT: Cooper’s 12-min run test, 6MRT: 6-min rowing test, RPE: rating of perceived exertion, HRmean: mean heart rate, HRmax: maximal heart rate, MPO: mean power output, RERmax: maximal respiratory exchange ratio. §: n = 27. * Different from CRT.
3.3. Test Performance Correlations
Distance covered during the CRT correlated moderately (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) to absolute VO2max estimated from the CRT performance (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Correlation between distance covered and estimated absolute VO2max calculated after Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) in 31 individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces.
The MPO achieved during the 6MRT correlated strongly (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) to measured absolute VO2max (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Correlation between mean power output and measured absolute VO2max during the 6-min rowing test (6MRT) in 31 individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces.
Bodyweight and fat free mass were stronger correlated to MPO during the 6MRT (BW: r = 0.73, p < 0.001; FFM: r = 0.87, p < 0.001) than distance covered during the CRT (BW: r = 0.30, p > 0.05; FFM: r = 0.55, p < 0.01) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Correlation between test performance of the Cooper’s 12-min run test (CRT) and a 6-min rowing test (6MRT), bodyweight and fat free mass in 31 individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces.
| CRT (m) | 6MRT (MPO, W) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
| BW (kg) | 0.30 § | p > 0.05 | 0.73 £ | p < 0.001 |
| FFM (kg) | 0.55 § | p < 0.01 | 0.87 £ | p < 0.001 |
CRT: Cooper’s 12-min run test, 6MRT: 6-min rowing test, MPO: mean power output, VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake, BW: bodyweight, FFM: fat free mass. £ Moderate correlation (r = 0.71–0.87). § Weak correlation (r < 0.71).
3.4. Test-Retest Comparisons of the 6-min Rowing Test
Characteristics, performance, and physiological measures of five individuals (1 female, 4 male) performing 6MRT re-testing. There were no differences in characteristics, performance, and physiological measures between the first and second 6MRT (Table 5).
Table 5.
Effects of re-testing in a 6-min rowing test (6MRT) in 5 individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces.
| 6MRT | Re-Test 6MRT | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 40.0 ± 10.5 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 77.2 ± 8.6 | 77.1 ± 8.7 | 0.75 |
| FFM (kg) | 59.1 ± 12.4 | 59.7 ± 12.3 | 0.27 |
| Performance | |||
| Distance (m) | 1498 ± 191 | 1501 ± 176 | 0.80 |
| MPO (watt) | 210 ± 77 | 210 ± 72 | 1.00 |
| Physiological Measures | |||
| VO2max (L·min−1) | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 0.20 |
| VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 48.9 ± 9.0 | 48.3 ± 7.9 | 0.68 |
| Exercise Economy (mL O2·watt−1) | 19.2 ± 2.9 | 18.4 ± 1.7 | 0.25 |
| RPE (6–20) | 18.0 ± 1.6 | 18.0 ± 1.2 | 1.00 |
| HRmean (beats·min−1) | 161 ± 13 | 161 ± 11 | 0.94 |
| HRmax (beats·min−1) | 172 ± 9 | 173 ± 12 | 0.52 |
| RERmax | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.08 | 0.84 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. 6MRT: 6-min rowing test, FFM: fat free mass, MPO: mean power output, VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake, RPE: rating of perceived exertion, HRmean: mean heart rate, HRmax: maximal heart rate, RERmax: maximal respiratory exchange ratio.
4. Discussions
The primary finding of this study was that VO2max obtained during the 6MRT was similar to that estimated from the supervised CRT. Furthermore, mean power output during the 6MRT correlated stronger to absolute VO2max, bodyweight, and fat free mass than distance during the supervised CRT. Lastly, the 6MRT protocol was reliable with a high degree of reproducibility.
In the present study, VO2max values obtained during the 6MRT did not differ from those estimated from the CRT. The estimated VO2max from the CRT is validated in several studies [16,17,18,19], and this test is a well-known part of the basic physical fitness test of the Danish Armed Forces. The similarities in VO2max values achieved between tests suggest that the 6MRT is a reliable and valid alternative to the CRT. Previous studies have failed to show a similarity in VO2max obtained during treadmill running and ergometer rowing [25,26,27] or in VO2max estimated from a CRT and measured during an incremental bicycle ergometer test [22]. However, the test protocols applied in these studies are different from the present study, mainly due to the application of incremental type tests in a non-military population [22,25,26,27]. Thus, they may not be applicable for direct comparison with the all-out test protocols in a military population utilized in the present study.
VO2max is a well-known discriminator of endurance performance, and performance in the CRT correlated moderately with absolute VO2max, but weakly with fat free mass and bodyweight. However, there was a weak and non-significant positive correlation between bodyweight and running performance, which is in contrast to observations in previous studies showing a detrimental effect of increased bodyweight on distance running performance in well-trained runners [12] and top-100 world class track and field athletes [13]. Since the correlation between bodyweight and running performance was weak and non-significant, and the correlation between fat free mass and running performance was weak, neither measures were deemed as important performance indicators for the CRT. Performance in the 6MRT correlated stronger to absolute VO2max compared to CRT performance. This observation is in accordance with previous studies in which strong correlations were found between absolute VO2max and 2000 m rowing performance [8,9]. Bodyweight and fat free mass correlated moderately with performance in the 6MRT, which could be explained by a positive correlation between bodyweight and absolute VO2max and fat free mass. One study demonstrated a positive correlation between absolute VO2max and bodyweight in rowers [10], and given that muscle strength is vital for performance during a rowing event [28,29], this could explain the correlation between fat free mass and performance during the 6MRT. Consequently, it is crucial to take fat free mass, secondarily bodyweight, into account when establishing demands i.e., relative mean power output for performance in a 6MRT. For practical reasons based on everyday possibilities, a validated demand for mean power output during the 6MRT must be bodyweight dependent, as it is not possible to establish fat free mass during basic physical testing across the Danish Armed Forces.
Performance from 6MRT re-testing was not different from the first 6MRT, suggesting that the rowing protocol applied in the present study is reliable for assessment of VO2max in the current population. Furthermore, ratings of perceived exertion and respiratory exchange ratio were similar between tests, suggesting a similar relative degree of fatigue. However, only five subjects completed re-testing (due to restrictions elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic), warranting caution on interpretation.
Heart rate during the 6MRT was significantly lower than during the CRT. This observation is in accordance with previous observations [25,26,27] and is most likely due to a greater muscle mass engaged during rowing, resulting in an improved venous return and therefore greater stroke volume and oxygen pulse during rowing compared to running. Thus, differences in heart rate during these tests do not necessarily reflect differences in exercise intensity, but rather differences related to exercise modality.
The higher ratings of perceived exertion after the 6MRT suggest that this test is harder to complete than the CRT. The majority of the Danish Armed Forces personnel are far more accustomed to running than rowing, which could be the underlying reason for the higher ratings of perceived exertion reported following the 6MRT compared to the CRT. Furthermore, the similar estimated and measured VO2max values achieved implies a similar aerobic demand that is perceived harder during the most unfamiliar type of exercise modality. Lastly, the CRT is a well-known part of the basic physical fitness testing in the Danish Armed Forces, which could also explain the lower ratings of perceived exertion reported during this test compared to the 6MRT. Moreover, the lower heart rate and higher ratings of perceived exertion during the 6MRT could be explained by the greater demand for muscle strength, especially in the upper body, during rowing compared to running [28,29]. This could arguably cause greater peripheral muscular fatigue towards the end of the test, limiting the aerobic contribution during the event and inhibiting personnel to obtain maximal heart rate whilst causing greater perceived exertion compared to the CRT.
5. Conclusions
The present study shows that VO2max values measured during the 6MRT are comparable to those estimated from the CRT in personnel of the Danish Armed Forces. Furthermore, the mean power output demands of the 6MRT must be made relative to bodyweight, due to the positive correlations between 6MRT performance and absolute VO2max, fat free mass and bodyweight. The 6MRT is considered a valid and reliable alternative to the CRT, and when taking bodyweight into consideration, minimum demands can be established for mean power output during the 6MRT that are comparable to the basic age-related demands for the CRT among personnel in the Danish Armed Forces. The rowing ergometer provides a safe, seated, and non-weight-bearing exercise type, which enable injured or sailing personnel of the Danish Armed Forces to complete the basic physical fitness test as required with minimum requirements comparable to the demands of the CRT.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge individuals employed at the Danish Armed Forces that reported voluntarily for the present investigation.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, O.F., H.A.H. and T.P.G.; Data curation, O.F.; Formal analysis, O.F.; Investigation, O.F.; Methodology, O.F., H.A.H. and T.P.G.; Project administration, H.A.H. and T.P.G.; Supervision, H.A.H. and T.P.G.; Validation, O.F., H.A.H. and T.P.G.; Visualization, O.F.; Writing–original draft, O.F.; Writing–review & editing, H.A.H. and T.P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of faculties of SCIENCE and HEALTH, University of Copenhagen, (504–0333/21–5000 on 11 January 2021).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.