Table 1.
Background characteristics of the study sample by consumption of individual polyphenol-rich beverages.
| Tea | Coffee | Fresh Citrus Juice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T3 | T1 | T3 | T1 | T3 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 283 (44.6) | 233 (34.1) | 229 (45.1) | 321 (40.6) | 271 (39.6) | 286 (42.6) |
| Female | 351 (55.4) | 451 (65.9) ** | 279 (54.9) | 470 (59.4) | 414 (60.4) | 385 (57.4) |
| Age group | ||||||
| <30 | 104 (16.4) | 134 (19.6) | 122 (24.0) | 131 (16.6) | 109 (15.9) | 138 (20.6) |
| 30–44 | 185 (29.2) | 182 (26.6) | 154 (30.3) | 203 (25.7) | 150 (21.9) | 199 (29.7) |
| 44–65 | 216 (34.1) | 265 (38.7) | 154 (30.3) | 318 (40.2) | 245 (35.7) | 249 (37.1) |
| >65 | 129 (20.3) | 104 (15.2) * | 78 (15.4) | 139 (17.6) ** | 182 (26.5) | 85 (12.7) ** |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Low | 239 (37.7) | 239 (34.9) | 151 (29.7) | 309 (39.1) | 337 (49.2) | 178 (26.5) |
| Medium | 252 (39.7) | 246 (36.0) | 214 (42.1) | 289 (36.5) | 203 (29.6) | 290 (43.2) |
| High | 143 (22.6) | 199 (29.1) | 143 (28.1) | 193 (24.4) * | 145 (21.2) | 203 (30.3) ** |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 378 (59.6) | 431 (63.0) | 369 (72.6) | 427 (54.0) | 383 (55.9) | 442 (65.9) |
| Current smoker | 154 (24.3) | 170 (24.9) | 83 (16.3) | 224 (28.3) | 160 (23.4) | 153 (22.8) |
| Former smoker | 102 (16.1) | 83 (12.1) | 56 (11.0) | 140 (17.7) ** | 142 (20.7) | 76 (11.3) ** |
| Physical activity level | ||||||
| Low | 111 (19.7) | 103 (16.9) | 95 (20.9) | 117 (17.2) | 138 (25.7) | 92 (14.3) |
| Medium | 266 (47.2) | 333 (54.8) | 200 (44.0) | 369 (54.2) | 290 (54.0) | 298 (46.2) |
| High | 187 (33.2) | 172 (28.3) * | 160 (35.2) | 195 (28.6) * | 109 (20.3) | 255 (39.5) ** |
| BMI categories | ||||||
| Normal | 263 (44.6) | 340 (54.1) | 245 (53.0) | 322 (43.6) | 264 (42.2) | 313 (49.7) |
| Overweight | 206 (34.9) | 215 (34.2) | 156 (33.8) | 266 (36.0) | 216 (34.6) | 238 (37.8) |
| Obese | 121 (20.5) | 73 (11.6) ** | 61 (13.2) | 151 (20.4) * | 145 (23.2) | 79 (12.5) ** |
| Mediterranean diet adherence | ||||||
| Low | 362 (57.1) | 356 (52.0) | 281 (55.3) | 415 (52.5) | 387 (56.5) | 311 (46.3) |
| Medium | 212 (33.4) | 252 (36.8) | 167 (32.9) | 294 (37.2) | 260 (38.0) | 259 (38.6) |
| High | 60 (9.5) | 76 (11.1) | 60 (11.8) | 82 (10.4) | 38 (5.5) | 101 (15.1) ** |
Results are expressed as n (%); * denotes p < 0.05 for Chi-squared analysis; ** denotes p < 0.001 for Chi-squared analysis.