Table 5.
Association between polyphenol-rich beverages consumption and metabolic outcomes in the study sample.
| Hypertension | Type-2 Diabetes | Dyslipidemia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| Tea | |||||||||
| Model 1 a | 1 | 1.45 (1.14–1.84) |
0.86 (0.69–1.07) |
1 | 1.42 (0.89–2.27) |
1.03 (0.66–1.63) |
1 | 0.94 (0.67–1.30) |
0.75 (0.50–1.12) |
| Model 2 b | 1 | 1.42 (1.06–1.90) |
1.00 (0.76–1.30) |
1 | 1.19 (0.69–2.05) |
1.44 (0.84–2.48) |
1 | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) |
0.84 (0.64–1.10) |
| Model 3 c | 1 | 1.39 (1.04–1.86) |
0.95 (0.73–1.25) |
1 | 1.15 (0.67–1.98) |
1.39 (0.81–2.40) |
1 | 0.90 (0.60–1.34) |
0.91 (0.64–1.28) |
| Coffee | |||||||||
| Model 1 a | 1 | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) |
0.96 (0.76–1.22) |
1 | 0.99 (0.60–1.64) |
0.92 (0.57–1.47) |
1 | 1.08 (0.77–1.50) |
0.90 (0.66–1.22) |
| Model 2 b | 1 | 1.01 (0.76–1.36) |
0.66 (0.50–0.88) |
1 | 0.72 (0.40–1.31) |
0.74 (0.42–1.30) |
1 | 0.80 (0.53–1.19) |
0.64 (0.43–0.95) |
| Model 3 c | 1 | 1.00 (0.74–1.34) | 0.64 (0.48–0.86) |
1 | 0.72 (0.39–1.30) |
0.74 (0.42–1.31) |
1 | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) |
0.64 (0.43–0.95) |
| Fresh citrus juice | |||||||||
| Model 1 a | 1 | 0.63 (0.45–0.86) |
0.65 (0.52–0.81) |
1 | 1.44 (0.85–2.43) |
0.31 (0.17–0.56) |
1 | 0.67 (0.45–1.02) |
0.29 (0.21–0.41) |
| Model 2 b | 1 | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) |
0.79 (0.61–1.02) |
1 | 1.07 (0.67–1.73) |
0.41 (0.22–0.77) |
1 | 0.83 (0.52–1.32) |
0.33 (0.22–0.49) |
| Model 3 c | 1 | 0.71 (0.49–1.03) |
0.80 (0.62–1.04) |
1 | 1.17 (0.62–2.22) |
0.43 (0.23–0.80) |
1 | 0.84 (0.53–1.35) |
0.32 (0.22–0.48) |
Results are expressed as OR (95% CI); a Adjusted for total energy intake and all beverages investigated; b Adjusted as model 1 plus age, sex, educational status, smoking status, physical activity level; c Adjusted as model 2 plus adherence to the Mediterranean diet.