Table 3.
Metal concentrations in microgram per gram in seaweed collected from three Malaysian locations: Langkawi (LKW), Semporna (SPN), and Kota Belud (KBL). Data are presented in terms of mean ± relative standard deviation (RSD), also their range. Overall mean value for samples collected from the Malaysian locations are compared with literature values from similar studies conducted elsewhere in the world.
| Metal | Measured Concentrations of Metals in Microgram Per Gram in the Seaweed Samples under This Study | Literature Data in Microgram Per Gram, Together with the Country of Study | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LKW (n = 3) | SPN (n = 3) | KBL (n = 2) | Overall Mean Value | ||
| Mean ± RSD (Range) |
Mean ± RSD (Range) |
Mean ± RSD (Range) |
|||
| K | 95,450 ± 2.10 (93,400–97,950) |
79,575 ± 1.95 (52,950–106,200) |
6815 ± 0.94 (6133.5–7496.5) |
60,613 | 7900 ± 3900–71,200 ± 20,200 [3], New Zealand; 31,840–115,790 ± 1280 [47], Spain |
| Ca | 1097 ± 1.59 (267–2731) |
1929 ± 0.96 (1481–2378) |
2357 ± 1.01 (2121.3–2592.7) |
1794 | 8500 ± 4500–15,300 ± 800 [3], New Zealand 3900 ± 170–10,050 ± 50 [47], Spain |
| Mg | 772 ± 2.19 (765–779) |
2280 ± 1.34 (742–3818) |
549 ± 0.99 (439.2–658.8) |
1200 | 5650 ± 110–11,810 ± 340 [47], Spain |
| Pb | 8.47 ± 5.49 (6.75–11) |
3.75 ± 4.56 (2.75–4.75) |
10.85 ± 1.16 (9.76–11.94) |
7.69 | 0.1–12.1 + 4.0 [48], UK; <LOD–6.96 [31], China; 0.14 ± 0.02–1.83 ± 0.99 [3], New Zealand; 8.38–159.39 [49], Egypt 0.003 [50], Turkey 9.5–19.0 [51], Greece 1.31–2.33 [52], Syria 108.54–333.60 [53], Italy |
| Cd | 1.73 ± 1.66 (1.6–1.95) |
1.7 ± 3.29 (1.4–2) |
1.45 ± 0.46 (1.23–1.67) |
1.63 | 0.23–1.34 [49], Egypt; 0.002–6.4 [31], China; 0.02–10.03 + 4.12 [48], UK 0.011–0.18 [50], Turkey 0.8–3.1 [51], Greece <0.1–<0.5 [52], Syria 5.22–9.58 [53], Italy |
| Se | 4.9 ± 7.36 (4.3–5.5) |
33.95 ± 8.89 (6–61.9) |
36.85 ± 2.04 (33.18–40.55) |
25.2 | 0.07 ± 0.03–0.17 ± 0.02 [3], New Zealand <LOD‒12 [31], China |
| Al | 69.2 ± 4.13 (47.6–98.6) |
18.55 ± 3.28 (16.7–20.4) |
36 ± 0.76 (32.4–39.6) |
41.3 | 0.173–4505 [31], China |
| Mn | 13 ± 4.13 (6.5–25.6) |
3.35 ± 2.68 (2.5–4.2) |
4.7 ± 0.85 (3.53–5.88) |
7.02 | 3.7 ± 0.2–192.3 ± 142.1 [3], New Zealand 0.404–407 [31], China 18.8 + 2.2–778.4 + 38.8 [43], UK <5.0–55.0 ± 1.1 [47], Spain |
| Cu | 2.38 ± 1.86 (1.8–2.9) |
1.225 ± 1.16 (0.85–1.6) |
1.3 ± 0.83 (0.91–1.70) |
1.64 | 0.47–65.72 [49], Egypt <LOD–39.2 [31], China 4.8+2.0–50.6+10.6 [48], UK 5.09 ± 3.83–23.62 ± 16.03 [3], New Zealand <5.0 [47], Spain |
| Zn | 18.2 ± 2.29 (15.7–20.75) |
13.875 ± 1.14 (12–15.75) |
22.3 ± 0.62 (13.4–31.2) |
18.1 | 4.95–111.70 [49], Egypt 12.9 + 0.8–1015.5 + 54.4 [48], UK 9.9 ± 0.2–61.0 ± 22.7 [3], New Zealand 17.4 ± 0–71.4 ± 1.3 [47], Spain |
| Fe | 283 ± 1.94 (232.5–324.2) |
160 ± 2.77 (133–187) |
239 ± 1.74 (215.1–262.9) |
227 | 65.0 + 4.1–1208 + 98.2 [48], UK 13.7 ± 1.8–1227 ± 522 [3], New Zealand 32.9 ± 5.4–103 ± 4.1 [47], Spain 72.38–3865.96 [49], Egypt |
| As (III) | 1.91 ± 6.47 (1.35–2.25) |
6.3 ± 2.86 (4.7–7.9) |
5 ± 7.75 (4.3–5.7) |
4.40 | 1.88 ± 0.63–51.32 ± 6.49 [3], New Zealand 0.185–71 [31], China 0.10–1.47 [45], China |
| Na | 4286 ± 1.74 (4227–4396) |
2375 ± 2.22 (1576–3174) |
31.18 ± 1.03 (28.06–34.3) |
2231 | 36,270 ± 1150–17,640 ± 1660 [47], Spain 1700 ± 600–56,700 ± 18,100 [3], New Zealand |
| Ni | 12.97 ± 1.80 (12.3–13.4) |
10 ± 1.07 (8–12.75) |
10.6 ± 0.25 (6.9–14.3) |
10.0 | 0.3 + 0.1–70.5 + 8.9 ([48]), UK <LOD–8.82 [31], China 3.15–52.56 [49], Egypt |
| Cr-VI | 40.57 ± 1.50 (37–45.8) |
30.3 ± 1.75 (23.8–36.8) |
40.15 ± 2.27 (32.9–47.37) |
26.0 | 0.8 + 0.1–5.0 + 0.6 [48], UK 0.089–35.7 [31], China 0.44 ± 0.23–2.61 ± 3.08 [3], New Zealand |
| Ag | 0.2 ± 3.96 (0.15–0.25) |
0.125 ± 4.88 (0.1–0.15) |
0.2 ± 2.84 (0.15–0.25) |
0.18 | 0.9 + 0.2–4.2 + 0.6 [48], UK |
| Si | 391 ± 2.28 (237.7–489.7) |
122 ± 5.85 (74–170) |
209 ± 1.05 (177.7–240.4) |
241 | NA |