Abstract
Background
This study aimed to investigate the function and underlying molecular mechanism of N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) in cisplatin (CDDP) chemosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
Methods
Salivary Naa10p levels in 76 OSCC patients undergoing CDDP-based chemotherapy were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to examine the expression of Naa10p in constructed CDDP-resistant OSCC cell (Cal-27/CDDP) lines and nude mouse model. In addition, the tumor volume and weight of nude mice were analyzed. Lentiviral system was employed to establish and identify OSCC cell lines with stable Naa10p interference or overexpression. MTT assay was used for drug sensitivity analysis. P-gp and Bcl-2 expression levels were tested by Western blot.
Results
Higher salivary Naa10p expression was present in the complete response/partial response group (n=46) compared to the stable disease/progressive disease group (n=30) in OSCC patients receiving chemotherapy treatment. Naa10p expression was down-regulated in Cal-27/CDDP cells and tissues. Naa10p overexpression significantly reduced the expression level of drug-resistant molecules. Naa10p was related to CDDP resistance and enhanced CDDP sensitivity in OSCC according to drug sensitivity analysis and nude mouse model experiments.
Conclusion
Naa10p plays a tumor suppressor gene role and is associated with CDDP resistance in OSCC. It can enhance CDDP sensitivity in OSCC and may be a potential target for OSCC chemotherapy.
Keywords: N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cisplatin, chemosensitivity
Introduction
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an emerging common oral malignant tumor, comprising almost 3% of all new clinical cancer cases.1 Even though current treatment strategy has made significant progress, the overall five-year survival rate for OSCC patients remains unsatisfactory at <50%.2 Routine OSCC treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy can improve the overall survival, especially for patients with advanced oral cancer.3 Nevertheless, drug resistance in chemotherapy has largely hampered the efficacy of comprehensive treatment for OSCC.4 Cisplatin (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug with advantages for treatment of multiple cancers. Its clinical utility is frequently restricted by drug resistance and severe side effects.5 However, the mechanism of CDDP resistance is extremely complex and involves the interaction of many transcription factors, tumor suppressor factors, and related signaling pathways.6 Therefore, in-depth knowledge about the molecular mechanism of CDDP resistance in OSCC chemotherapy, screening, and identifying molecular markers related to drug resistance are of great clinical significance for preventing or reversing OSCC drug resistance and improving the therapeutic effect.
N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) is the most common catalytic subunit of non-histone N-terminal α-acetylase in organisms that takes part in various vital biological processes.7 Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that Naa10p is involved in the development of cancers and plays different roles in various tumors. It participates in tumor differentiation, formation, and metastasis in oral,8 breast,9,10 liver,11,12 lung,13 prostate,14 and colon15 cancers. Scholars have indicated that Naa10p is highly expressed in OSCC. Naa10p also has anti-cancer effects on the progression of OSCC.8 High Naa10p expression level has a connection with tumor invasiveness and low survival rate in colon cancer patients.16 Furthermore, studies involving Naa10p in drug resistance of various cancers have been published. Some researchers have also pointed out that Naa10p can change tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs by affecting cell apoptosis.1,17 However, the molecular mechanism of Naa10p involved in OSCC progression and CDDP chemotherapy resistance remains elusive.
The present study established CDDP-resistant OSCC cell lines and nude mouse models to explore the effect of Naa10p on CDDP chemoresistance in OSCC in order to identify the function of Naa10p in the clinical treatment of OSCC.
Methods
Study Subjects and Saliva Samples
The subjects were 76 patients with a clinical diagnosis of OSCC who were treated with CDDP chemotherapy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine (Shihezi, China). The patients included 41 males and 35 females with an average age of 62.89 ± 13.74 years (range, 22–83 years). The clinical efficacy was evaluated using RECIST guidelines.18 Patients with complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) were regarded as responders, and patients with stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD) as non-responders. There was no statistically difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and degree of differentiation.
1–2 mL unstimulated saliva samples were collected from the patients. After centrifuging the saliva samples at 800 × g (room temperature) for 2 min, the supernatant was transferred to sterile sample tubes, followed by the addition of protease inhibitors. The saliva samples were stored at −80°C for further analysis. Naa10p saliva levels were analyzed using the DL-NAA10-Hu ELISA kit (DL Develop, Kelowna, BC, Canada) according to the manufacturer instructions. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Shihezi University and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided informed consent.
Cell Culture
Cal-27 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured with standard culture conditions. In the early stages, low-dose CDDP was used to continuously induce Cal-27 cells. The dose was then gradually increased to treat Cal-27 cells until the surviving cells showed a normal growth pattern in order to construct CDDP-resistant OSCC cells (Cal-27/CDDP). All cell lines were kept in moist air with 5% CO2 at 37°C in DMEM containing 10% FBS (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
Generation of Stable Naa10p Knockdown or Overexpression Cell Lines
Naa10p interference lentivirus (LV-shNaa10p), Naa10p overexpression lentivirus (LV-Naa10p), and control lentivirus (LV-NC) were constructed, packaged, and purified by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. Cal-27 cells were then infected with LV-shNaa10p, LV-Naa10p, and LV-NC. In addition, different multiplicity of infection (MOI) was established to determine the best infection efficiency. Western blot detected the interference and overexpression efficiency of Naa10p.
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA in OSCC cells was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) according to manufacturer instructions. PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit (Takara, Dalian, China) was used to reverse transcribe into cDNA. Naa10p expression levels were quantified using SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) served as an internal reference. Relative Naa10p expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method. Primer sequences were as follows: Naa10p, forward: 5ʹ-ATGAACATCCGCAATG-3ʹ, reverse: 5ʹ-ACAATCTTCCCATTCTC-3ʹ; GAPDH, forward: 5ʹ-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3ʹ, reverse: 5ʹ-ATGGTGGTGAAGACGCCAG T-3ʹ.
Drug Sensitivity Determination
The infected OSCC cells were treated with different concentrations of CDDP ranging from 0.1 to 8 μg/mL for 72 h. MTT assay was performed for drug sensitivity analysis. The absorbance of each well at 490 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., CA, USA). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and resistance index (RI) were analyzed to evaluate CDDP-induced cytotoxicity.
Western Blot
The whole protein samples from OSCC tissues and cells were extracted using a radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer containing a protease inhibitor (1:100; Sigma, St. Louis). A total of 50 μg of lyase were imprinted using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Merck Millipore). After incubation with a primary antibody at 4°C overnight, the membrane was incubated with a secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Naa10p, Bcl-2, and P-gp expression in tumor cells was evaluated using a Western blot. Protein band detection was accomplished using enhanced chemiluminescence (Pierce Biotechnology; Rockford, IL, USA). ImageJ software was used for quantification and comparison of protein bands. Band density was standardized to β-actin.
Xenograft Tumor Model in Nude Mice
Animal experiments were conducted following the agreement of the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, and performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Four- to six-week-old BALB/c nude mice were bought from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. Cal-27/CDDP and Cal-27 cells (1.5×107/mL) were injected subcutaneously into the right abdomen in mice. After ten days, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with CDDP every two days for 14 days. After drug injection, the tumor volumes were measured every two days and calculated using the formula of volume as width2 × length × 0.5. Mice were euthanized for tumor weight analysis. Tumor growth curves were prepared at the end of the experiment.
Statistical Analyses
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or standard error (SE). GraphPad Prism software 8.0 was used for statistical analysis. Student’s t-test was performed to evaluate the differences in Naa10p expression level, tumor volume, and weight between two groups. Statistical differences in protein levels and IC50 values among multiple groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Correlation Between Salivary Naa10p Level and Clinical Chemotherapy Efficacy in OSCC Patients Treated with CDDP Chemotherapy
Of all OSCC patients, 46 patients were assessed as chemotherapy responders (CR + PR) and 30 patients as non-responders (SD + PD). Salivary Naa10p level was significantly higher in the PR/CR group compared to the PD/SD group (P < 0.05; Figure 1), suggesting that Naa10p is associated with OSCC CDDP chemotherapy.
Figure 1.
Naa10p expression in saliva of OSCC patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy. *P < 0.05.
Abbreviations: CR, complete remission; PR, partial remission; SD, stability disease; PD, progressive disease.
Naa10p Expression in OSCC Cells and CDDP-Resistant OSCC Cell Lines
To explore the effect of Naa10p on CDDP resistance in OSCC cells, Naa10p expression in Cal-27/CDDP cells was analyzed using Western blot and qRT-PCR. The findings illustrated that the level of Naa10p expression was remarkably lower in Cal-27/CDDP cells compared to the corresponding parental cells (P < 0.01; Figure 2). This indicated that Naa10p might be related to CDDP resistance in OSCC.
Figure 2.
Naa10p expression in CDDP-resistant OSCC cells. (A) qPCR was performed to analyze Naa10p expression in CDDP-resistant cells and control cells. **P < 0.01. (B) Western blot was performed to analyze Naa10p expression in CDDP-resistant cells and control cells.
Determination of Lentivirus Infection Efficiency
The cells in Naa10p interference, Naa10p overexpression, and control groups infected with lentivirus vector were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. The lentivirus infection efficiency was >90% with MOI 200, which was then selected for cell infection. Western blot analysis identified the efficiency of the lentivirus infection. Naa10p expression was reduced in the LV-shNaa10p group and increased in the LV-Naa10p group (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Determination of lentivirus infection efficiency. (A) Infection efficiency of lentivirus in Cal-27 cells with MOI 200 was detected under the laser confocal microscope (×40). (B) Efficiency identification of interference or overexpression of Naa10p by lentivirus infection.
Growth Inhibitory Effect of Different CDDP Concentrations on Cal-27 Cells
The proliferation inhibition effect of CDDP on Cal-27 cells was enhanced by increasing drug concentration. The growth inhibition rate of Naa10p knockdown cells was significantly lower than that of control cells. Conversely, Naa10p overexpression significantly enhanced the growth inhibition of CDDP in Cal-27 cells (Figure 4A). The effect of Naa10p expression level on CDDP sensitivity was evaluated according to the IC50 value and RI (Table 1 and Figure 4B). The IC50 value and RI for CDDP in the LV-shNaa10p group were higher compared to the control (P < 0.05), indicating that interfering with Naa10p can reduce CDDP sensitivity in Cal-27 cells and signifying that OSCC cell drug resistance was enhanced. Cal-27 cell sensitivity to CDDP was significantly enhanced, while IC50 value and RI were obviously reduced in the LV-Naa10p group (P < 0.05).
Figure 4.
Effects of different concentrations of cisplatin on Cal-27 cells. (A) Cell growth inhibitory effect of cisplatin on each group. (B) IC50 values of cisplatin in each group. **P < 0.01 vs Cal-27 group.
Table 1.
CDDP Sensitivity of Cal-27 Cells with Different Levels of Naa10p
| Group | IC50(μg/mL) | RI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cal-27 | 0.759±0.009 | - | - |
| Cal-27-LV-NC | 0.803±0.013 | 1.014 | 0.372 |
| Cal-27-LV-shNaa10p | 2.412±0.041 | 3.042 | 0.000 |
| Cal-27-LV-Naa10p | 0.366±0.018 | 0.457 | 0.000 |
Drug-Resistant Molecule Bcl-2 and P-gp Expression in OSCC Cells is Affected by Naa10p Expression Changes
Western blot analysis evaluated the expression of drug resistance-related molecules Bcl-2 and P-gp in different groups. The results showed that interfering with Naa10p markedly enhanced P-gp and Bcl-2 expression levels, while up-regulation of Naa10p significantly inhibited Bcl-2 and P-gp expression levels (Figure 5). These results suggested that Naa10p is closely related to CDDP chemotherapy resistance.
Figure 5.
Drug-resistant molecules expression of Cal-27 cells with different expression levels of Naa10p. (A) The expression of Naa10p, P-gp and Bcl-2 in different groups were detected by Western blot. (B) Relative density of Naa10p normalized to β-actin. (C) Relative density of P-gp normalized to β-actin. (D) Relative density of Bcl-2 normalized to β-actin. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
Relationship Between Naa10p and CDDP-Resistant OSCC Cells in vivo
The present study demonstrated that Naa10p enhances OSCC cell sensitivity to CDDP in vitro. For further confirmation of the Naa10p effect on CDDP chemoresistance, a CDDP-resistant tumor model using nude mice was constructed. The tumor volume of nude mice in the Cal-27/CDDP and control groups was calculated to generate a plot of tumor volume and weight changes. Compared to the control group, both tumor weight and volume were greater in the Cal-27/CDDP group (P < 0.05; Figure 6). Western blot analysis was used to examine Naa10p expression in tumor tissues of four nude mice in the two groups. Results revealed that Naa10p expression levels in tumor tissues of CDDP-resistant nude mice were remarkably downregulated in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). All of these data indicated that Naa10p is related to CDDP resistance in OSCC and enhances CDDP sensitivity in OSCC.
Figure 6.
Relation between Naa10p and CDDP-resistant OSCC cells in mice model. (A) Images of OSCC xenograft tumors. (B) Tumor volume growth curves. (C) Tumor weights were analyzed. (D and E) Naa10p expression in tumor tissues. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
Discussion
The emergence of drug resistance in tumor cells is not only a significant obstacle to successful tumor treatment, but also an important reason for chemotherapy failure. CDDP is a basic chemotherapeutic drug used for clinical treatment of OSCC. However, its anti-tumor effect is seriously limited by tumor cell drug resistance. In the past, it was believed that tumor drug resistance to CDDP was related to the following factors: a decrease or excretion of CDDP by tumor cells, change in the activity of the target protein, enhancement of the cells’ ability to repair DNA, acceleration of DNA adduct decomposition, and change of some regulatory factors’ expression in the apoptosis signaling transduction pathway.19
The effect of Naa10p on different tumors is controversial. Previous studies have shown that Naa10p is highly expressed in colon cancer, while Naa10p level upregulation is associated with poor prognosis.15 Naa10p deletion induces colon cancer cell apoptosis by RelA/p65 regulation of MCL1 expression.7 In addition, high Naa10p expression in hepatocellular carcinoma is related to its recurrence and poor patient survival.12 In vitro studies have revealed that Naa10p endows it with carcinogenicity through SAMHD1 acetylation.11 These results tend to support tumor growth promotion by Naa10p. However, Naa10p has been demonstrated to facilitate DNA damage-mediated apoptosis as well.20 Naa10p stabilizes TSC2 through acetylation and inhibits mTOR activity, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor growth.21 In addition, Naa10p restrains tumor cell metastasis in breast and lung cancers.9 These study results indicate that Naa10p exerts an anti-cancer effect on tumors. These contradictory experimental data may not only be attributed to the differences in experimental approach and materials, but also suggest that Naa10p plays a diverse role in different tumor types and stages. Our previous studies have revealed that salivary Naa10p is highly expressed in OSCC patients. The level of Naa10p in saliva was associated with OSCC differentiation and lymph node metastasis.22 Following up on OSCC patients treated with CDDP, we found that high Naa10p saliva levels were associated with better disease control. This indicated that Naa10p expression level might be correlated with CDDP chemotherapy. It has been reported that Naa10p may have a function in DNA repair because RAD51 expression is down-regulated after Naa10p interference. RAD51 is a member of the DNA repair complex, which plays a critical role in repairing double-strand DNA damage.23 There is growing evidence that Naa10p is connected to drug resistance in tumor cells and plays a major role in the process of drug resistance.1,17 So far, however, the mechanism of Naa10p CDDP resistance in OSCC has not been clearly described. We speculate that Naa10p level is correlated with CDDP resistance in OSCC.
In order to verify this hypothesis, the present study established CDDP-resistant OSCC cell lines in vitro. The data indicated that Naa10p expression is markedly reduced in Cal-27/CDDP cells compared to normal Cal-27 cells. Studies have further shown that there is a correlation between Naa10p and CDDP chemotherapy resistance. In addition, we successfully constructed OSCC cell lines with a stable interference and overexpression of Naa10p and a corresponding control cell line using a lentivirus system. The MTT assay was employed to analyze the growth inhibitory effect of different CDDP concentrations in each treatment group of cells. After the CDDP treatment, the IC50 value for the interference Naa10p cells was higher than the IC50 value for the control cells, indicating that interference with Naa10p can reduce the sensitivity of Cal-27 cells to CDDP, meaning enhanced drug resistance of Cal-27 cells. The IC50 value for cells in the Naa10p overexpression group decreased significantly, indicating that Naa10p can enhance the sensitivity of Cal-27 cells to CDDP chemotherapy, which weakens drug resistance.
To further clarify the relationship between Naa10p and CDDP chemotherapy, the expression levels of drug resistance-related molecules Bcl-2 and P-gp were measured in all treatment groups. The data showed that Naa10p interference increased the expression level of drug resistance molecules in Cal-27 cells. Conversely, up-regulating Naa10p significantly decreased the expression level of drug resistance molecules, indicating that Naa10p is closely related to CDDP chemotherapy resistance. Apoptosis induction is the main method for CDDP to exert cytotoxicity.24 Apoptosis failure is the main mechanism of CDDP chemotherapy resistance.25 The apoptotic pathway can be regulated by apoptotic factors. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 can activate caspase-3 and −9 by inhibiting the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol, thereby inhibiting cell apoptosis.26 Studies have reported that Bcl-2 protects normal cells from toxicity, promotes cell survival and cell arrest, and enhances cytotoxicity of CDDP chemotherapy and drug resistance of tumor cells by upregulating p27 and p130.27,28 In this study, a decrease in anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in the Naa10p overexpression cells suggested that Naa10p can promote apoptosis and increase the sensitivity of Cal-27 cells to CDDP. This indicates that Naa10p has a significant inhibitory effect on apoptosis induced by CDDP, which leads to the reduction of therapeutic CDDP cytotoxicity. P-gp is a product of multi-drug resistance gen-1. After it is combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, it uses the energy provided by ATP to combine with ATP to pump the intracellular chemotherapeutic drugs out of the cell against the concentration gradient, thereby reducing the cumulative concentration of the drugs and hindering the chemotherapeutic drug efficacy.29 P-gp expression has been positively correlated with the observed drug resistance.28 A decrease in P-gp in Cal-27 cells overexpressing Naa10p suggested that Naa10p may reduce the number of drug pumps on the cell membrane, thus increasing the concentration of CDDP in tumor cells and enhancing CDDP sensitivity in Cal-27 cells.
The present study established a transplanted tumor model in nude mice with CDDP-resistant OSCC cell lines and control cells as a tool for Naa10p to mediate CDPP resistance in vivo. The results showed that CDDP had a significant inhibitory effect on nude mouse OSCC xenografts, while the inhibitory effect of CDDP on CDDP-resistant nude OSCC mice was weakened. Moreover, the Naa10p level in tumor tissues of the Cal-27/CDDP group was significantly decreased, which further indicated that Naa10p is related to CDDP resistance in OSCC and enhances OSCC cell sensitivity to CDDP chemotherapy. These results are largely consistent with the in vitro experiments.
The above findings indicate that Naa10p may serve as a tumor suppressor in OSCC. This is consistent with the previously reported results.8 Moreover, the present work indicated that Naa10p participates in CDDP chemoresistance in OSCC. Researchers have found that in cervical cancer cells, down-regulation of Naa10p expression can promote apoptosis and increase cell sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug daunorubicin.17 It was also reported that overexpression of Naa10p and its acetylation combined with RIP1 can significantly enhance activation of NF-κB induced by adriamycin and promote cell apoptosis.30 However, CDDP resistance is related to the mechanism of reducing intracellular CDDP accumulation and inhibiting CDDP-induced apoptosis through overactivation of NF-κB.31 Activated NF-κB entering the nucleus can promote the transcription of Bcl-2 to inhibit apoptosis. Moreover, Naa10p inhibits apoptosis by activating the NF-κB pathway.7 Bcl-2 in OSCC cells had a low expression after up-regulating Naa10p in the present study, indicating that Naa10p may activate NF-κB to promote apoptosis and increase CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. This contradicts previous results and may be related to the N-terminal amino acid acetylation mediated by Naa10p. Its specific mechanism needs further study.
In conclusion, the present study determined that the high salivary Naa10p level in OSCC patients is associated with a significant CDDP chemotherapy effect, and that Naa10p overexpression can enhance CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. Conversely, Naa10p knockdown reduced CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. Nude mouse xenograft model experiments further confirmed that Naa10p increases CDDP chemosensitivity in OSCC cells. These findings provide an experimental foundation for the study of the later mechanism stages of Naa10p CDDP resistance in OSCC.
Acknowledgments
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81560473, 81560442), Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Areas Innovation Team Project (2018CB002), and the foundation of Shihezi University (CGZH202001) funded this study.
Disclosure
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this work.
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