Table 2.
Changes in anthropometrical, lifestyle, renal, and hepatic variables within and between intervention groups at 6 months versus baseline.
| Whole Sample | CD | MD-HMF | MD-PA | t•g | p † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 128 | 42 | 43 | 43 | |||
| Weight (kg) | Baseline | 95.2 ± 13.5 | 92.4 ± 14.7 | 97.1 ± 14.2 | 96.0 ± 11.2 | 0.040 | 0.048 b |
| 6 months | 89.1 ± 13.3 | 86.7 ± 13.8 | 89.3 ± 14.3 | 91.1 ± 11.5 | |||
| Δ | −6.1 ± 5.6 *** | −5.7 ± 5.5 *** | −7.8 ± 6.0 *** | −4.8 ± 5.0 *** | |||
| WC (cm) | Baseline | 111.8 ± 9.0 | 110.40 ± 9.19 | 112.7 ± 9.4 | 112.3 ± 8.4 | 0.130 | 0.150 |
| 6 months | 106.6 ± 13.7 | 107.08 ± 18.79 | 105.4 ± 12.0 | 108.0 ± 9.5 | |||
| Δ | −5.2 ± 11.1 *** | −3.31 ± 17.04 | −8.0 ± 5.8 *** | −4.3 ± 6.2 *** | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Baseline | 33.6 ± 3.6 | 33.4 ± 3.7 | 34.3 ± 3.9 | 33.2 ± 3.0 | 0.030 | 0.060 |
| 6 months | 31.5 ± 3.6 | 31.4 ± 3.7 | 31.6 ± 4.0 | 31.5 ± 3.3 | |||
| Δ | −2.2 ± 2.0 *** | −2.0 ± 1.9 *** | −2.8 ± 2.1 *** | −1.7 ± 1.8 *** | |||
| Fat mass (%) | Baseline | 35.7 ± 7.0 | 35.9 ± 6.5 | 36.1 ± 7.1 | 34.9 ± 7.5 | 0.660 | 0.650 |
| 6 months | 34.3 ± 11.3 | 33.6 ± 7.2 | 35.2 ± 16.2 | 33.3 ± 8.0 | |||
| Δ | −1.5 ± 9.2 | −2.1 ± 2.9 *** | −0.4 ± 15.7 | −1.9 ± 2.9 *** | |||
| Physical activity (METs min/wk/100) | Baseline | 30.1 ± 24.2 | 25.6 ± 20.1 | 33.4 ± 23.6 | 29.3 ± 27.6 | 0.850 | 0.780 |
| 6 months | 35.3 ± 24.2 | 34.6 ± 23.7 | 38.2 ± 23.6 | 33.0 ± 25.7 | |||
| Δ | 5.2 ± 26.2 * | 7.2 ± 22.4 | 4.8 ± 27.7 | 3.7 ± 28.4 | |||
| MedDiet adherence | Baseline | 7 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 8 ± 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 a,b |
| 6 months | 12 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | |||
| Δ | 5 ± 3 *** | 4 ± 3 *** | 7 ± 3 *** | 4 ± 3 *** | |||
| UACR # ‡ | Baseline | 15.3 ± 31.8 | 21.1 ± 50.0 | 7.7 ± 8.6 | 17.3 ± 21.1 | 0.040 | 0.550 |
| 6 months | 9.0 ± 12.0 | 9.9 ± 13.9 | 8.4 ± 11.9 | 8.71 ± 10.37 | |||
| Δ | −6.3 ± 26.5 *** | −11.1 ± 38.7 * | 0.6 ± 9.5 | −8.55 ± 22.2 ** | |||
| Normal UACR (<30 mg/g) | Baseline | 7.2 ± 4.7 | 7.7 ± 5.1 | 6.0 ± 2.8 | 8.2 ± 5.8 | 0.890 | 0.930 |
| 6 months | 7.4 ± 8.5 | 6.9 ± 5.5 | 7.0 ± 8.4 | 8.4 ± 10.9 | |||
| Δ | 0.2 ± 8.8 | −0.8 ± 6.50 | 1.0 ± 8.3 | 0.2 ± 11.4 | |||
| Moderately increased UACR (30–300 mg/g) | Baseline | 68.1 ± 66.7 | 101.3 ± 106.4 | 44.1 ± 7.8 | 51.4 ± 23.2 | 0.240 | 0.260 |
| 6 months | 19.3 ± 22.9 | 27.9 ± 30.2 | 36.0 ± 38.2 | 9.9 ± 8.5 | |||
| Δ | −48.8 ± 53.2 *** | −73.4 ± 81.1 * | −8.0 ± 30.3 | −41.5 ± 22.5 *** | |||
| eGFR (mL/min) | Baseline | 103.0 ± 25.8 | 105.0 ± 24.4 | 101.2 ± 27.8 | 102.9 ± 25.5 | 0.910 | 0.980 |
| 6 months | 100.6 ± 25.3 | 101.8 ± 24.8 | 99.0 ± 28.3 | 100.9 ± 23.0 | |||
| Δ | −2.4 ± 18.0 | −3.2 ± 11.5 | −2.1 ± 19.9 | −2.0 ± 21.3 | |||
| Normofiltering (eGFR < 120 mL/min) | Baseline | 89.2 ± 18.63 | 92.0 ± 18.1 | 88.9 ± 18.9 | 86.5 ± 19.2 | 0.440 | 0.620 |
| 6 months | 90.2 ± 20.3 | 90.6 ± 19.0 | 89.1 ± 22.0 | 91.1 ± 20.1 | |||
| Δ | 0.98 ± 17.73 | −1.5 ± 8.3 | 0.2 ± 21.1 | 4.6 ± 20.6 | |||
| Hyperfiltering (eGFR > 120 mL/min) | Baseline | 131.3 ± 11.3 | 130.9 ± 10.7 | 136.9 ± 16.5 | 127.9 ± 5.5 | 0.680 | 0.730 |
| 6 months | 121.8 ± 21.0 | 124.1 ± 19.6 | 128.0 ± 24.9 | 115.8 ± 19.0 | |||
| Δ | −9.5 ± 16.7 *** | −6.8 ± 15.9 | −8.8 ± 15.1 | −12.1 ± 18.8 * | |||
| Mean liver fat (%) | Baseline | 13.4 ± 11.2 | 15.0 ± 10.1 | 12.2 ± 12.3 | 13.6 ± 11.4 | 0.680 | 0.030 a |
| 6 months | 8.0 ± 6.8 | 9.4 ± 7.7 | 5.6 ± 5.9 | 8.7 ± 6.1 | |||
| Δ | −5.4 ± 9.4 *** | −4.9 ± 7.8 *** | −6.6 ± 10.6 *** | −4.9 ± 9.7 ** | |||
| Liver stiffness (kPa) | Baseline | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 0.290 | 0.360 |
| 6 months | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 5.301.7 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | |||
| Δ | −0.3 ± 2.3 | 0.2 ± 2.2 | −0.6 ± 2.4 | −0.5 ± 2.3 | |||
| ALT (U/L) | Baseline | 37.5 ± 31.1 | 27.2 ± 10.5 | 40.55 ± 40.7 | 33.9 ± 28.1 | 0.360 | 0.560 |
| 6 months | 26.6 ± 17.4 | 26.7 ± 10.5 | 26.0 ± 13.1 | 27.0 ± 25.3 | |||
| Δ | −2.8 ± 11.8 *** | −4.4 ± 8.6 *** | −3.72 ± 16.2 ** | −0.1 ± 8.4 ** | |||
| AST (U/L) | Baseline | 26.2 ± 13.4 | 37.7 ± 21.0 | 27.2 ± 17.7 | 23.6 ± 10.4 | 0.240 | 0.590 |
| 6 months | 23.4 ± 10.6 | 23.4 ± 6.3 | 23.5 ± 7.1 | 23.5 ± 15.9 | |||
| Δ | −2.8 ± 11.8 * | −11.4 ± 17.2 ** | −14.5 ± 34.5 | −6.9 ± 17.9 | |||
| GGT (U/L) ‡ | Baseline | 49.5 ± 54.5 | 48.0 ± 31.1 | 62.3 ± 85.8 | 36.8 ± 15.8 | 0.690 | 0.660 |
| 6 months | 38.5 ± 51.3 | 34.6 ± 23.8 | 50.4 ± 82.7 | 30.3 ± 15.7 | |||
| Δ | −10.9 ± 44.1 ** | −14.7 ± 23.2 *** | −11.9 ± 71.7 | −6.5 ± 10.8 *** |
Abbreviations: Δ: delta; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CD: Conventional Diet; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; kPa: kilopascals; MD-HMF: Mediterranean diet–high meal frequency; MD-PA: Mediterranean Diet–physical activity; MedDiet: Mediterranean diet; METs: metabolic equivalents; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; WC: waist circumference. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and as count (% of the whole sample). # Log-transformed; ‡ Mean UACR and GGT were significantly different between the three groups at baseline. * p < 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001 vs. baseline using the whole sample and within the same intervention group. t•g = time•group interaction. † Changes between the three intervention groups at 6 months after adjustment for baseline values by ANCOVA. a: Significant difference between CD and MD-HMF; b: Significant difference between MD-HMF and MD-PA.