Recurrence of COVID-19 after recovery ? A case series in health care workers, France

Abstract

We describe 3 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in health care workers in France involving presumed clinical and microbiological recurrence after recovery. All patients were immunocompetent with clinical mild form. These cases highlight the possibility of coronavirus disease–recurrence.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In hospitals, there is a considerable risk of contracting COVID-19 infection among health care workers (HCWs) [1] with a high incidence of mild to moderate forms in this population [2]. The possibility of a reactivation of COVID-19 raises a major public health concern since it could contribute to the spread of the virus in the population, especially in hospitals. In this rapidly emerging epidemic, several case reports describe clinical and/or microbiological recurrences in SARS-CoV-2–infected patients [[3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]]. We report a case series of presumed clinical and microbiological recurrence after recovery in 3 HCWs with mild forms of COVID-19.

1. Materials and methods

In our facility, 312 HCWs were infected during the first wave [9] between March 1st and May, 30th, 2020. During the second wave [10] (from October 1st, to December 7th, 2020), 219 of our HCWs have tested positive with SARS-CoV-2 until December, 03^rd. Among these 219 HCWs, 3 had already been infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave.

2. Results

These 3 patients were females working in different departments with a median age of 43 [32–57] years. They had no comorbidities, except one patient with asthma. During the first episode, the median duration of symptoms was 10 [7–14] days with a complete recovery. All had a negative RT-PCR between the two episodes. All patients returned to work in COVID units and had possible COVID-19 re-exposure. The median interval between the two episodes was 213 [155–236] days. Clinical and microbiological data were summarized in the Fig. 1 and Table 1 . All RT-PCR testing were administered in our laboratory and all of the samples were subjected to the same assays.

Fig. 1.

Timeline in COVID-19 patients with recurrent infection after recovery. Abbrevations: HCW: health care workers; W: week.

Table 1.

Demographic, clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of COVID-19 first and 2nd episodes, from onset of first episode (D1) to last follow-up, Nord Franche-Comte Hospital, France, 2020.

		Patient 1	Patient 2	Patient 3
Patients characteristics
Age, y		57	40	32
Sex		F	F	F
Comorbidities		Asthma (HCW)	None (HCW)	None (HCW)
First episode (onset = D1)
Clinical presentation		ILI without fever-AO-DG-cough-sputum production-diarrhea	ILI, chills	ILI
RT-PCRa SARS-CoV-2	Days from onset	D6	NA	NA
	CT if available	POSITIVE (E 27.66 – N NA RdRP 25.62)
Serology	Days from 1st onset	59	61	94
	Results	POSITIVE IgG IgM	POSITIVE IgG	POSITIVE IgG (20.2 U/mL)
RT-PCRa SARS-CoV-2 (follow-up)	Days from onset	236	212	155
	Results	NEGATIVE	NEGATIVE	NEGATIVE
Treatment		None	None	None
Duration of symptoms		14	8	7
Second episode
Clinical presentation		Myalgia-fatigue-dyspnea	ILI-chills-headache-tearing-AO-DG-cough-chest pain-dyspnea-	ILI- headache- AO-DG cough-diarrhea
Days from 1st onset (clinical recurrence)		243	219	176
RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Days from 2nd onset	8	7	10
	CT if available	POSITIVE (E NA – N 40 RdRP NA)	POSITIVE (E 36.93) ORF1 36.4	POSITIVE (E 0 – N 38 RdRP 0)
Treatment		None	None	None

Abbreviations: AO: anosmia; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; D: day; DG: dysgeusia; ILI: influenza-like illness (fever + myalgia/arthralgia + fatigue + sore throat + nasal congestion); HCW: Health care worker; NA: not available; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

^aRT-PCR: real-time reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction: cycle threshold (CT), envelope gene (E), nucleocapsid gene (N), ARN polymerase gene (RdRP), specific Open Reading Frame (ORF)1.

On March 25th, 2020, a 57-year-old female with a past history of well-controlled asthma (treated with salbutamol) sought care for influenza-like illness (ILI) including myalgia, fatigue and sore throat associated to a productive cough with anosmia, dysgeusia and diarrhea. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) on a nasopharyngeal swab specimen confirmed COVID-19. Fever and other symptoms disappeared after 2 weeks. On June 23rd, her SARS-CoV-2 serology (obtained upon patient's request) was positive for IgG and IgM. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR follow-up test (carried out on November 20th) was negative. On November 26th, the patient was presented for myalgia and fatigue. She also complained of dyspnea. On November 27th, RT-PCR was positive; RNA nucleocapsid gene (N) of SARS-CoV-2 was detected with a cycle threshold (Ct) value of 40. On December 3rd, a follow up RT-PCR was negative.

On April 14th, 2020, a 40-year-old female with no past history sought care for fever at 38.5C°, chills, myalgia and fatigue. All symptoms regressed after 8 days. COVID-19 was diagnosed from clinical presentation and serology testing (performed on June 18th, which was positive for IgG). SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing was not performed initially. She only performed a follow-up nasopharyngeal swab, which proved to be negative. On November 26th, the patient was represented with ILI, retro-orbital headache, anosmia and dysgeusia associated to respiratory symptoms such as non-productive cough, chest pain and dyspnea with a normal pulmonary auscultation. She specified that she had recently been in contact with a known case of SARS-CoV-2. On December 03^rd, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was positive with detection of RNA envelope gene (E) and specific Open Reading Frame (ORF)1 at Ct values of 36.4 and 36.93, respectively.

On June 1st, a 32 -year-old female with no past medical history sought care for ILI related to COVID-19. On September 9th, her serology (obtained upon patient's request) was compatible with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (IgG 20.2 U/mL). On November 11th, she was tested during a collective screening in her hospital department after an outbreak with several cases among the HCWs. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was negative. On November 27th, the patient developed similar clinical presentation to the first episode associated to anosmia, dysgeusia and gastro-intestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. On December 04th, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was positive with detection of RNA gene and (N) at Ct values of 38.

3. Discussion

In our case series, all patients presented two episodes of SARS-CoV-2 infection separated by a symptom-free interval with a median duration between the two episodes of about 8 months. During this interval, RT-PCR follow-up was negative in all cases. All of our patients have strong clinical and microbiological evidence that it is indeed a COVID-19 recurrence, more than the hypothesis of prolonged nucleic acid conversion in COVID-19 or traces of viral RNA. To explain this, several hypothesis were put forward such as viral relapse or inflammatory rebound [3,11]. Immunity protective role from re-infection along with definitive viral clearance is uncertain [12,13]. One hypothesis would be that these episodes are linked to the persistence of the virus in a reservoir (sanctuary site) with viral rebound, as previously suggested for other viral infections [14]. However, our cases are less likely to reflect persistent viral RNA shedding, including shedding related to non-viable virus. Recent studies reported that the median duration of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in COVID-19 patients was about 30 days [15], unlike our HCWs' presentation with a long median interval between the two episodes (more than 7 months) and a confirmed clinical and microbiological recovery. In addition to that, risk factors of reactivation would probably include immunosuppression [3,5,6]. In a French cohort including 11 COVID-19 patients with clinical recurrences, 3 of them had received recent chemotherapy and/or rituximab and didn't develop SARS-CoV-2 antibodies more than 3 weeks after severe symptoms [3]. This probably contributes to impair viral clearance and favors reactivation. In contrast to these cases, our patients were immunocompetent and developed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, after the first episode. Several authors have described recurrence of COVID-19 in HCWs [3,7]. Fernandes et al. have described six cases of healthcare professionals in Brazil who recovered but again presented symptoms of COVID-19 with mild-to-moderate forms, with new RT-PCR positive results [7]. Goussef et al. have reported 4 cases of HCWs with separate mild COVID-19 forms. They suggested that ‘re-infection’ is due to the prolonged exposure given the fact that the immune response may faint [3]. Finally, some authors have suggested that recurrence may be explained by inflammatory rebound [3,11]. By using mathematical models to study the pathogenic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection, cells and immune responses, Wang et al. have demonstrated that when the initiation of seroconversion is late or slow, the model predicts viral rebound and prolonged viral persistence [11].

Finally, we thought that these data are fairly strong with clinical confirmation and serological evidence of prior infection of all three cases. However, the laboratory confirmation of that re-infection is a bit weak (Ct's very high); although the Ct values may be expected to be high on reinfection with a potentially waning antigen response. Another possible limitation is that without genomic analyses of the isolates from the initial and putative reinfection episodes, it cannot be determined with certainty that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection occurred in these patients [16,17]. Unfortunately, the different strains responsible for the first and second episodes in our patients were not available for sequencing. The occurrence of these cases one month before first description of the New UK (20I/501Y.V1) and South African (20H/501Y.V2) SARS-CoV-2 variants in France [18] rules out the hypothesis of a reinfection with a new SARS-CoV-2 variant.

To conclude, the recurrence of the SARS-CoV-2 in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 is possible, but the mechanism leading to these re-positive cases is still unclear. These cases emphasize the importance of active surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for infectivity assessment, particularly in HCWs to reduce in-hospital transmissions.

Contributors

SZ and PYR collected the epidemiological and clinical data. SZ drafted the figure. SZ and TK drafted the manuscript. TK, AP, LT and VG revised the final manuscript.

We thank all patients involved in the study and especially Dr Quentin Lepiller for his support and valuable feedback.

Funding sources

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Declaration of competing interest

All authors declare no competing interests.