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. 2021 Feb 20;11(2):323. doi: 10.3390/biom11020323

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Antidiabetic mechanism of catalpol in the skeletal muscle. MOR: µ-opioid receptor, IR: Insulin receptor, GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4, IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate-1, p (Tyr)-IRS-1: Tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor-1, p (Ser) 302, 307, 612, 632-IRS-1: Serine 302, 307, 612, 632-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1, PI3K/AKT: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B pathway, GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, p-Gsk3β: phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, AMPK: 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase, p-TBC1D4: phosphorylation of TBC1 Domain Family Member 4, Rab-GDP:, Rab-GTP: Ras-associated binding- guanosine triphosphate, Rab-GDP: Ras-associated binding-guanosine diphosphate, MyoD: myoblast determination protein 1, MyoG: Myogenin, MHC: Myosin heavy chain.