Table 2.
Mushroom compounds and their antiviral targets against enveloped RNA viruses.
| Viruses | Mushrooms | Compounds | Targets or Effects | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enveloped RNA viruses | |||||
| Influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) | Pleurotus pulmonarius | Polysaccharide fraction | Post-treatment effect | [18] | |
| Influenza A virus (H1N1) | Segmented (-)ssRNA | Cordyceps militaris | Acidic Polysaccharide | Decreased viral titer in bronchoalveolar and lung, increased TNF-α and IFN-γ in mice, and enhanced NO, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in cells | [19] |
| Influenza A virus (H1N1 and WS/33) | Phellinus linteus | Inotilone and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one | Neuraminidase (NA) Simultaneous-treatment effect |
[20] | |
| Influenza A virus (H2N2) | Lentinus edodes | Peptidomannan | Decreased viral titer and lung consolidation in lung tissue, elaborated IFN level in serum, and increased survival in mice | [21] | |
| Influenza A virus (H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2) | P. baumii | Polyphenols (hispidin, hypholomine B, inoscavin A, davallialactone, and phelligridin D) | NA | [22] | |
| Influenza A virus (H5N1) | P. ignarius | Sesquiterpenoid | NA | [23] | |
| Sesquiterpenoid Pyrone Polyphenols |
Post-treatment effect | ||||
| Influenza A virus | Ganoderma pfeifferi | Triterpenoid (ganodermadiol and lucidadiol) Triterpene (applanoxidic acid G) |
Protection of cells | [12] | |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | (+)ssRNA | Immune Assist 24/7™(L. edodes, G. frondosa, G. lucidum, Trametes versicolor, C. sinensis, and A. brasiliensis) | Multiple polysaccharide and heteropolysaccharide | Increased CD4+ T-lymphocyte | [24] |
| HIV-1 | P. abalonus | Polysaccharide | Reverse transcriptase | [25] | |
| HIV-1 | Coriolus versicolor | Polysaccharopeptide | Interaction of HIV-l gp120 with CD4, reverse transcriptase, and glycohydrolase |
[26] | |
| HIV-1 | C. versicolor | Polysaccharopeptide (modified with chlorosulfonic acid) | Reverse transcriptase and glycohydrolase | [27] | |
| HIV-1 | Agaricus bisporus | Lectin | Reverse transcriptase | ||
| HIV-1 | P. citrinopileatus | Lectin | Reverse transcriptase | [28] | |
| HIV-1 | L. edodes | Lentin | Reverse transcriptase | [29] | |
| HIV | P. ostreatus | Ubiquitin-like Protein | Reverse transcriptase | [30] | |
| HIV-1 | Russula paludosa | Peptide | Reverse transcriptase | [31] | |
| HIV-1 | Tricholoma giganteum | Laccase | Reverse transcriptase | [32] | |
| HIV-1 | P. nebrodensis | Nebrodeolysin | HIV-induced syncytia formation in cells | [33] | |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | (+)ssRNA | P. ostreatus | Laccase | Pre-, co-, post- treatment effect | [34] |
| HCV | A. bisporus | Tyrosinases | NS3, NS4A, and NS5A | [35] | |