Prevalence, Clinical Manifestations, and Biochemical Data of Hypertensive versus Normotensive Symptomatic Patients with COVID-19: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Background:

There is a scarcity of data regarding the effect of hypertension on the clinical presentation and outcome of symptomatic patients with COVID-19 infection in comparison with non-hypertensive patients.

Aim of the study:

To describe the clinical presentation, radiological and hematological data of a cohort of symptomatic COVID-19 positive hypertensive patients (n = 50) in comparison with another cohort of normotensive symptomatic COVID-19 positive patients (n = 250) diagnosed at the same time and managed in the same health facilities (from January 2020 to May 2020). Associated comorbidities were assessed, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated. The outcomes, including duration of hospitalization, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and duration of O2 supplementation, were also assessed.

Results:

The prevalence of hypertension in symptomatic COVID-19 positive patients was 50/300 (16%; the prevalence of hypertension in Qatari adults is ~ 30%). Hypertensive patients had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiac dysfunction [(coronary heart disease (CHD) and, congestive heart failure (CHF)] compared to normotensive patients (p: < 0.01). They had a higher Charlson Co-morbidity score (2.3 ± 1.8) compared to the normotensive patients (0.4 ± 0.9) (p: < 0.01). Clinically and radiologically, hypertensive patients had significantly higher percentage of pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) versus normotensive patients (p: < 0.01). Complete blood count (CBC) and differential white cell count (WBC) did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive patients. Hypertensive patients had significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (58.5 ± 84), compared to normotensive patients (28 ± 59) (p: < 0.01). Furthermore, a longer duration of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy versus normotensive patients was also observed. CRP was correlated significantly with the duration of stay in the ICU and the duration for oxygen supplementation (r = 0.56 and 0.61, respectively; p: <0.01).

Conclusions:

Hypertensive patients with COVID-19 had a higher inflammatory response (higher CRP levels), a significant increase of comorbidities, and a more aggressive course of the disease necessitating a higher rate of ICU admission, longer requirement for hospitalization and oxygen use compared to normotensive patients. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was firstly reported in Wuhan, Hubei

Province, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread to worldwide (1). It belongs to a large family of viruses that are common in many animal species like bats, camels, and cattle (2-6).

The total number of people infected since the beginning of the pandemic in Qatar is 108,638, with a mortality of 164 patients to date (7).

Advanced age and different comorbidities have been associated with poor prognosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (8). Emerging data showed that hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiac dysfunction [coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (CHF)], were significant risk factors that may worsen the clinical course and outcome in patients with COVID-19 (8-12).

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the clinical presentation, radiological changes, and hematological data in symptomatic COVID-19 patients with hypertension with those of normotensive COVID-19 patients.

Patients and Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection (positive PCR tests for SRAS-CoV-2). Disease severity was classified based on the WHO classification (12). These patients were admitted to one of the COVID-19 designated facilities Centers of Doha (Qatar), including Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital (HMGH), Mesaieed General Hospital (MGH), Communicable Disease Center (CDC) and Ras Laffan Hospital (RLH).

A total of 300 patients have been admitted to Qatar ‘s designated COVID-19 health care facilities Centers between January 2020 and May 17, 2020. These patients were divided into two groups: hypertensive and normotensive, according to the definition of the American Heart Association. Patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥80 mmHg) and those on oral antihypertensive agents were considered hypertensive (n =50). The normotensive group (n-250) included all the other patients with normal blood pressure on admission and no history of taking antihypertensive medication at home. Inclusion criteria comprised all COVID- 19 positive symptomatic adult patients > 18 years who required hospitalization. Younger patients <18 years, pregnant women, and those with malignancy were excluded.

Clinical presentations, lab findings, including inflammatory markers and radiological findings were recorded. Recovery was defined as the resolution of clinical symptoms assessed by clinicians, such as no fever for more than three days, improvement of respiratory symptoms with reduced oxygen requirement, and no further needs for hospitalization care.

The outcomes included: mortality, severity of the disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and need for mechanical ventilation. The Charlson comorbidity index score was calculated for all patients to assess additional risk factors in the course of the disease (13).

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha Qatar (MRC-01-20-511).

Statistical analysis was performed using Excel statistical Pack software package. The non-paired student t -test was used to compare variables between hypertensive and normotensive groups when data were normally distributed and Wilcoxon rank-sum test when the data were not normally distributed. Linear regression equation was used to find a possible correlation between clinical and laboratory variables. Statistical significance was accepted with a p-value < 0.05.

Results

In our symptomatic COVID-19 positive patients, hypertension was diagnosed in 50/300 patients (16%). Hypertensive patients were older and had a higher prevalence of DM, CKD, and cardiac dysfunction (CHD and CHF) (p:< 0.01) compared to normotensive patients. They had also a higher Charlson Comorbidity score compared to the normotensive patients (2.3 ±1.8 and 0.4 ± 0.9, respectively) (p: < 0.01) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of COVID- 19 positive in hypertensive patients (HTN) vs no hypertensive patients (No HTN)

		HTN		No HTN
Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 patients		n = 50		n = 250
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age		55.1	11.3	36.1	11.1
Weight		75.9	21.6	72.1	13.1
Systolic BP		148.7*	25.1	122.8	13.0
Diastolic BP		88.1*	13.8	76.5	9.3
Myocardial Infarction	%	8*		1.00
Heart Failure	%	2*		0.00
CVA/TIA	%	8*		0.00
Diabetes Mellitus	%	63*		9.70
Chronic Kidney Disease	%	10*		0.00
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; §)		2.3*	1.8	0.4	0.9

(§) no comorbidity (CCI = 0), moderate comorbidity (CCI = 1–5) or severe comorbidity (CCI ≥ 6); (*) p: < 0.05

Clinically and radiologically, hypertensive patients had a significantly higher proportion and severity of pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) versus normotensive patients (p: < 0.01).

Complete blood count (CBC) and differential white cell count (WBC) did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive patients. Hypertensive patients had significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (58.5 ± 84) compared to normotensive (28 ± 59) (p: < 0.01; table 2).

Table 2.

Laboratory findings in patients with (HTN) and without hypertension (No HTN), and COVID-19

Patient Lab. findings	HTN		No HTN
	n = 50		n = 250
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
WBC	9.04	3.41	8.49	2.92
Hb	13.92	2.05	14.57	1.68
Htc	42.05	5.78	43.93	4.42
MCV	85.90	4.33	84.44	6.27
MCHC	33.09	1.13	33.04	1.87
RDW	13.56	1.39	14.07	15.49
PLT	245.31	94.55	269.94	95.32
ANC	5.80	2.98	4.77	2.60
LYMP	2.05	1.04	2.35	1.02
MONO	0.77	0.53	0.70	0.30
ESINO	0.41	0.73	0.62	0.51
BASO	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.04
CRP	58.57*	84.49	28.08	59.32
* p < 0.05

Hypertensive patients with and without other co-morbidities had a longer duration of hospitalization, ICU stay, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy versus normotensive patients (Table 3).

Table 3.

Outcome of COVID-19 positive hypertensive (HTN) vs. normotensive patients (No HTN) with COVID-19

Outcome of patients		HTN		No HTN
		n = 50		n = 250
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Days of hospitalization		15.8*	12.15	7.1	11.1
ICU admission	%	24*		8.0
Days of ICU admission		2.7*	5.06	1.4	5.3
Mech. ventilation	%	22*		6.0
Days of mech. ventilation		1.2*	2.77	0.7	3.6
Number of days on oxygen supplementation		4.8*	8.53	1.8	6.7
Days before CRP returned negative		8.2	11.48	11.4*	15.4
Mortality	%	0		1.3

* p < 0.05

Hypertensive patients without any other co-morbidity (n =16) had a longer duration of hospitalization, ICU stay, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy versus normotensive patients (Table 4).

Table 4.

Outcome of COVID 19 positive with hypertension only (HTN) and no other comorbidity) vs. no hypertensive patients (No HTN)

		Charlson Co-Morbidity Index	Days of hospitalization	% Admitted to ICU	Days of ICU admission	Mech Vent	Days on Mechanical Ventilation	Days on oxygen supplemention
HTN	Mean	0.72*	10.17*	19 %*	2.27*	13%*	1.07	3.93*
n = 16	SD	0.75	13.58		5.60		3.09	8.12
No HTN	Mean	0.40	7.12	8.5%	1.42	6.25%	0.77	1.89
n = 250	SD	0.92	11.16		5.30		3.67	6.75

*p: <0.05

CRP was correlated significantly with the duration of stay in the ICU (r : 0.56; p: <0.001) and the duration of oxygen therapy (r : 0.61; p: < 0.001; figure 1).

Figure 1.

Correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and duration (days) of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission

Discussion

In a meta-analysis that included seven studies, hypertension was the most reported comorbidity in COVID- 19 patients (15) with a prevalence of 16.7 % (7-8). However, in other studies, the prevalence varied from 11 to 34% (16-19). In our study, 16.7 % of

symptomatic COVID- 19 adults were hypertensive. This ratio was less than the general prevalence of hypertension in adults Qatari population (30%) (14), probably due to a predominantly younger population in our study cohort.

Our hypertensive patients with COVID-19 had higher associated comorbidities, including DM, CKD, and cardiac dysfunction (CHD and CHF) compared to normotensive patients. They had also a significantly longer duration of hospitalization, ICU stay, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy. Fortunately, we had no mortality in the hypertensive group.

This association was also reported in other studies from Asia. In concert with our findings, Guan et al. (16), reported hypertension as the most common comorbidity found among 1.099 patients with confirmed COVID-19. It was also the single highest risk factor (15%) of infection among 173 patients who developed the severe disease (23.7%) and among patients requiring ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or death (35.8%). Moreover, systematic reviews and meta-analysis on the effect of hypertension on the important outcomes in patients with COVID-19 noticed that hypertension was more frequent in severe (47.6%) and fatal (47.9%) cases compared to total cases (14.3%) (20).

These combined comorbidities can explain, in part, the higher severity of the disease in hypertensive patients. Accumulating evidence suggested that comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 have been associated with worse outcomes such as, severe disease, and increased requirement of ICU admissions (21,22).

A study on 1.590 patients by Guan et al. (16) reported that the presence of any comorbidity resulted in poor outcomes among patients with confirmed COVID-19, and the greater the number of comorbidities, the poorer was the outcome. A meta-analysis supported an increased risk of severe illness and ICU admission in the presence of comorbidities (23). Another meta-analysis of 12 studies with cumulative 2.389 patients showed higher disease severity in COVID-19 patients with hypertension compared to normotensives patients (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.80–2.86). Their meta-analysis on mortality data showed that COVID-19 patients with hypertension were more likely to die than normotensive patients with COVID-19 (OR 3.48 95% CI: 1.72–7.08) (24).

In a systematic review, Tian et al. (25) studied the predictors of mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and found that comorbidities which were associated with a higher risk of mortality were hypertension (odds ratio 2.5; p:< 0.00001), coronary heart disease (OR, 3.8; p:< 0.00001), and DM (OR, 2.0; p:< 0.00001). Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention reported a case fatality rate (CFR) of 2.3% in 44.672 confirmed cases. The CFR was found to be significantly higher in patients with comorbidities; 6.0% for hypertension, 7.3% for diabetes, and 10.5% for the presence of CVD (26). In addition, a meta-analysis by Zuin et al. (27), including 419 patients, showed that COVID-19 patients with hypertension had higher mortality than normotensive COVID-19 patients OR 3.36 (CI 1.96-5.74; p: <0.0001).

However, contrary to these previous studies, a multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for age and sex, hypertension was not significantly correlated with increased

COVID-19 disease severity or mortality (28). This study showed that other comorbidity confounders might interfere in the calculation of hypertension risk in relation to disease severity. Therefore, it is important to further analyse data from large scale studies with adjustment of important co-variants to avoid confounding bias. However, our patients with hypertension without other co-morbidities had a longer duration of hospitalization, ICU stay, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy versus normotensive patients.

The spike protein present on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to the extracellular domain of transmembrane ACE2 receptor, with S protein priming by transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), to gain entry to host cells (29,30). SARS- CoV-2 uses ACE receptors for cell entry. This caused speculations over the use of ACE inhibitors and its relationship and effect on the outcomes of patients with hypertension (HTN) (31). Therefore, the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) therapy has been evaluated (32-34).

Reynolds et al. (34) looked at the history of antihypertensive usage in 12.594 patients undergoing COVID-19 testing in New York, USA. No association was found between the use of anti-hypertensive agents like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers or thiazide diuretics and the likelihood of having a positive or negative result on COVID-19 testing.

A study by Mehta et al. (33) also failed to show any significant association between a positive COVID-19 test and the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs. These results were supported by the results from a population case-control study from Italy (32).

CRP, an important inflammatory marker, was significantly elevated in our patients with hypertension compared to normotensive patients and was significantly correlated with disease severity, as previously described in other studies. This finding indicated that hypertensive patients had a higher inflammatory response to COVID-19 (35-37).

Hypertension is a well-recognized risk factor for several conditions like coronary artery disease, stroke, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The most common pathophysiologic factor is vascular inflammation (38,39). Recent data showed a potential link between inflammation and hypertension, including CRP, oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), prostaglandin, adaptive immune system. However, it is likely that in hypertensive patients, vascular inflammation and endothelial damage may increase the risk of infection and severity of COVID-19.

Different viruses incorporate cyclophilin A and cyclophilin B in their virions and use it to bind and infect other cells (40). It was found that patients with hypertension had increased expression of cyclophilin A in both the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood samples (41). This might explain the possibility of increased risk and susceptibility of hypertensive patients to severe COVID-19 disease and worse outcomes. However, it is evident that further studies would be needed to confirm these findings.

gh other studies have shown various hematologic abnormities like lymphopenia, disturbed neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio, and thrombocytopenia as parameters of disease severity (42), there was no hematological difference between hypertensive and normotensive groups in our study.

The relatively small sample size and the retrospective nature are the main limitations of our report. Nevertheless, the strength of this study is the direct comparison of hypertensive and normotensive COVID-19 patients at the same place and time. Furthermore, it is one of the first studies from the Middle East region studying the outcome in COVID-19 patients.

In conclusion, hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with increased disease severity and higher risk for ICU admission and the need for mechanical ventilation. Clinical assessment of symptomatic hypertensive patients with COVID-19 with and without other comorbidities and those on different antihypertensive medications can demarcate the effect of hypertension on the course of the disease.

Conflicts of Interest:

None to declare

Funding:

Medical Research Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha (Qatar).