Awareness level of general population regarding keratoconus in Aseer region, Southern of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background:

Keratoconus (KC) is a non-inflammatory disease occur to the cornea and cause it to be thin and progressively bulge it into a cone shape which result to blurred vision secondary to irregular astigmatism, frequently eyeglass changing and increase the sensitivity to the bright light, occur usually at second decade of life and stops progressive after fourth decade of life. keratoconus is unknown in aetiology but is a multifactorial disease in causes which divided into genetic and environmental factors, the genetic factors as if patient under ethnic with high prevalence and family history with keratoconus or Atopy.

Aim:

to assess the general population awareness regarding keratoconus in Aseer region, southern of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used targeting all population in Aseer region. The study was conducted during the period from January 2019 to May 2020. Data were collected using structured questionnaire included person's socio-demographic data, Participants’ Participants’ awareness regarding KC. The questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms.

Results:

The study included 638 participants who completed the study questionnaire with mean age of 36.8 ± 11.1 years. Exact of 331 (51.9%) of the participants were males. University level of education was reported by 424 participants (66.5%). Fifty-nine participants (9.2%) reported that they had keratoconus.

Conclusions & Recommendations:

In conclusion, the study revealed that public awareness in Aseer region regarding keratoconus was moderately poor with defect regarding treatment modalities and its consequences.

Introduction

Keratoconus (KC) is an eye disorder featured by progressive thinning of the cornea.[1] KC may be associated with blurred or double vision, near-sightedness, astigmatism, with photo sensitivity.[2] KC is usually bilateral. Further in most of the critical cases a disfigure or a round circle may be seen inside the cornea.[3] At times the genuine explanation of KC is unexplored however some way or other scientists accepted on the supposition it is created because of a blend of numerous hereditary, natural, and hormonal impacts.[4,5,6] Positive family ancestry for KC was recorded among almost seven percent of those influenced.[7] Presume substantial influences including soreness in eyes and allergic reactions.[8] The fundamental mechanism includes variations in the shape of the cornea to lookalikes as a cone. We have discovered the varieties in the pervasiveness of KC in various examinations Theses commonness of keratoconus varies all around as indicated by the effect of geographic area and furthermore relies upon the diagnostic features. The commonness in studies can go from 0.3 per 100,000 in Russia[9] to 2300 for each 100,000 in Central India.[10] The principal populace based investigation was finished by Hofstetter utilizing a Placido plate with a rate of 600 for every 100,000.[11] The most detailed pervasiveness is 0.054% in Minnesota, USA by Kennedy who utilized scissors development on retinoscopy and keratometry for conclusion[12] In Saudi Arabia, the main investigation was led in Aseer region with occurrence 20 cases for each 100000 populace. Additionally, the ailment seriousness was high and for the most part among youthful matured populace (mean age is 17.7 ± 3.6 years).[13]

Evaluation of overall public mindfulness with respect to KC help in early recognition and ideal intercession which assume a noteworthy job in the control or anticipation of cut off visual disability as a result of KC Also, public awareness potentially promotes a better community absorption of the educational programs and eventually a proper utilization of the available health-care facilities. Early detection of KC is good to avoid further complications and to avoid the worries of family and reduce the burden on family physicians/ophthalmologists. the study revealed that public awareness in Aseer region regarding keratoconus was moderately poor with defect regarding treatment modalities and its consequences.

The current study aimed to assess population awareness regarding keratoconus and its consequences in Aseer region, Southern of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used targeting all population in Aseer region. The study was conducted during the period from January 2019 to May 2020. Data were collected using structured questionnaire which developed by the researchers after intensive literature review and expert's consultation. The questionnaire data included person's socio-demographic data such as age, gender, and education. Participants’ awareness regarding keratoconus was assessed covering definition, features, risk factors, intervention needed, and follow-up. Also, participants were asked if they had KC or visual impairment. A panel of 3 experts reviewed the questionnaire independently for content validity and all suggested modifications were applied till the final tool achieved. The questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers and their relatives and friends to be filled with all population in Aseer region. A pilot study was conducted to assess tool applicability and reliability. The tool reliability coefficient (Alpha Cronbach's) was assessed and equalled 0.73. After data were extracted, it was revised, coded and fed to statistical software IBM SPSS version 22(SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL). All statistical analysis was done using two tailed tests. P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. For awareness items, each correct answer was scored one point and total summation of the discrete scores of the different items was calculated. A patient with score less than 60% (11 points) of the maximum score was considered to have poor awareness while good awareness was considered if he had score of 60% (12 points or more) of the maximum or more. Descriptive analysis based on frequency and percent distribution was done for all variables including demographic data, awareness items and source of information. Crosstabluation was used to assess distribution of awareness according to participants’ personal data and source of information. Relations were tested using Pearson exact probability tests. Ethical approval was obtained from the REC of the King Khalid University. Date of ethical approval was 26-02-2020 from research ethical committee of the king Khalid university.

Results

A total of 638 participants completed the study questionnaire whose ages ranged from 18 to 75 years old with mean age of 36.8 ± 11.1 years. Exact of 331 (51.9%) of the participants were males. University level of education was reported by 424 participants (66.5%). Fifty-nine participants (9.2%) reported that they had keratoconus and 171 (26.8%) reported having progressive declining in vision. Squeezing eyes aggressively was reported by 73% of the respondents [Table 1].

Table 1.

Personal data of survey participants in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia

Personal data		No	%
Age in years	<20 years	26	4.1%
	20-29	181	28.4%
	30-39	123	19.3%
	40-49	220	34.5%
	50+	88	13.8%
Gender	Male	331	51.9%
	Female	307	48.1%
Education	Basic	171	26.8%
	High	43	6.7%
	University/more	424	66.5%
Do you have keratoconus	Yes	59	9.2%
	May be	59	9.2%
	No	520	81.5%
Complain of continuous declined vision	Yes	171	26.8%
	May be	78	12.2%
	No	389	61.0%
Did you squeeze your eyes	Rarely	172	27.0%
	Sometimes	390	61.1%
	Usually	76	11.9%

Table 2 demonstrates general population awareness regarding keratoconus. Exact of 269 (42.2%) of the participants heard about KC and 219 (34.3%) correctly defined the disorder. Blindness as a complication of KC was reported by 262 participants (41.1%). Regarding risk factors of KC, 52.4% of the participants told about family history, 38.9% told about intensive use of electronic devices, and 30.9% reported for intensive eye friction. Surgical intervention as management for KC was reported by 394 (61.8%) participants and 46.6% reported that wearing glass limit KC progression. Regarding management methods, 49.2% reported eye glass or lenses with surgery and 42% told that they don't know about management methods. In total, good awareness was detected among 119 (18.7%) participants [Figure 1].

Table 2.

Awareness of general population regarding keratoconus, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia

Keratoconus awareness items		No	%
Know about keratoconus	No	369	57.8%
	Yes	269	42.2%
Keratoconus definition	Thin protruded cornea	219	34.3%
	Thick cornea	54	8.5%
	Corneal inflammation	29	4.5%
	Don’t know	336	52.7%
Keratoconus causes blindness	Yes	262	41.1%
	No	65	10.2%
	Don’t know	311	48.7%
Keratoconus risk factors	Intensive use of electronic devices	248	38.9%
	Non wearing glass for those with visual defect	182	28.5%
	Family history	334	52.4%
	Hard eye friction	197	30.9%
Keratoconus need surgical intervention	Yes	394	61.8%
	No	34	5.3%
	Don’t know	210	32.9%
Wearing glass limit KC progression	Yes	297	46.6%
	No	68	10.7%
	Don’t know	273	42.8%
Management methods for KC	Eye drops	14	2.2%
	Eye glass or lenses with surgery	314	49.2%
	Only glass	28	4.4%
	Nothing	14	2.2%
	Don’t know	268	42.0%
KC needs continues assessment and evaluation	Yes	460	72.1%
	No	15	2.4%
	Don’t know	163	25.5%

Figure 1.

Overall awareness level regarding keratoconus

Figure 2 illustrates public source of information regarding KC. Family and friends was the most reported source (29.2%) followed by internet (18%), health care staff (11%), and affected family member (2.5%). About 38% of the participants had no specific source of information.

Figure 2.

Source of information regrading keratoconus among general population in Aseer region

Distribution of awareness level by participants personal data was demonstrated in Table 3. It was found that 23.6% of participants aged 30–39 years old had good awareness level compared to 9.1% of old participants with recorded statistical significance (P = 0.049). Also, good awareness regarding KC was detected among 37.3% of those who had the disorder compared to 16.7% of those who were did not (P = 0.001). Exact of 21.1% of the participants who had progressive declined vision had good awareness regarding KC compared to 19.8% of those who said no (P = 0.028). Besides, good awareness regarding KC was detected among 75% of those who had their information during study compared to 3.7% of those who had no source (P = 0.001).

Table 3.

Distribution of awareness level by participants personal data, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia

Personal data		Awareness level				P
		Poor		Good
		No	%	No	%
Age in years	< 20 years	21	80.8%	5	19.2%	0.049*
	20-29	141	77.9%	40	22.1%
	30-39	94	76.4%	29	23.6%
	40-49	183	83.2%	37	16.8%
	50+	80	90.9%	8	9.1%
Gender	Male	272	82.2%	59	17.8%	0.578
	Female	247	80.5%	60	19.5%
Education	Basic	149	87.1%	22	12.9%	0.069
	High	33	76.7%	10	23.3%
	University/more	337	79.5%	87	20.5%
Do you have keratoconus	Yes	37	62.7%	22	37.3%	0.001*
	May be	49	83.1%	10	16.9%
	No	433	83.3%	87	16.7%
Complain of continuous declined vision	Yes	135	78.9%	36	21.1%	0.028*
	May be	72	92.3%	6	7.7%
	No	312	80.2%	77	19.8%
Did you squeeze your eyes	Rarely	136	79.1%	36	20.9%	0.077
	Sometimes	327	83.8%	63	16.2%
	Usually	56	73.7%	20	26.3%
Source of information regarding KC	Internet	91	79.1%	24	20.9%	0.001*
	Study	2	25.0%	6	75.0%
	Health care staff	40	57.1%	30	42.9%
	Family/friends	139	74.7%	47	25.3%
	Affected family member	13	81.3%	3	18.8%
	No source	234	96.3%	9	3.7%

P: Pearson X² test. *P<0.05 (significant)

Discussion

The current study aimed to assess population awareness regarding keratoconus in Aseer region. This is essential to delineate attention to recognize deformity zones in open information and attempt to cover. This is crucial for appropriate identification of keratoconus cases which thus limit its difficulties which may end with complete visual deficiency. The investigation uncovered that about 10% of the members revealed having keratoconus and one quarter grumbled of dynamic visual disability. Altogether, great mindfulness with respect to keratoconus was recognized among about 1 out of every five participants. Nearly half of the participants heard about keratoconus and one third correctly defined disease in correct terms. Also, nearly half of the participants correctly named the disease complications and consequences besides its risk factors. Not all participants identified the management methods of keratoconus, but the majority said that it needs continuous assessment. The most detailed wellspring of data was loved ones, family members either straightforwardly or through their affection with the diseases. Health care staff as a source was in the third order and this mean that they should pay more effort in raising public awareness. Regarding determinants of public awareness, young age, high education, having the disorder of at least visual problems, being physician as the main source of information were the most important predictors.

These findings were mostly consistent with a study conducted in Saudi Arabia to assess awareness among non-medical students toward keratoconus.[14] The examination uncovered that the greater part of the investigation members never heard about KC; moreover, just 32 (8.1%) became acquainted with about KC through their physician. A total of 238 (60.6%) students did not know what KC. is Nearly 40% reported that KC is thinning of cornea and only 33.6% told that KC leads to myopia and astigmatism. More than 90% of the students disagreed on presence of association between keratoconus and allergic eye disease. Just a single fifth accept that KC has a genetic foundation. 347 (88.3%) of the investigation member didn't have the foggiest idea how to treat the KC There were no measurably noteworthy contrasts (no statistical difference) among males and females. All around, the degree of awareness about the disorders and the accessible strategies for treatment would improve the visualization and limit the social, mental, and monetary weight and handicap of influenced people. Scientists revealed a pattern of inappropriate of the health-care system in the developed countries as well as Saudi Arabia.[15,16] Keratoconus (KC) is a chronic progressive thinning of the cornea that results in myopia and irregular astigmatism[17,18,19]

Conclusions

In conclusion, the study revealed that public awareness in Aseer region regarding keratoconus was moderately poor with defect regarding treatment modalities and its consequences.

Key Points

Medicinal services staff was faulty and questionable which implies more consideration ought to be paid to improve health care providers health education skills. More large scale studied are recommended to first detect the magnitude of keratoconus disorder among general population and to construct and validate effective health education programs.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.