Annelids of the eastern Australian abyss collected by the 2017 RV ‘Investigator’ voyage

Laetitia M Gunton; Elena K Kupriyanova; Tom Alvestad; Lynda Avery; James A Blake; Olga Biriukova; Markus Böggemann; Polina Borisova; Nataliya Budaeva; Ingo Burghardt; Maria Capa; Magdalena N Georgieva; Christopher J Glasby; Pan-Wen Hsueh; Pat Hutchings; Naoto Jimi; Jon A Kongsrud; Joachim Langeneck; Karin Meißner; Anna Murray; Mark Nikolic; Hannelore Paxton; Dino Ramos; Anja Schulze; Robert Sobczyk; Charlotte Watson; Helena Wiklund; Robin S Wilson; Anna Zhadan; Jinghuai Zhang

doi:10.3897/zookeys.1020.57921

. 2021 Feb 24;1020:1–198. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1020.57921

Annelids of the eastern Australian abyss collected by the 2017 RV ‘Investigator’ voyage

Laetitia M Gunton ^1,^✉, Elena K Kupriyanova ^1,², Tom Alvestad ³, Lynda Avery ⁴, James A Blake ⁵, Olga Biriukova ⁶, Markus Böggemann ⁷, Polina Borisova ⁸, Nataliya Budaeva ^3,⁸, Ingo Burghardt ¹, Maria Capa ⁹, Magdalena N Georgieva ¹⁰, Christopher J Glasby ⁶, Pan-Wen Hsueh ¹¹, Pat Hutchings ^1,², Naoto Jimi ¹², Jon A Kongsrud ³, Joachim Langeneck ¹³, Karin Meißner ¹⁴, Anna Murray ¹, Mark Nikolic ⁴, Hannelore Paxton ^1,², Dino Ramos ¹⁰, Anja Schulze ¹⁵, Robert Sobczyk ¹⁶, Charlotte Watson ⁶, Helena Wiklund ^10,¹⁷, Robin S Wilson ⁴, Anna Zhadan ¹⁸, Jinghuai Zhang ¹⁹

PMCID: PMC7930015 PMID: 33708002

Abstract

In Australia, the deep-water (bathyal and abyssal) benthic invertebrate fauna is poorly known in comparison with that of shallow (subtidal and shelf) habitats. Benthic fauna from the deep eastern Australian margin was sampled systematically for the first time during 2017 RV ‘Investigator’ voyage ‘Sampling the Abyss’. Box core, Brenke sledge, and beam trawl samples were collected at one-degree intervals from Tasmania, 42°S, to southern Queensland, 24°S, from 900 to 4800 m depth. Annelids collected were identified by taxonomic experts on individual families around the world. A complete list of all identified species is presented, accompanied with brief morphological diagnoses, taxonomic remarks, and colour images. A total of more than 6000 annelid specimens consisting of 50 families (47 Polychaeta, one Echiura, two Sipuncula) and 214 species were recovered. Twenty-seven species were given valid names, 45 were assigned the qualifier cf., 87 the qualifier sp., and 55 species were considered new to science. Geographical ranges of 16 morphospecies extended along the eastern Australian margin to the Great Australian Bight, South Australia; however, these ranges need to be confirmed with genetic data. This work providing critical baseline biodiversity data on an important group of benthic invertebrates from a virtually unknown region of the world’s ocean will act as a springboard for future taxonomic and biogeographic studies in the area.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Biogeography, deep sea, Echiura , lower-bathyal, Marine Parks, Polychaeta , Sipuncula , Tasman Sea

Introduction

The deep sea (> 200 m depth) is the least explored environment on our planet, where most species have not been sampled and remain undiscovered. The vast sediments of the deep sea cover approximately 65% of the Earth’s surface, and it is a unique environment characterised by darkness, low temperatures and low currents, high hydrostatic pressure, and well oxygenated oligotrophic waters (Gage and Tyler 1991). Unfortunately, the deep-sea environment is increasingly affected by anthropogenic impact such as overfishing (Bailey et al. 2009), oil and gas exploration and extraction, waste disposal and pollution (reviewed in Glover and Smith 2003; Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011; Mengerink et al. 2014). Thus, accurate baseline data on species is essential for monitoring, protecting and managing biological communities.

In Australia, the abyssal plain (3000 to 6000 m depth) and deep ocean floor covers ~ 2.8 million km², or 30% of Australia’s marine territory (Heap and Harris 2008). The abyssal plain is a major part of Australia’s ~ 10 million km² Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is the third largest EEZ in the world. The deeper areas of Australia’s EEZ including Marine Parks (MP) have been extremely poorly sampled for fauna compared with the intertidal and shallow sublittoral waters (Ponder et al. 2002). While the subtidal and shelf fauna of eastern Australian coasts is the best studied in the continent due to research capacity and high population density in the area, the deep-water fauna beyond the narrow shelf was virtually unknown. Until recently more was known about deep-water benthic fauna off the sparsely populated western Australian coast (McEnnulty et al. 2011; Poore et al. 2015) than off eastern Australia.

Earlier sampling of the eastern Australian abyss was performed as part of research expeditions to the area organised by non-Australian institutions. These include expeditions dating back to the H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ expedition (1874, the UK), the ‘Galathea’ expedition (1951–52, Denmark), the research vessel (RV) ‘Dmitry Mendeleev’ (1975–76, USSR), and RV ‘Tangaroa’ voyages (1982, New Zealand) (reviewed in O’Hara 2019). This is because Australia lacked the required capacity to consistently collect biological material from the seafloor at great depths. Surveys of the lower shelf to abyssal depths (200–3150 m) off the south-eastern margin of Australia were conducted from the Australian oceanographic research vessel (ORV) ‘Franklin’ in 1986 and 1988 (Poore et al. 1994) along four transects, but the report focused on isopods only.

A new era for deep-sea biological exploration in Australia began in 2014 with the launch of the Marine National Facility’s RV ‘Investigator’, the first Australian research vessel equipped to routinely perform biological sampling to depths of 5000 m. The systematic biological study of abyssal depths in Australia on board RV ‘Investigator’ started with the Great Australian Bight (GAB) Research Program. This programme conducted six surveys off the southern coastline of Australia during 2013, 2015, and 2017, sampling epifauna from soft substrates, rocky outcrops in canyons and seamounts from depths of 200–5000 m (MacIntosh et al. 2018).

The significant gap in knowledge about the eastern abyss was addressed by the 2017 ‘Sampling the Abyss’ research project supported by the Marine National Facility, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Museums Victoria. This was the first dedicated deep-sea cruise to perform a systematic biological survey along the eastern Australian coast, from Tasmania to southern Queensland covering the lower bathyal (~ 2500 m) and abyssal environments (~ 4000 m). This was also the first expedition to collect biological samples from the deeper parts of the eastern network of Australian Marine Parks (O’Hara 2017). The present study focuses on the biodiversity of annelids collected during this voyage.

Annelids occur in all marine environments and they are typically a dominant macrofauna (> 300 µm) taxon in terms of abundance and species diversity in deep-sea soft sediments (Herring 2010; Rex and Etter 2010). They display a diverse range of life history strategies and feeding modes (Jumars et al. 2015) and play important roles in processing and burying organic matter, recycling nutrients and bioturbation of seafloor sediments (Hutchings 1998). More than 2000 annelid species are known from Australia (http://www.ala.org.au), yet only 15 species from six families had been described from below 1000 m and three species from below 2500 m (Table 1), the shallower depth limits of the present study. Of 158,400 records of annelids in Australia 770 are from below 1000 m and only 99 from below 2500 m depth (http://www.ala.org.au), suggesting deep-water biodiversity is severely underestimated.

Table 1.

Annelid species described below 1000 m in Australian waters (roughly corresponding to Exclusive Economic Zone, 12 nautical miles from the coast). Bold font indicates species from eastern Australian margin.

Family	Species	Depth (m)	Type Locality
*Polynoidae*	Lepidasthenia australiensis (Augener, 1927)	1000	Off eastern Victoria
*Sabellidae*	Potaspina australiensis Capa, 2007	1000	South of Point Hicks, Victoria
*Polynoidae*	Brychionoe karenae Hanley & Burke, 1991	1100	Cascade Plateau off Tasmania
*Onuphidae*	Paradiopatra imajimai Paxton & Budaeva, 2013	1277	Off eastern Victoria
Polynoidae	Lagisca torbeni Kirkegaard, 1995	1320–1340	Great Australian Bight, south of Adelaide
Polynoidae	Harmothoe australis Kirkegaard, 1995	1340	Great Australian Bight, south of Adelaide
Spionidae	Laonice pectinata Greaves, Meißner & Wilson, 2011	1440	Indian Ocean, west of Perth
*Onuphidae*	Paradiopatra spinosa Paxton & Budaeva, 2013	1600	Bass Canyon
*Polynoidae*	Eunoe ivantsovi Averincev, 1978	1640	Lord Howe Island Rise
Polynoidae	Eunoe papillaris Averincev, 1978	1800	Off southwestern Tasmania
*Nephtyidae*	Aglaophamus profundus Rainer & Hutchings, 1977	2195	Off northeastern Tasmania
*Polynoidae*	Parapolyeunoa flynni (Benham, 1921)	2379	Off Maria Island, Tasmania
Fauveliopsidae	Fauveliopsis challengeriae McIntosh, 1922	3566	South Indian Ocean, midway between Australia and Antarctica
Polynoidae	Eunoe abyssorum McIntosh, 1885	4755	South of Australia
Polynoidae	Polynoe ascidioides McIntosh, 1885 (now considered a nomen dubium)	4755	South of Australia

Open in a new tab

This study reports an illustrated and annotated preliminary species-level checklist of the annelid fauna collected during the 2017 ‘Sampling the Abyss’ survey along with species diversity and distribution data. Morphospecies are compared with those collected from the GAB sampling programme where possible.

Materials and methods

Sampling area

The eastern Australian continental shelf is relatively narrow compared with the rest of the continent. The shelf break occurs ~ 15 km from the coast and the foot-of-slope and beginning of the abyssal plain can be as close as 60 km from the coast (Heap and Harris 2008). The eastern margin contains a range of geomorphological features including plateaus, basins, terraces, deeps/holes, and submarine canyons seamounts/guyots (Heap and Harris 2008).

The East Australian Current (EAC) is an important shallow water current carrying ~ 22–27 Sverdrups from north to south along the east coast of Australia. This counter-clockwise southern Pacific gyre circulates shallow water from the Coral Sea along the continental margin until 32–35°S before heading eastward to New Zealand. Part of the EAC is deflected offshore ~ 30°S along the Tasman Front, this divides the warm waters of the Coral Sea and the cooler waters of the Tasman Sea (Rintoul et al. 2017). Deeper currents (> 2000 m) have not been directly measured but have been inferred from sediment deposition and erosion patterns; these currents are thought to be weak with a western boundary undercurrent flowing northwards along the eastern Australian margin and an eastern boundary counter-flow along the eastern margin of the Tasman Sea (Jenkins 1984).

Field collection and processing

Biological samples were collected from 13 sites at one-degree intervals of latitude from 42°S to 24°S along the east coast of Australia from Tasmania to Southern Queensland (Fig. 1, Table 2) on the RV ‘Investigator’ (voyage code IN2017_V03), from 15 May to 16 June 2017. Seven Marine Parks were included (Freycinet MP, Flinders MP, East Gippsland MP, Jervis MP, Hunter MP, Central Eastern MP, and Coral Sea MP). Benthic sampling was conducted at lower bathyal (~ 2500 m) and abyssal (~ 4000 m) depths, with some (seven operations) comparative samples taken at shallower mid-bathyal depths (~ 1000 m). The three types of sampling gear used were beam trawl (35 operations, ops.), Brenke sledge (28 ops.), and box core (8 ops.).

Figure 1. — Map of sampling sites from expedition IN2017_V03 along eastern Australia. Blue dots represent beam trawl, yellow dots Brenke sledge, red dots box core sampling sites, green polygons represent areas of Australian Marine Parks.

Table 2.

Sample Sites. Beam trawl, Brenke sledge, and box core deployments on RV ‘Investigator’ cruise IN2017_V03 from the Australian eastern lower bathyal and abyssal environment. Abbreviations: Op., operation, BT, CSIRO 4-metre beam trawl; BS, Brenke sledge; BC, box core; *, unfired ; **, aborted.

Op.	Location	Gear	Date	Start latitude and longitude	End latitude and longitude	Trawling distance (km)	Start depth (m)	End depth (m)
004	Freycinet MP	BT	18/05/17	-41.731, 149.120	-41.791, 149.156	7.3	2820	2751
005	Freycinet MP	BS	18/05/17	-41.730, 149.135	-41.753, 149.147	2.8	2789	2779
006	Freycinet MP	BT	18/05/17	-41.626, 149.552	-41.689, 149.584	7.5	4022	4052
007	Freycinet MP	BC	18/05/17	-41.647, 149.570			4030
008	Freycinet MP	BC	19/05/17	-41.647, 149.569			4012
009	Freycinet MP	BS	19/05/17	-41.626, 149.560	-41.662, 149.574	4.2	4021	4035
011	Freycinet MP	BC	19/05/17	-41.721, 149.125			2793
013	Flinders MP	BT	20/05/17	-40.386, 148.928	-40.383, 148.951	2.0	932	1151
014	Flinders MP	BT	20/05/17	-40.464, 149.102	-40.461, 149.147	3.8	2298	2486
015	Flinders MP	BT	20/05/17	-40.473, 149.397	-40.464, 149.426	2.6	4114	4139
016	Flinders MP	BS	21/05/17	-40.463, 149.415	-40.461, 149.364	4.3	4129	4131
017	Flinders MP	BC	21/05/17	-40.460, 149.109		s	2331
022	Bass Strait	BT	22/05/17	-39.462, 149.276	-39.465, 149.242	2.9	2760	2692
023	Bass Strait	BS	22/05/17	-39.462, 149.277	-39.465, 149.246	2.7	2774	2694
027	Bass Strait	BC	22/05/17	-39.462, 149.271			2741
028	Bass Strait	BC	22/05/17	-39.500, 149.535			4147
030	Bass Strait	BT	23/05/17	-39.552, 149.553	-39.496, 149.598	7.3	4197	4133
031	Bass Strait	BS	23/05/17	-39.422, 149.604	-39.391, 149.597	3.5	4150	4170
032	East Gippsland MP	BT	24/05/17	-38.479, 150.185	-38.453, 150.186	2.9	3850	3853
033	East Gippsland MP	BS	24/05/17	-38.521, 150.213	-38.498, 150.207	2.6	4107	4064
035	East Gippsland MP	BT	25/05/17	-37.792, 150.382	-37.818, 150.353	3.9	2338	2581
040	East Gippsland MP	BS	25/05/17	-37.815, 150.373	-37.818, 150.356	1.5	2746	2600
041	off Bermagui	BT	26/05/17	-36.418, 150.800			3980
042	off Bermagui	BS	26/05/17	-36.385, 150.863	-36.434, 150.863	5.4	4744	4716
043	off Bermagui	BT	27/05/17	-36.351, 150.914	-36.384, 150.913	3.7	4800	4800
044	off Bermagui	BT	27/05/17	-36.355, 150.644	-36.315, 150.651	4.5	2821	2687
045	off Bermagui	BS	27/05/17	-36.360, 150.644	-36.323, 150.650	4.1	2835	2739
046	off Bermagui	BC	27/05/17	-36.284, 150.658			2643
053	Jervis MP	BT	28/05/17	-35.114, 151.469	-35.084, 151.441	4.2	3952	4011
054	Jervis MP	BS	28/05/17	-35.117, 151.473	-35.099, 151.455	2.6	4026	3881
055	Jervis MP	BS	28/05/17	-35.335, 151.259	-35.334, 151.219	3.6	2667	2665
056	Jervis MP	BT	29/05/17	-35.333, 151.258	-35.332, 151.214	4.0	2650	2636
57*	Jervis MP	BC
065	off Newcastle	BT	30/05/17	-33.441, 152.702	-33.435, 152.665	3.5	4280	4173
066	off Newcastle	BS	30/05/17	-33.448, 152.733	-33.437, 152.674	5.6	4378	4195
067	off Newcastle	BT	31/05/17	-32.985, 152.952	-33.015, 152.913	4.9	2704	2902
068	off Newcastle	BS	31/05/17	-32.993, 152.957	-33.023, 152.943	3.6	2745	2963
069	Hunter MP	BT	03/06/17	-32.479, 152.994	-32.507, 152.991	3.1	1006	1036
070	Hunter MP	BT	03/06/17	-32.575, 153.162	-32.632, 153.142	6.6	2595	2474
076	Hunter MP	BS	03/06/17	-32.577, 153.161	-32.613, 153.149	4.2	2534	2480
078	Hunter MP	BT	04/06/17	-32.138, 153.527	-32.182, 153.524	4.9	3980	4029
079	Hunter MP	BS	04/06/17	-32.131, 153.527	-32.163, 153.524	3.6		4031
080	Central Eastern MP	BT	05/06/17	-30.099, 153.596	-30.128, 153.571	4.0	1257	1194
086	Central Eastern MP	BT	05/06/17	-30.098, 153.899	-30.119, 153.875	3.3	2429	2518
087	Central Eastern MP	BS	06/06/17	-30.113, 153.898	-30.116, 153.867	3.0	2634	2324
088	Central Eastern MP	BT	06/06/17	-30.264, 153.870	-30.287, 153.830	4.6	4481	4401
089	Central Eastern MP	BS	06/06/17	-30.263, 153.859	-30.289, 153.844	3.2	4436	4414
090	off Byron Bay	BT	07/06/17	-28.677, 154.203	-28.709, 154.190	3.8	2587	2562
096	off Byron Bay	BS	07/06/17	-28.678, 154.204	-28.716, 154.189	4.5	2591	2566
097	off Byron Bay	BT	08/06/17	-28.355, 154.636	-28.414, 154.615	6.9	3762	3803
098	off Byron Bay	BS	08/06/17	-28.371, 154.647	-28.389, 154.612	4.0	3811	3754
099	off Byron Bay	BT	09/06/17	-28.371, 154.649	-28.388, 154.617	3.7	3825	3754
100	off Byron Bay	BT	09/06/17	-28.054, 154.083	-28.097, 154.081	4.8	999	1013
101	off Moreton Bay	BT	09/06/17	-26.946, 153.945	-26.971, 153.951	2.8	2520	2576
102	off Moreton Bay	BT	10/06/17	-27.008, 154.223	-27.049, 154.224	4.6	4274	4264
103	off Moreton Bay	BS	10/06/17	-27.000, 154.223	-27.061, 154.223	6.8	4260	4280
104	off Moreton Bay	BT	10/06/17	-26.961, 153.848	-26.991, 153.847	3.3	1071	1138
109	off Fraser Island	BT	11/06/17	-25.221, 154.164	-25.253, 154.192	4.5	4006	4005
110	off Fraser Island	BS	11/06/17	-25.220, 154.160	-25.261, 154.200	6.1	4005	4010
115	off Fraser Island	BT	11/06/17	-25.325, 154.068	-25.351, 154.076	3.0	2350	2342
118**	off Fraser Island	BS
119	off Fraser Island	BS	12/06/17	-25.206, 153.991	-25.178, 153.979	3.3	2247	2369
121	Coral Sea MP	BT	13/06/17	-23.587, 154.194	-23.617, 154.195	3.3	1013	1093
122	Coral Sea MP	BT	13/06/17	-23.751, 154.639	-23.773, 154.616	3.4	2369	2329
123	Coral Sea MP	BS	13/06/17	-23.749, 154.641	-23.774, 154.617	3.7	2271	2339
128	Coral Sea MP	BT	13/06/17	-23.631, 154.660	-23.659, 154.644	3.5	1770	1761
131	Coral Sea MP	BS	14/06/17	-23.748, 154.643	-23.778, 154.613	4.5	2297	2358
132	Coral Sea MP	BS	14/06/17	-23.756, 154.568	-23.780, 154.540	3.9	2181	2132
134	Coral Sea MP	BS	14/06/17	-23.750, 154.572	-23.774, 154.546	3.8	2093	2156
135	Coral Sea MP	BT	15/06/17	-24.352, 154.291	-24.384, 154.325	5.0	3968	4034

Open in a new tab

The CSIRO 4 m wide by 0.5 m high beam trawl used to collect megafaunal invertebrates had a net mesh size of 12 mm in the forward section, and 10 mm in the cod end (Lewis 2010). From the time samples were brought aboard the ship to preservation, a ‘cold-chain’ method (Glover et al. 2016) was employed to ensure specimens could be used for future morphological and DNA taxonomy. Substrate and larger specimens from the beam trawl catch were transferred to the wet laboratory on board in containers filled with chilled seawater (5 °C) and material was roughly sorted on ice made from seawater into higher taxonomic categories. Larger clumps of substrate were broken with a hammer and smaller animals were picked from the pieces. Selected specimens were photographed. The majority of the catch was preserved in 95% ethanol, the remainder in 10% buffered formalin, while selected specimens were fixed in RNAlater. When time allowed, for ~ 20% of the catch, tissue samples from selected specimens were taken and fixed in ethanol, while the voucher specimens were fixed in formalin. Larger samples containing numerous annelid tubes were split, half was fixed in ethanol and half in formalin. Operation 100 included a dead pilot whale skull and vertebrae, annelids were picked off the bones and preserved in 95% ethanol.

The Brenke sledge (mesh size 1 mm) was used to collect microbenthic infauna living near the sediment-water interface and more mobile epibenthic fauna (Brenke 2005). Both cod-ends of the Brenke sledge nets were emptied into chilled seawater and visible animals were picked out. The remainder of the sample was elutriated with chilled seawater to separate small animals from sediment, and gently sieved using a 300 µm sieve. Sediment residue was fixed in 95% ethanol and the remaining specimens were hand-picked from residues and sorted under microscopes in the dry lab on board. Selected preserved specimens were also photographed on board. The box core (Hessler and Jumars 1974) was used to collect infaunal invertebrates. Box core sampling was less successful than the trawl and sledge sampling: of five deployments, one deployment resulted in a full sample, the other four resulted in only partial samples or none at all. For successful samples, the top 2 cm sediment layer of the core was elutriated in chilled seawater, sieved using a 300 µm mesh sieve and treated as samples collected by Brenke sledge.

Prior to fixation, all specimens were weighed and registered on board and assigned labels with operation (op) and accession numbers (acc).

Annelid specimens collected during the voyage were shipped to the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM), Museums Victoria, Melbourne (MV), and the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK) where they were registered and assigned permanent registration numbers of the respective institutions.

Laboratory identification of annelids

At the respective institutions, annelids fixed in formalin were soaked in water, preserved with 80% ethanol and sorted in 80% ethanol, while ethanol-fixed annelids were sorted in 95% ethanol. Mixed lots of annelids were sorted to families at the AM and MV. Annelid families for which no taxonomic expertise is available in Australia (Acrocirridae, some Ampharetidae, Cirratulidae, Dorvilleidae, Flabelligeridae, Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Lumbrineridae, Maldanidae, some Melinnidae, Opheliidae, Orbiniidae, Paraonidae, Scalibregmatidae, Sphaerodoridae, Spionidae, Sternaspidae, Echiura, and Sipuncula) were sent internationally to taxonomic authorities for species-level identification.

All beam trawl specimens were identified. Brenke sledge and box core material was identified past family level when specimens were large enough (considered adult) and/or complete. Annelids were assigned Latin binomial names where possible or determined in open nomenclature following Sigovini et al. (2016). Species were designated cf. qualifiers to the closest morphological match and not the full species name following the reasons stated in Neal et al. (2020); i) specimens were too damaged or incomplete, ii) the original description was not detailed enough, iii) the described species had a type locality from shallow water or in a different region from Australia (another ocean basin). Some deep-sea species are known to be widespread and in these cases we follow the individual authors of each section as to whether the species is thought to be widespread and thus whether cf. is designated or not. It is important to stress that no formal descriptions of the species are given here, only preliminary identifications and diagnoses (a short written description of the species, which allows that species to be distinguish from other species with which it is likely to be confused). Subsequent taxonomic papers will describe the species and compare them genetically.

The matrix of all annelid species-level abundance and presence data (including beam trawl, box core, and Brenke sledge material) from voyage IN2017_V03 was constructed in MS Excel in standardised Darwin Core format.

Results

Taxonomic overview

Family Acoetidae Kinberg, 1856

A. Murray

This family of scale worms is characterised by the presence of internal ‘spinning’ glands which produce fibres used to construct their tough fibrous permanent tubes. These fibres often appear as golden strings emerging from the notopodia. Acoetidae are active carnivores and predators, and most frequently collected by fishers on baited lines, in shallow to deep waters (1–200 m). There are currently nine valid genera with 58 nominal species worldwide (Read and Fauchald 2020). In Australian waters they have been collected rarely, and usually only single individuals are found, often as fragments, possibly due to their ability to actively avoid grabs and dredges by rapidly withdrawing into their tubes when detecting vibration in benthic sediments. The few Acoetidae specimens recorded from Australia have all been collected from shallow waters, with the deepest species being Polyodontes australiensis (McIntosh, 1885) reported from 120 m off Tasmania (as Eupompe australiensis) by Benham (1915), and a specimen of Euarche sp., reported as Eupanthalis sp., from off Cronulla, New South Wales by Hutchings (2000a) from < 100 m depth. In this study we report one species.

Panthalis

sp.

Fig. 2A

Figure 2. — *Acoetidae*, *Chrysopetalidae*, *Nephtyidae*, *Oweniidae*AAcoetidae, *Panthalis* sp., dorsal view (AM W.50321) BChrysopetalidae, *Dysponetus* *cf.* *caecus*, dorsal view CDysponetus *cf.* *caecus*, ventral view DNephtyidae, *Aglaophamus* sp. pre- and post-acicular chaetae ENephtyidae, *Nephtys* *cf.* *paradoxa* (AM W.52750) FNephtyidae, *Aglaophamus* sp. GOweniidae, *Myriowenia* sp. in tube (AM W.51842). Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 1 mm (**B, C**); 50 µm (D); 5 mm (**E, G**); 3 mm (F).

Diagnosis.

One damaged specimen, with 24 anterior segments measuring 1.2 cm long, 0.6 mm wide. Head region badly damaged, but some features recognisable: low rounded ommatophores without necks and colourless, a single long median antenna attached mid-prostomium, longer than prostomium length; lateral antennae and palps missing, however; tentaculophores with a few chaetae, styles missing; elytra present on segments 2, 4, 5, 7 and alternating segments thereafter, delicate, transparent. All chaetae simple. Acicular neurochaetae starting from chaetiger 3, notochaetae absent from chaetiger 4 and on all parapodia thereafter. Notopodia with notoaciculum and spinning glands internally, golden ‘spinning’ fibres emergent from the inner surface of the notopodial bract. Superior group of neurochaetae from chaetiger 9 onwards, of two types: long, with plumose (brush) tips, and shorter chaetae with few whorls of short widely spaced hairs along shafts; middle group of neurochaetae stout, acicular chaetae with hairy aristate tips; inferior group of neurochaetae curved, lanceolate, with many transverse rows of overlapping spines along shaft.

Remarks.

This specimen possesses brush-tipped neurochaetae typical of the genera Acoetes and Panthalis, but lacks notochaetae in all middle segments, a feature which distinguishes it as a species of Panthalis. The genus Panthalis has not yet been reported from Australian waters; however, specimens have been collected previously from deep water in the Arafura Sea off Western Australia and Northern Territory (Murray and Hutchings in prep.).

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 104 (AM).

Family Acrocirridae Banse, 1969

N. Jimi

Acrocirridae are generally small, thread-like or maggot-shaped worms, which are predominantly benthic. There are currently nine valid genera with 43 nominal species (Read and Fauchald 2020). Small deep-sea acrocirrids are very rare and resemble flabelligerids in having a retractile head (Salazar-Vallejo and Gillet 2007; Martínez et al. 2019). The genus Flabelligena consists of six species and has been reported from bathyal to abyssal depths. The genus can be distinguished by having 1–3 short branchiae, spinulose notochaetae, and compound neurochaetae (Aguirrezabalaga and Ceberio 2006). Chauvinelia consists of two species, both have been recorded from abyssal depths. The genus can be identified by having well-developed cephalic hood, simple notochaetae, and compound neurochaetae (Salazar-Vallejo and Gillet 2007; Martínez et al. 2019). In Australia, only two intertidal species have been described from two genera (Acrocirrus and Macrochaeta) (Kudenov 1976). Here we report at least one species of Chauvinelia, one species of Flabelligella, four species of Flabelligena and one species of Swima. This is the first time these genera have been recorded from Australian waters. Four species of Flabelligena are new to science.

Chauvinelia

sp.

Fig. 3E

Figure 3. — *Acrocirridae*AFlabelligena sp. nov. 1 (AM W.52559) BFlabelligena sp. nov. 2. (AM W.52561) CFlabelligena sp. nov. 3. (AM W.52560) DFlabelligena sp. nov. 4. (AM W.52828) EChauvinelia sp. (AM W.52552) FAcrocirridae gen. sp. 2 (AM W.52833). Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 µm (**B–F**).

Diagnosis.

Length 1.5 mm, width 0.4 mm, 19 chaetigers, two pairs of branchiae, palps lost. Large ventral papillae present in anterior achaetous segments. Notochaetae elongated, simple, spinous in the tip. Neurochaetae elongated, compound, spinous in the tip.

Acrocirridae

gen. sp. 2

Fig. 3F

Diagnosis.

Incomplete (posterior fragment), length ~ 10 mm, width 0.7 mm, 25 chaetigers, 1–2 spinous notochaetae, one composite short neurochaetae. Body papillae short, with sediment particles. Large ventral papillae absent. Similar to Flabelligena sp. 1, but different in neurochaetal shape.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 87 (AM).

Acrocirridae

gen. sp. 3

Diagnosis.

Incomplete, length ~ 4 mm, width 0.4 mm, 12 chaetigers, 2–3 notochaetae, 2–3 composite neurochaetae. Body papillae short, without sediment particles. Large ventral papillae absent.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 79 (AM).

Acrocirridae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Samples were identified to family level only or individuals were too fragmented for further analysis.

Records.

16 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 31, 54, 55, 56, 76, 87, 96, 98, 119, 134 (AM).

Family Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866

T. Alvestad, L. M. Gunton

Ampharetidae are tubicolous annelids, with a body divided into a distinct thorax and abdomen, unlike the closely related Terebellidae, species of Ampharetidae are able to fully retract buccal tentacles into the mouth. The family Ampharetidae is composed of 64 accepted genera and > 300 species (Ebbe and Purschke 2021). Thirty-two of these genera are monospecific making the taxonomy complex (Eilertsen et al. 2017). Ampharetids are found from intertidal to abyssal depths (Aguirrezabalaga and Parapar 2014; Bonifácio et al. 2015). Deep-water ampharetids are found in high abundance on abyssal plains (Böggemann 2009) and chemosynthesis-based environments such as hydrothermal vents and cold seeps (Reuscher et al. 2009; Eilertsen et al. 2017). The ampharetid fauna of Australia has been poorly studied. To date, five genera (Amphicteis, Auchenoplax, Phyllamphicteis, Pseudoamphicteis, and Neosabellides) and nine species (Day and Hutchings 1979; Hutchings and Rainer 1979; Hartmann-Schröder 1981; Alvestad and Budaeva 2015) have been recorded from Australian waters. These Australian records are primarily from shallow waters (< 100 m); however, ampharetids are known to be well-represented in deep-sea benthic samples, indicating that a high number of Australian ampharetid species are yet to be described. In this study > 300 ampharetid specimens belonging to more than six species were recovered from the Australian lower bathyal and abyssal environment, at least four are new to science.

Amage

sp. nov. 1

Fig. 4A

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 22 (AM).

Anobothrus

sp. nov. 2

Fig. 4C

Diagnosis.

Incomplete, 9 mm length, 1 mm width. Specimens not in a good condition. Not possible to discern characters on the prostomium or count segments. Conical prostomium. Long filiform paleae. Space between the two groups of branchiae similar to width of one branchia. Tube a thin layer of secretion loosely incrusted with mud and foraminifera.

Records.

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 56 (AM).

Jugamphicteis galatheae

Records.

4 specimens: Suppl. material 1: ops. 96, 102, 103 (AM). 2 specimens Suppl. material 1: op. 110 (NHMUK).

Linopherus

sp. 1

Fig. 5F

Remarks.

Samples identified to family level only as individuals too damaged for further analysis, or juveniles (Fig. 5F). Specimens from op. 110 may be juveniles, size 5 mm length, 2 mm width.

Records.

5 specimens. ops. 16, 110 (AM).

Family Aphroditidae Malmgren, 1867

A. Murray, R. S. Wilson

Aphroditidae is a family of scale-worms commonly referred to as ‘sea mice’ due to their hairy appearance. Currently, there are seven genera containing 104 species (Read and Fauchald 2020). The family is well-represented in both the deep sea and in shallow waters. They tend to be large animals often caught in trawls and grabs. Although 18 species in five genera have been recorded from Australian waters in a revision by Hutchings and McRae (1993), only four of these species have been reported from depths > 400 m: Laetmonice producta Grube, 1877; Laetmonice yarramba Hutchings & McRae, 1993, Aphrodita goolmarris Hutchings & McRae, 1993, and Aphrodita malkaris Hutchings & McRae, 1993. In this study five species from two genera (Aphrodita and Laetmonice) are reported, one species is believed to be undescribed.

Aphrodita cf. talpa

Quatrefages, 1866

Fig. 6A, B

Figure 6. — *Aphroditidae*AAphrodita *cf.* *talpa* (NMV F.293294) dorsal view BAphrodita *cf.* *talpa* (AM W.49509) lateral view CAphrodita *goolmarris* (AM W.52604) dorsal view DLaetmonice *yarramba* dorsal view (AM W.49499) ELaetmonice *yarramba* ventral view (AM W.49500). Scale bars: 1 mm (C); 5 mm (**A, B, D, E**).

Diagnosis.

Body shape ovate, length less than twice maximum width. Specimens with dorsal felt of fine notochaetae covering and obscuring elytra; 15 pairs elytra, elytral surface with micropapillae. Prostomium rounded, without ocular peduncles, eye pigment absent (may be present), nuchal flaps absent; facial tubercle well-developed, ~ same length as prostomium, papillate. Median antenna long, thin, as long as prostomium, with ceratophore ~ one third the length of style; palps long, minute papillae present. Notochaetae of three kinds: capillary chaetae forming matted dorsal felt; iridescent capillary chaetae projecting laterally; and stout, golden acicular spines with fine tubercles and hairs and with fine curved/hooked tips. Neurochaetae stout, superior tier thicker, brown with pilose margin and smooth slightly curved naked tip, inferior tier similar but golden brown and thinner than upper neurochaetae, with thickly pilose margin and slightly curved naked tips.

Remarks.

This species may be undescribed; it differs from Aphrodita talpa Quatrefages, 1866 (described from New Zealand) in having an elongate median antenna, hirsute notochaetae, iridescent capillary notochaetae, and lacking hastate neurochaetae. It has previously been reported from a number of locations around Australia at depths of 17–171 m as Aphrodita talpa by Hutchings and McRae (1993), who also suggest that it may be a complex of species due to its morphological variability. It is not clear if material reported from the Tasman Sea from depths of 186–526 m by Averincev (1978) represents Aphrodita talpa Quatrefages, 1866 or Aphrodita talpa sensu Hutchings & McRae, 1993 and so we prefer to use Aphrodita cf. talpa.

Records.

10 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 22, 35, 44, 56 (AM). 4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 4 (MV).

Aphrodita goolmarris

Hutchings & McRae, 1993

Fig. 6C

Diagnosis.

Large-bodied specimens, body shape ovate, length less than twice maximum width. Thin dorsal felt of fine notochaetae covering elytra; 15 pairs elytra, elytral surface with micropapillae. Prostomium rounded, without ocular peduncles, with raised ocular areas, pigment absent; facial tubercle well-developed, inflated, with small papillae. Palps extending to segment 11 with minutely papillated margins. Median antenna rod-shaped, fifth length of prostomium. Notochaetae of three kinds: capillary chaetae forming matted dorsal felt; stout, golden-brown, smooth chaetae curving over dorsum; and lateral short tuft of faintly iridescent capillary notochaetae, not forming a fringe. Neuropodia with three tiers of chaetae: stout, superior tier with two stout dark, pilose-tipped acicular neurochaetae, middle tier with 4–9 similar chaetae, inferior tier with 8–15 similar chaetae. Some anterior segments with non-pilose acicular neurochaetae with smooth margins and tips. Numerous golden-yellow, bipinnate neurochaetae present in chaetigers 2 and 3 in inferior position.

Remarks.

This species is recorded from Western Australia (WA), New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) (Cape York) in depths of 353–3058 m (Hutchings and McRae 1993). It has also been recently collected from the GAB voyages (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2).

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 14, 67 (AM).

Laetmonice benthaliana

McIntosh, 1885

Diagnosis.

Body shape elongate, > twice as long as maximum width. Number of chaetigers 33–34. Dorsal felt of fine notochaetae absent. Fifteen pairs of elytra, elytral surface smooth. Elytra comments: some inconspicuous brown pigmented spots in the middle. Prostomium rounded, facial tubercle large and visible dorsally. Facial tubercle papillate. Eye pigmentation absent. Eyes located on elongate ocular peduncles, longer than wide. Median antenna bi-articulate with basal ceratophore and elongate style. Median antenna ceratophore length ~ as long as prostomium. Median antenna ceratostyle length much longer than prostomium (3–6 × as long). Palp surface smooth, palps extending to segment 15. Ventrum with sparse cover of papillae, appearing almost smooth. Ventral cirri of mid-body chaetigers short, not reaching base of neurochaetae. Dorsal notochaetae harpoon-like, with several barb-like tips. Harpoon notochaetae (stout with barbed tips) present. Harpoon notochaetae shaft with fine granulations. Prominent basal spur on neurochaetae present. Spur-neurochaetae of (mid-body segments) subdistal teeth absent. Spur-neurochaetae subdistal hairs present. Marginal hairs not reaching the tip of the spur but leaving a significant basal gap.

Remarks.

In this study the species was recorded from 2751–2820 m; other records from the Australian region include RV ‘Dmitry Mendeleev’ voyage 16 stations 1372 and 1373 in the GAB (700–1976 m) by Averincev (1978) and RV ‘Galathea’ stations 601, 697 in the Tasman Sea (3580–4400 m) by Kirkegaard (1995).

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 4 (MV).

Laetmonice yarramba

Hutchings & McRae, 1993

Fig. 6D, E

Diagnosis.

Specimens dorsally with debris entangled in felted notochaetae, sometimes obscuring elytra, but dorsal felt not covering elytra, elytra 12–15 pairs. Prostomium with short ocular peduncles, eye pigment absent; facial tubercle well-developed, papillate; nuchal flaps absent. Palps extending to segments 13 and 14, margins finely papillate. Median antenna with ceratophore half length of prostomium; antennal style long thin, > 3 × length of prostomium. Notochaetae of three kinds: golden, curved, smooth, acicular chaetae arched over dorsum; stout, long harpoon chaetae with three recurved fangs below tips, shafts tuberculate on some specimens; tuft of fine mud-covered chaetae ventrally. Neurochaetae in two tiers: superior tier of 2–4 yellow acicular chaetae with basal spur and subdistal fringe of hairs, inferior tier with numerous yellow bipinnate chaetae. Ventrum with small papillae present, or may be absent.

Remarks.

Specimens range from 0.2 mm to 7 cm in length. Some individuals are badly damaged, with chaetae missing, and other intact specimens show some morphological variability from the original description by Hutchings and McRae (1993) in the longer palps, and some with fewer than 13 pairs of elytra. However, they most resemble L. yarramba, but share some similarities with L. producta Grube, 1877 (which is also considered to be species complex by Hutchings and McRae 1993), such as tuberculate shafts of the harpoon chaetae, but from which it can be distinguished by the fewer pairs of elytra and the absence of nuchal flaps on the prostomium. Widespread around Australia in depths of 60–3950 m, including records from the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2).

Records.

354 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 13, 15, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 53, 56, 65, 70, 86, 115 (AM). 4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 4 (MV).

Laetmonice cf. producta

sensu Hutchings & McRae, 1993

Diagnosis.

Large-bodied specimen, body shape elongate, > twice as long as maximum width. Dorsal felt of fine notochaetae absent, 18 pairs elytra with purple colouration on inner halves. Prostomium with pair of large ocular peduncles, without eye pigment; facial tubercle well-developed, with long conical papillae; small nuchal flaps present. Palps extending to segment 11, margins finely papillate. Median antenna with ceratophore half the length of the prostomium; antennal ceratostyle longer than prostomium, slender, clavate-tipped, 3 × length of prostomium. Notochaetae of three kinds: ~ 15 smooth, golden, unidentate acicular chaetae; ~ ten long, stout, yellow brown harpoon-like chaetae with 3–5 recurved fangs below tips, shafts smooth or tuberculate; tuft of short, fine mud-covered capillary chaetae ventrally. Neurochaetae in two tiers: superior tier of yellow acicular chaetae with basal spur and subdistal fringe of long hairs and bare tips, inferior tier with numerous golden bipinnate neurochaetae. Ventrum covered with small papillae.

Remarks.

This specimen agrees well with the description of other Australian specimens assigned to Laetmonice producta Grube, 1877 by Hutchings & McRae (1993), who stated that the species displayed much morphological variability and had a broad distribution. Grube originally described L. producta from the area of the Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Ocean. McIntosh (1885, 1900) described several “varieties” of L. producta, ranging from the Azores to Antarctic waters, most of which were subsequently raised to species level by Chamberlin (1919). However, Hartman (1965) suggested that the variety represented by Grube’s original species (now known as the subspecies L. producta producta, see Read and Fauchald 2020) was restricted in distribution to the area of Kerguelen Islands, the South Georgia Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The records from southeastern Australian waters were assigned to L. producta by Hutchings and McRae (1993) because they were unable to examine the type specimens of McIntosh’s “varieties”, and they suggest that it may possibly belong to another new species. The specimen examined herein differs from L. producta producta Grube, 1877 by the number of elytra (18, not 20 pairs), the lack of eye pigment, smaller nuchal flaps, and the shafts of the harpoon notochaetae which may be smooth or finely granulated. Live specimens are usually pale, with a longitudinal purple stripe mid-dorsally.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 14 (AM).

Family Capitellidae Grube, 1862

L. M. Gunton

Capitellids resemble terrestrial earthworms due to their simple cylindrical body shape, lack of head appendages and often reduced parapodia. The family contains 44 genera and ~ 186 species (Magalhães and Blake 2019). Capitellids are common and widespread annelids that occur in every marine habitat from intertidal to hadal depths. In Australia, Capitellidae fauna comprises of at least 37 species in 18 genera (Hutchings 2000b). Unfortunately, the capitellids collected from the present study were damaged. Complete or nearly complete specimens are needed for generic diagnosis, furthermore, no taxonomic expertise in the family was available. Two genera (Capitella and Notomastus) are reported here.

Capitella spp.

Phyllochaetopterus spp.

Records.

7 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 6, 41, 53, 78 (AM).

Chaetopteridae gen. spp.

Remarks.

The specimens were too fragmented to be identified further.

Records.

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 88, 134 (AM). Tubes only. Suppl. material 1: ops. 65, 104 (NHMUK).

Family Chrysopetalidae Ehlers, 1864

C. Watson

Chrysopetalids are distinguished by broad notochaetal, leaf-like paleae and/or notochaetal spines in fans covering the dorsum. Chrysopetalidae currently contains 29 genera and ~ 110 species (Watson 2020). There are three subfamilies, paleate Chrysopetalinae, spinous Dysponetinae, and putatively lacking spinous notochaetae or notochaetae Calamyzinae. Abyssal Chrysopetalinae taxa have been described from hydrothermal vents (e.g., Thrausmatos Watson, 2001) and wood falls (e.g., Strepternos Watson Russell, 1991). Dysponetinae taxa have been described from abyssal plains of the East Atlantic (Böggemann 2009). Free-living Calamyzinae taxa occur in seep and whale fall communities, e.g., Micospina auribohnorumWatson et al. 2016 from the East Pacific, and symbiotic Calamyzinae taxa from vent bivalve hosts, e.g., Nautilina calyptogenicola Miura & Laubier, 1989 from the West Pacific. No Calamyzinae taxa have yet been recorded from Australian waters. Chrysopetalinae taxa from southern Australia, shelf to ~1000 m, are currently being described (Watson in prep.). In this abyssal study we report one species, Dysponetus cf. caecus.

Dysponetus cf. caecus

(Langerhans, 1880)

Fig. 2B, C

Diagnosis.

Prostomium truncate, with three short antennae and two short palps. No eyes. Large mouth cirrus and pair of rod-like stylets. Two pairs of cirriform tentacular cirri on segments 1 and 2; segments one and two fused; dorsal cirri segment 1 very long, notopodia 2 with notochaetae. Mid-body notopodia with two lengths of semi-erect, golden-coloured notochaetal fascicles: short, broad and long, slender, spines with two rows of spinelets; elongate cirrophores and long dorsal styles. Neuropodia with fascicle of very slender falcigerous neurochaetae with very long shafts; ventral cirri longer than neuropodia.

Remarks.

Similar to, but differs from abyssal East Atlantic Dysponetus cf. caecus (sensu Böggemann 2009; Watson et al. 2014) in possession of broad short spines with less spinulation. Dysponetus caecus is currently considered a global species complex.

Records.

48 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 11, 23, 40, 76, 98, 110, 134 (AM). 2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

H. Wiklund

Dorvilleids contain some of the smallest described annelids and are the only extant group with ctenognath jaws. The family Dorvilleidae consists of ~ 200 species arranged in 32 genera (Read and Fauchald 2020), with more than a third of the genera containing only one species. The most speciose dorvilleid genus is Ophryotrocha Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869 with ~ 75 described species. The first Ophryotrocha species were described from shallow water, but with advancing deep-sea sampling, now more species are known from the deep sea than shallow water. Worms in the genus are opportunistic feeders and thrive in organically enriched habitats both in deep-sea and shallow waters, for example in polluted harbours, sewer outlets, beneath fish farms and on hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and whale falls. One species of Ophryotrocha has been described from Australian waters, O. shieldsi Paxton & Davey, 2010, that was found in large numbers beneath a shallow fish farm in Tasmania. In this study we report eight species of Ophryotrocha. Some species were far more abundant than others, with Ophryotrocha sp. 2 and Ophryotrocha sp. 3 being the most common. Several of these species are likely new to science.

Remarks. Species were preliminary separated on the basis of the forms of mandibles, shape of head and appendages, and shape of chaetae. The species vary slightly in size, with the smallest species being just 1 mm long (Ophryotrocha sp. 2) and the largest being 3.2 mm long (Ophryotrocha sp. 5).

Ophryotrocha

sp. 1

sp. 7

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Ophryotrocha

sp. 8

Records.

3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Dorvilleidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Specimens from whale fall (op. 100) were too damaged or dried out to be identified. A single specimen provisionally referred to Schistomeringos was recorded from 932 m in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2). Further investigation is needed to understand if any of the GAB species match those found in this study.

Records.

75 specimens. Table 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Family Eunicidae Berthold, 1827

R. S. Wilson

Along with other members of the order Eunicida, species of Eunicidae possess a ventral muscular pharynx with mineralized or sclerotized jaws. Eunicidae are recognisable by possessing a prostomium with one to three antennae which lack ringed ceratophores. The family consists of 11 extant genera and 453 currently accepted species (Read and Fauchald 2020). They are not dominant members of abyssal benthic communities. Shallow water species from Australia are comparatively well known (Zanol et al. 2020) and historical records include about 32 species from six genera from Australian waters, all from <100 m water depth (http://www.ala.org.au). This study reports two species from depths of ~ 1000–2800 m off the east coast of Australia; neither species is previously known from Australia and both appear to be undescribed.

Eunice sp. nov.

Fig. 8A, B

Figure 8. — *Eunicidae*AEunice sp. nov., anterior view (AM W.50148) B Maxillae of *Eunice* sp. nov. (AM W.50148) CLeodice sp. nov., anterior view (AM W.50146) D Maxillae of *Leodice* sp. nov. (AM W.50152). Scale bars: 2 mm (**A, C**); 1 mm (**B, D**).

Diagnosis.

No pigmentation on preserved specimens. Prostomium bilobed, slightly notched. Eyes present, behind bases of palps. Prostomial appendages with widest gap separating palps from lateral antennae. Palpostyles, antennal styles, and peristomial cirri with irregular articulations. Peristomial rings distinct dorsally and ventrally but continuous laterally. Maxillae dentition: Mx I left 1, right 1. Mx II left 7, right 6. Mx III left 6. Mx IV left 5, right 9. Mx V left 1, right 1.

Branchiae absent. Lateral black dot between posterior parapodia absent. Dorsal cirri length short, at most as long as two body segments. Dorsal cirri of anterior chaetigers tapering, median chaetigers tapering, posterior chaetigers tapering, smooth, without articulations. Digitiform ventral cirri, basally inflated, commence chaetiger 3.

Pectinate chaetae absent. Compound falcigers present, appendages distally bidentate, hoods without mucros (rounded). Compound spinigers absent. Aciculae dark honey-coloured to black, distally bluntly pointed. Subacicular hooks dark honey-coloured to black, bidentate, distal tooth directed distally, subdistal tooth directed laterally. Subacicular hooks first present from chaetiger 24–27.

Remarks.

Euphrosinidae

gen. sp.

Records.

1 specimen. op. 9 (NHMUK).

Family Fabriciidae Rioja, 1923

A. Murray

Fabriciids are small (0.85–10 mm long) fanworms. Approximately 80 species in 17 valid genera are now considered to be in the family Fabriciidae (Read and Fauchald 2020), which until 2008 had been classified as a subfamily of Sabellidae (see Kupriyanova and Rouse 2008; Capa et al. 2010). Most species are intertidal or shallow-dwelling in fresh- or marine waters; however, there are a few genera such as Raficiba, Pseudofabriciola, and Fabriciola, which are represented in deep waters up to 100 m, with Raficiba known from continental shelf waters of ~ 300 m (Fitzhugh 1996; Fitzhugh 2001; Huang et al. 2011). A few undescribed species assigned provisionally to Novafabricia and Fabriciola have also been reported in southwest Atlantic Ocean deepsea basins at depths of 5000 m (Bick 2020). In Australian waters, the family has only been recorded from intertidal or subtidal depths (Hartmann-Schröder 1981, 1986, 1991; Hutchings et al. 1981; Fitzhugh 1990, 1992, 2002; Huang et al. 2011). In this study we report at least one species.

Fabriciidae

indet.

Diagnosis.

One small complete specimen, ~ 2 mm long. Branchial crown with three pairs of radioles with long pinnules terminating at same height as radioles. Eight thoracic and three abdominal chaetigers. Peristomial collar low, membranous, entire ventrally, mid-dorsally incised, anterior margin with shallow lateral notches (ventral conical flap or lobe absent). Dorsal lips as low rounded structures, ventral filamentous appendages absent. Conical structure above mouth absent. Peristomial glandular patches present. All thoracic notochaetae of two lengths: superior elongate, narrowly hooded; inferior short, narrowly hooded. Notochaetae of segments 3–8 similar to those of 1 and 2, pseudospatulate notochaetae absent. Thoracic uncini acicular with few rows of similar-sized teeth above main fang, hood present. Abdominal uncini with rasp-shaped teeth and long manubrium. Pigmented pygidial eyespots absent.

Remarks.

This single specimen has been preserved in 95% ethanol and may have lost pigmentation of the peristomial and pygidial eyes. There are many similarities with the genus Fabriciola but the absence of ventral filamentous appendages is not typical for that genus, so the identification is tentative. More complete and well-preserved specimens would be required to provide a positive identification. This specimen also does not match the diagnosis for Pseudofabriciola, with which it is also similar. This specimen is also similar to that found in the deep GAB surveys of 2015 and 2017, recorded as ‘? Fabriciola sp.’ (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2).

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 54 (AM).

Fabriciidae

gen. sp.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 89 (AM).

Family Fauveliopsidae Hartman, 1971

A. Murray, D. Ramos

Fauveliopsids may be cylindrical or have swellings along the body, they can be free-living or occupy gastropod shells, foraminifera tests, or tubes (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2019b). The family Fauveliopsidae currently consists of 27 species in three genera (Read and Fauchald 2020). Members of family Fauveliopsidae have mostly been described from deep waters < 6835 m (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2019b). There are recent reports of this family in Australia (MacIntosh et al. 2018; Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2019b), with only one species, Fauveliopsis challengeriae McIntosh, 1922, currently described midway between Australia and Antarctica in 3510 m depth (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2019b). In this study we report at least three species, one likely new to science.

Fauveliopsis cf. challengeriae

McIntosh, 1922

Diagnosis.

Specimens complete, 14.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at widest point. Body integument rugose and opaque, with scattered small papillae, tapered, posteriorly swollen, with segments in posterior region short (2–4 × wider than long), and 33 chaetigers. Anterior chaetigers with 2–4 chaetae per ramus, capillary and acicular (sigmoid or falcate) chaetae; middle and posterior chaetigers with 2–3 chaetae per notopodium and 3–5 chaetae per neuropodium, including falcate acicular chaetae and capillary chaetae. Interramal papillae distinct, somewhat stalked. Genital papillae not seen. Living in cemented sediment foraminifera tubes.

Remarks.

The type locality for this species is in the Southern Ocean between Antarctica and Australia in 3510 m depth. It has not previously been recorded in Australian waters, but was recently redescribed from specimens from Antarctic waters and Eastern Pacific Ocean (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2019b) as the holotype is badly damaged. These specimens from off the east coast of Australia differ from those earlier descriptions in number and types of chaetae along the body. Also, because genital papillae were not observed, the identification remains tentative but may represent a new species.

Records.

3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 43 (AM).

Laubieriopsis hartmanae

(Levenstein, 1970)

Fig. 9A–C

Figure 9. — *Fauveliopsidae*ALaubieriopsis *hartmanae*BL. *hartmanae*, chaetae CL. *hartmanae*, genital papilla DRiseriopsis *cf.* *santosae*ERiseriopsis *cf.* *santosae*, chaetae. Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, D**); 50 µm (B); 100 µm (C); 250 µm (E).

Diagnosis.

The family Flabelligeridae is a group of sedentary annelids living in soft sediments or on hard substrates, except for two pelagic genera (Salazar-Vallejo and Zhadan 2007; Salazar-Vallejo 2008). The family is composed of 24 accepted genera and > 200 species (Salazar-Vallejo 2017). Flabelligerids are found from intertidal to abyssal depths world-wide but some genera (e.g., Ilyphagus) are restricted to abyssal depths. Approximately 20 flabelligerid species have been described or recorded from Australia (Haswell 1886, 1892; Day and Hutchings 1979; Salazar-Vallejo 2011a, b, 2012a, b, c; Salazar-Vallejo and Buzhinskaja 2011). However, all these records are from shallow waters (< 40 m) except for Flabelligera affinis reported from deep sea (101–500 m) by Day and Hutchings (1979), and thus, flabelligerid fauna of deep Australian waters is unknown. In this study, we report nine species of Flabelligeridae from the lower bathyal and abyssal Australian waters, four species are new to science.

Bradabyssa cf. kirkegaardi

Salazar-Vallejo, 2017

Fig. 10A

Figure 10. — *Flabelligeridae*ABradabyssa *cf.* *kirkegaardi* (AM W.52573) BBradabyssa sp.1 (AM W.52551) CDiplocirrus sp. nov. 1 (AM W.52559) DDiplocirrus sp. nov. 2 (AM W.52563) EDiplocirrus sp. nov. 4 (AM W.52551) FDiplocirrus sp. 5 (AM W.52562) GIlyphagus sp. (AM W.52561) HFlabelligeridae sp. (AM W.52554) IFlabelligeridae sp. Scale bars: 500 µm (**A, B, D, E**); 1 mm (**C, F, G, I**); 2 mm (H).

Diagnosis.

Length 3 mm, width 0.5 mm, body papillae very long, thin, abundant. Cephalic cage not developed. One capillary notochaeta, one anchylosed neurochaeta. Sediment particles present on base of papillae.

Remarks.

Salazar-Vallejo (2017) indicates this species contained some cryptic species because of the extensive bathymetric pattern of the species and for this reason we prefer to use the term Bradabyssa cf. kirkegaardi.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 42 (AM).

Bradabyssa

sp. 1

Fig. 10B

Diagnosis.

Incomplete, length 9 mm, width 1 mm, 26 chaetigers, body papillae long, thin, abundant, with mud. Cephalic cage not developed. 2–4 capillary notochaetae, 3–4 anchylosed neurochaetae. Sediment particles present on body surface.

Remarks.

This species belongs to group ‘villosa’ described in Salazar-Vallejo (2017).

Records.

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 31 (AM).

Bradabyssa

sp. 2

Remarks.

Specimens were too damaged to identify further and Brenke sledge samples were identified only to family level.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: 16 (AM). 28 specimens. Suppl. material 1 ops. 9, 16, 31, 33, 40, 42, 45, 66, 96, 98, 103, 110, 119, 134 (NHMUK).

Family Glyceridae Grube, 1850

M. Böggemann, R. Sobczyk

Cylindrical and long-bodied worms, widely distributed in soft bottom sediments from intertidal zone to abyssal depths (Wilson 2000; Böggemann 2002). Glyceridae and Goniadidae constitute the Glycerimorpha group. Glycerids may be easily recognized by having annulated prostomium with two pairs of terminal appendages and four cross-arranged jaws on anterior end of eversible pharynx. The family consist of 46 valid species grouped in three genera (Böggemann 2014a). Sixteen species from three genera have been found in intertidal to upper abyssal zones of Australian waters (Hartman 1964; Day and Hutchings 1979; Hutchings and Murray 1984; Böggemann 2002; Böggemann and Wilson 2003; Böggemann 2015). This study reports at least two glycerid species, one may be new to science.

Glycera cf. capitata

Örsted, 1842

Fig. 11C

Figure 11. — *Glyceridae* and *Goniadidae*. AGlyceridae, *Glycera* sp. anterior body with everted pharynx, ventrolateral view (AM W.52668) BGoniadidae, *Bathyglycinde* *profunda*, whole specimen (AM W.52667) CGlyceridae, *Glycera* *cf.* *capitata*, digitiform proboscideal papilla, lateral view (AM W.52672) DGoniadidae, *Bathyglycinde* *profunda*, anterior fragment (AM W.52667) EBathyglycinde *profunda*, proboscideal papillae of area II, posterior view (AM W.52669) FGlyceridae, *Glycera* *cf.* *russa*, conical proboscideal papilla with eight ridges, posterior view (AM W.52605). Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, B, D**); 10 µm (C); 50 µm (E); 10 µm (F).

Diagnosis.

Specimens < 7 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Prostomium with ~ ten rings. Parapodia of mid-body with longer neuropodial than notopodial prechaetal lobes and one rounded postchaetal lobe, dorsal cirri inserted on body wall far above parapodial base. Proboscideal papillae of two types, long digitiform (Fig. 11C) and shorter oval to globular ones. Jaw ailerons with pointed triangular bases. Branchiae absent.

Remarks.

The identification to species level is tentative because the type locality of Glycera capitata is in the Atlantic Ocean off Greenland and there are no molecular data.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 79, 96, 98 (AM).

Glycera cf. russa

Grube, 1870

Fig. 11F

Diagnosis.

Specimen 74 mm long, 6 mm wide. Prostomium with only nine rings. Postchaetal lobes of mid-parapodia both triangular and similar in length along most of the body, posteriorly more acute. Proboscideal papillae of two types, long conical ones (Fig. 11F) and shorter oval ones, both with 6–10 transverse U-shaped ridges (and V-shaped apically). Jaw ailerons with triangular bases, not pointed nor deeply incised. Branchiae completely absent along body.

As the sister group to glycerids, goniadids are cylindrical, long-bodied annelids. The family is easily distinguished from glycerids by presence of usually one pair of macrognaths and variable number of ventral and dorsal micrognaths instead of two pairs of jaws on the anterior end of pharynx (Böggemann 2005). In addition, some genera have longitudinally arranged rows of V-shaped chevrons on each side of the proboscis. The family consist of 64 valid species in eight genera, two of which are monotypic (Böggemann 2014b). Goniadids are widely distributed from intertidal to abyssal depths (Böggemann 2005, 2009). In Australia, 22 species from six genera have been recorded (Day and Hutchings 1979; Walker-Smith and Wilson 2003; Böggemann 2005, 2015). In this study we report one named goniadid.

Bathyglycinde profunda

(Hartman & Fauchald, 1971)

Fig. 11B, D, E

Diagnosis.

Up to 24 mm length and 69 segments; anterior 36–37 parapodia uniramous; prostomium indistinctly annulated with bi-articulated terminal appendages; eyes absent; chevrons not present; papillae on pharynx arranged in rows (Fig. 11E); parapodia biramous at least at posterior part of body; notochaetae capillaries; one posterior neuropodial lobe.

Remarks.

A Depth range of 350–5500 m has been reported (Böggemann 2005).This species was previously recorded from a single station, 2063 m, in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2). Bathyglycinde profunda was originally described from the equatorial region off northeast South America (4825 m) (Hartman and Fauchald 1971); however, molecular evidence suggests it is a widespread deep-water species (Böggemann 2009).

Records.

7 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 31, 33, 54 (AM). 3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 31, 103, 134 (NHMUK).

Goniadidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Brenke sledge samples were identified to family level. Goniada antipoda (a single specimen, 2366 m), Progoniada regularis (a single specimen, 1486 m) and Progoniada sp. MoV7077 (5 stations, 932–4068 m) were recorded from the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018, additional file 2). Further investigation is required to determine if the species in the present study are the same as at the GAB.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 76 (NHMUK).

Family Hesionidae Grube, 1850

C.J. Glasby, D. Ramos

Hesionids are a reasonably common and widespread group of polychaetes that have affinities with other nereidiforms, especially nereidids and syllids (Worsaae et al. 2005). There are currently 34 genera and ~ 450 valid species (Read and Fauchald 2020). They have been collected worldwide, from intertidal habitats to the deep sea. In Australian waters 13 genera and 21 species have been reported (http://www.ala.org.au). In this study we have treated Microphthalmus as a member of the family, as the change proposed by Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2019a) in elevating its subfamily Microphthalminae to family status has yet to be fully considered by the polychaete community and adopted in WoRMS (Read and Fauchald 2020) (Appendix I). We report at least five genera and six species, four species new to science, denoted using a species number.

Microphthalmus

sp.

Fig. 12A–C

Figure 12. — *Hesionidae*AMicrophthalmus sp. BMicrophthalmus sp., anterior end CMicrophthalmus sp., pygidium DNeogyptis sp. nov. 1 (AM W.52327) ENeogyptis sp. nov. 2 (AM W.52436) FVrijenhoekia *ketea*G cf. *Vrijenhoekia* sp. nov. 1 (AM W.52453). Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A); 100 µm (B); 100 µm (C); 1 mm (**E, F, G**); 2 mm (D).

Diagnosis.

Prostomium round, anteriorly cleft, broader than long, with three antennae and two palps. Antennae twice the length of the palps. No eyes. Six pairs of cirriform tentacular cirri on segments 1–3, longer than dorsal cirri. Uniramous parapodia. Dorsal cirri shorter on segment 4 than those on segment 5 onwards. Neuropodia with a pointed prechaetal lobe longer than the blunt postchaetal lobe. Neurochaetae heterogomph falcigers with serrated edge. Pygidium with two anal cirri and a ventral anal plate. Colour in ethanol pale yellow.

Records.

10 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK). 50 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (AM).

Neogyptis

sp. nov. 1

Fig. 12D

Diagnosis.

Specimens all incomplete. Prostomium subrectangular (broader than long), posteriorly with deep mid-dorsal incision; one pair lateral antennae, tips well defined, extending two thirds to just short of length of palps; one short mid-prostomial antenna. Eyespots not visible. Palps bi-articulate, palpostyle cylindrical, twice length palpophore. Proboscis with many cylindrical papillae two or three rows deep, each papilla cilia-tipped. Nuchal organs very conspicuous, light brown, extending from anterolateral prostomium and coalescing mid-posterodorsally. First four segments tentacular, achaetous, bearing eight pairs tentacular cirri, longest extending back to chaetigers 5 or 6. Parapodia biramous throughout, dorsal cirri slender tapered, ~ two thirds length parapodial lobes anteriorly, half length in mid body; ventral cirri slender distally attached, tapered, extending less than half length parapodial lobes. Notopodia bearing capillaries only. Neuropodia compound spinigers. Colour in ethanol yellow-white base, with dark brown band dorsally and laterally on all tentacular segments, and lighter brown nuchal organs.

Remarks.

The present material clearly falls within the concept of the tribe Amphidurini Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist & Nygren, 2012, which includes Amphiduros Hartman, 1959, Amphiduropsis Pleijel, 2001, Neogyptis Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist & Nygren, 2012, and questionably Parahesione Pettibone, 1956. Of these three genera the present specimens are closest to Neogyptis because of the terminal ring of proboscideal papillae and presence of a median antenna. The fine-tipped lateral cirri and cilia-tipped cylindrical papillae were clearly visible only in the formalin-fixed specimen (AM W.52351, see Suppl. material 1) and not in the ethanol-fixed material, indicating the value of this preservative for morphological studies.

Of the 12 species in the genus the only species currently known from the West Pacific is Neogyptis hinehina Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist & Nygren, 2012 from the Lau Basin, south of Tonga. However, this species has twisted noto- and neurochaetae, which were not observed in the present material. Therefore, the present material probably represents an undescribed species.

Records.

11 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 23, 31, 45, 54, 55, 76, 79 (AM).

Neogyptis

Vrijenhoekia ketea

Summers, Pleijel & Rouse, 2015 species complex

Fig. 12F

Diagnosis.

Prostomium rectangular, with two lateral antennae, a very small median antenna, two palps, and a facial tubercle. Palpophores thicker than palpostyles, similar lengths. No eyes. Everted proboscis lacking papilla. Three fused anterior segments. Parapodia uniramous. Dorsal cirri long, especially in segments 1–5. Ventral cirri the same length as neuropodia after segments 1–3, digitiform, and inserted subterminally. Colour in ethanol pale yellow.

Remarks.

The specimen differs from other specimens of the V. ketea species complex in having a larger body, being closer to the size range observed for V. balaenophila (Pleijel et al. 2008).The Vrijenhoekia ketea species complex includes V. ketea Summers, Pleijel & Rouse, 2015, V. falenothiras Summers, Pleijel & Rouse, 2015 and V. ahabi Summers, Pleijel & Rouse, 2015, all from Monterey Canyon off California; they can only be separated based on molecular data (Summers et al. 2015).

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

cf. Vrijenhoekia

sp. nov. 1

Fig. 12G

Diagnosis.

Two complete specimens, 22 chaetigers (i.e., appears to be fixed growth of maximum 22 chaetigers). Prostomium subrectangular (broader than long), one pair lateral antennae, long, tapered, extending to tip of palps or 2 × longer; median antenna absent. Small red eyespots present, two or three pairs. Palps bi-articulate, palpostyle oval to globulose, slightly longer than palpophore. Proboscis with ten digitate terminal papillae and micro-papillae on surface; jaws absent. Facial tubercle absent. First three segments tentacular, achaetous, bearing six pairs tentacular cirri, slender, longest almost half length of body. Parapodia uniramous throughout, bearing digitate prechaetal lobe; dorsal and ventral cirri slender, tapered, similar in length throughout: ~ 0.5–1 × length of parapodial lobes, except for first and second pairs which are many times longer than parapodial lobe (similar in length to tentacular cirri). Ventral cirri inserted subterminally. Fan-like supra- and sub-neuropodial fascicles, bearing compound spinigers only, all with similar-length blades. Colour in ethanol yellow-white, unpigmented.

Remarks.

The present specimens are closer to Vrijenhoekia than any other described hesionid genus, but differ from its type species, Vrijenhoekia balaenophila, and from V. cf. ketea as described above, as follows: a mediodorsal prostomial process (tubercle or antenna) was not observed (present in other members of the genus though minute and probably only observable clearly with scanning electron microscopy); palpostyles are globulose in the present material vs. tapered; compound chaetae blades are relatively longer in the present material; and the present specimens appear to have a maximum of 22 chaetigers, whereas there are 35 in the type species (this character is not reported in other species of the genus). On the other hand, the present material resembles more closely the type species than V. cf. ketea in having ten digitate proboscideal papillae (absent in the latter). The globulose (= ovoid) palpostyles are the most distinctive feature of the species.

Records.

13 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 11, 23, 31, 40, 42, 45, 46, 54, 96 (AM).

Hesionidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Twelve specimens of Hesionidae could not be identified beyond family because key features were lacking or the specimens were damaged (missing posterior segments, tentacles, antennae etc.).

Material provisionally referred to Leocrates cf. chinensis (four stations, 987–1402 m), Hesiolyra sp. (one specimen, 996 m), Nereimyra sp. (one specimen, 1256 m), and Parahesione sp. MoV6858 (three stations, 203–236 m) was recorded from the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2), further investigation is required to determine if any of these species are the same as from the present study.

Records.

11 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 40, 42, 45, 54, 76, 79, 110, 134 (AM). 1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 45 (NHMUK).

Family Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914

A. Murray

Lacydoniidae are an uncommon, but widespread group of polychaetes that have affinities with phyllodocids (Rizzo and Magalhães 2019; Rouse and Fauchald 1997). Currently there are 12 described valid species in one genus, Lacydonia (Read and Fauchald 2020). They have been collected worldwide, from intertidal habitats to depths of 5600 m (Rouse and Pleijel 2001). Lacydoniids have previously been recorded from abyssal depths off the west coast of Africa (Böggemann 2009) and in the Campos Basin off Brazil in the South Atlantic Ocean (Rizzo et al. 2016). Although lacydoniids have been recorded from shallow water Antarctic locations (Ehlers 1913; Hartmann-Schröder 1993; Hartmann-Schröder and Rosenfeldt 1988), to date there have not yet been published reports from mainland Australia, with only one record of Lacydoniidae from shallow northern waters in the Timor Sea at 49–62 m depth, as ‘Lacydonia sp.’ (Przeslawski et al. 2018). However, other unreported lacydoniid specimens from shallow waters around Australian coasts (Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania and Queensland) and deeper waters from Tasmanian seamounts are also held in the Australian Museum collections (Murray, pers. obs.). In this study we report one species.

Lacydonia cf. laureci

Laubier, 1975

Diagnosis.

Specimen incomplete, ~ 2 mm wide excluding chaetae, 3 mm long for head plus 12 anterior segments. Body dorsoventrally flattened. Prostomium approximately as wide as long, somewhat indented anteriorly, with conspicuous lateral lobes present on posterior margin of prostomium, giving the appearance of a much wider than long prostomium. Eyes absent, median antenna missing. Pair of short digitiform to filiform lateral antennae located in slight incisions mid-prostomium; pair of similar-sized/shaped palps arising ventral to prostomial anterior margin. Faded pale brown pigment present on prostomium, dorsally and ventrally, and dorsally as transverse bands on tentacular segment and some other segments, and as spots on dorsal cirri and parapodia. Tentacular segment short, achaetous, with pair of ventrolateral cirri. Chaetigers 1–3 uniramous, with compound spinigerous chaetae, subsequent parapodia biramous, rami elongate and widely separated, with elongate supracicular lobes. Notochaetae simple capillary chaetae, finely spinulose distally; neurochaetae compound spinigers with heterogomph shaft-heads and long, finely spinulose blades. Dorsal cirri short, thick, digitiform, glandular, inserted basally on first three chaetigers, thereafter medially to distally on notopodia. Ventral cirri of similar size and shape, inserted distally on neuropodia. Posterior segments, pygidium and pygidial cirri, all missing and therefore unknown.

Remarks.

Lacydonia laureci Laubier, 1975 is the only currently described species that possesses conspicuous lateral lobes on the posterior margin of the prostomium. This specimen bears some similarity to L. laureci, because of these lobes, as well as the absence of eyes, but there are a few differences also apparent: Rizzo et al. (2016) report that L. laureci possesses capillary notochaetae that have coarse serrations on the distal part of the chaetae, but Böggemann (2009), however, describes fine serrations over the entire length of the notochaetae for that species, whereas this specimen from Australian waters appears to possess fine serrations only on the distal portion of the notochaetae. L. laureci has also been reported from several widely distributed locations in 1001–5497 m depths: the type locality, Matapan Trench, Mediterranean Sea (Laubier 1975); Angola, Cape and Guinea Basin, SE Atlantic Ocean (Böggemann 2009), and the Campos Basin off Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean (Rizzo et al. 2016). Because this specimen consists of an anterior end only, this can only be a tentative identification.

Records.

1 specimen (incomplete). Suppl. material 1: op. 110 (AM).

Family Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861

P. Borisova, N. Budaeva, D. Ramos

Lumbrineridae is a family of jaw-bearing annelids from the large monophyletic group Eunicida. Lumbrinerids have a simple external morphology, with uniform elongated body, simple uniramous parapodia, and conical prostomium lacking distinct appendages or eyes. No appendages are present on the peristomium consisting of two rings, and only few species have branchiae associated with parapodia. In contrast, the diversity of jaw morphology is remarkable, and morphology of maxillary plates is used as diagnostic characters at genus and species levels. The family comprises 19 genera and ~ 300 species and has world-wide distribution (Carrera-Parra 2006). Lumbrineridae are very common in deep waters being the fifth most diverse annelid family found below 2000 m (Paterson et al. 2009). Australian lumbrinerids are poorly studied with two shallow water species described and one presumably cosmopolitan species reported from the region (Hutchings and Murray 1984; Hartmann-Schröder 1987). In this study we report at least three species from three genera.

Cenogenus sp. nov.

Fig. 13A, B, C

Figure 13. — *Lumbrineridae*ACenogenus sp. nov. (AM W.50139), parapodium from chaetiger 7 BCenogenus sp. nov., posterior parapodium CCenogenus sp. nov., maxillae DEranno sp. nov., AM W.50140, parapodium from chaetiger 11 EEranno sp. nov., maxillae FLumbrineris sp., op. 4 (*NHMUK*), anterior part of the body, dorsal view GLumbrineris sp., simple hooded hooks. Abbreviations: Mc, maxillary carriers; MI–MIV, maxillary plates. Scale bars: 200 µm (**A, B, D**); 500 µm (**C, E**); 5 mm (F); 25 µm (G).

Diagnosis.

Body width: 1–2 mm. Prostomium conical, elongated, shorter than peristomium. Nuchal antenna not observed. All parapodia well developed, first four pairs of parapodia smaller than remaining parapodia. Parapodia with inconspicuous prechaetal and postchaetal lobes equal in size. Anterior parapodia with simple digitate elongate (length to width ratio near 2:3) branchia attached dorsally and posteriorly to parapodial lobes, in middle parapodia branchiae decrease in length becoming more rounded.

Anterior parapodia with long fragile limbate chaetae only, middle parapodia with limbate chaetae and simple multidentate hooded hooks with six to seven small teeth and long blade. All chaetae dark, black or dark brown in colour, becoming translucent near tip. Acicula dark, two in median parapodia.

Maxillary apparatus dark, stout, with four pairs of maxillae. Maxillary carriers shorter than MI. MI forceps-like with attachment lamellae, without connecting plates. MII as long as MI, with two large teeth. MIII unidentate, completely pigmented, dark in colour. MIV large, unidentate round-square plates, completely pigmented.

Remarks.

The specimen AM W.50137 (op. 33, Suppl. material 1) differs from others by being smaller (width 1 mm, other three specimens near 2 mm wide) and having asymmetrical MII with three teeth on left MII and two teeth on right MII.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 30, 33, 53 (AM).

Eranno sp. nov.

Fig. 13D, E

Diagnosis.

Prostomium conical, as long as wide, shorter than peristomium. Nuchal antenna absent. All parapodia well developed, first four to five pairs of parapodia smaller than remaining parapodia. Prechaetal lobes inconspicuous in all parapodia, postchaetal lobes auricular in anterior parapodia (1–40), becoming small and rounded posteriorly, always longer than prechaetal lobes.

Anterior parapodia with limbate chaetae and limbate simple hooded hooks. Clear simple multidentate hooded hooks present after chaetiger 25, with seven to eight teeth and long blades, all of similar size. In median chaetigers (27–40) part of limbate chaetae exceedingly longer than in the remaining chaetigers and ~ twice as long as hooded hooks.

Maxillary apparatus dark, with five pairs of maxillae, elongated. Maxillary carriers shorter than MI. MI forceps-like with attachment lamellae, with narrow connecting plates. MII shorter than MI, with five teeth. MIII unidentate, completely pigmented, dark in colour. MIV unidentate, large, completely pigmented. MV reduced to attachment lamella, partly fused with MIV.

Remarks.

Family Maldanidae Malmgren, 1867

J.A. Kongsrud

The family Maldanidae, commonly known as bamboo worms, are infaunal burrowers inhabiting tubes made of sediments consolidated by mucus. The family comprises ~ 240 valid species in 38 genera and five subfamilies (Read and Fauchald 2020). Maldanids are common members of deep-sea soft bottom communities, with ~ 50 species known from deeper than 2000 m depth (Paterson et al. 2009). The family is poorly studied in Australian waters with only ~ 20 species recorded, mostly from coastal areas (http://www.ala.org.au). In this study we report ten species from six genera, with four species likely new to science.

Boguea sp. nov.

Fig. 14A

Figure 14. — *Maldanidae*ABoguea sp. nov. BChirimia sp. nov. CLumbriclymene sp. DMaldane sp. EMaldanella sp. 1 FMaldanella sp. 2 GNotoproctus sp. nov. 1 HNotoproctus *cf.* *scutiferus*INotoproctus *oculatus* *antarcticus*JNotoproctus sp. nov. 2. Scale bars: 5 mm (**A, D, F**); 1 mm (**B, C, G–J**).

Diagnosis.

Complete specimens with ~ 30 chaetigers, < 20 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Head rounded without a cephalic plate. Cephalic keel well developed. Nuchal slits curved, parallel on each side of the cephalic keel. Neuropodia with avicular uncini present from chaetiger 5. Avicular uncini in single row in chaetiger 5–8, in double rows from chaetiger 9 and onwards. Pygidium simple, without papillae. Anus terminal. Tube cylindrical, straight, thick and solid, consisting of a thin inner organic layer incrusted with a thick layer of densely packed mud. Ventral glandular pads on anterior part of chaetigers 4–6 with reddish-brown pigmentation.

Remarks.

At present, only two species of Boguea have been described, B. enigmatica Hartman, 1945 from North Carolina, USA and B. panwaensis Meyer & Westheide, 1997 from Phuket, Thailand. This is the first record of the genus in the deep sea.

Records.

10 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 44, 56 (AM).

Chirimia sp. nov.

Fig. 14B

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 32 (AM).

Notoproctus

sp. nov. 2

Fig. 14J

Diagnosis.

Several anterior and posterior fragments present. Largest anterior fragment with ten chaetigers, 15 mm long and 0.4 mm wide. Cephalic plate more or less circular. Nuchal slits slightly curved, transversely oriented. No cephalic keel visible between nuchal slits. Ocelli absent. Anterior four chaetigers with one or two straight acicular spine(s) per neuropodium. Neuropodia of remaining chaetigers with a single row of rostrate hooks. Two preanal achaetigerous segments. Anal plate more or less circular with distinct lateral incisions. Anal opening dorsally to plate.

Remarks.

Presence of an anal plate with distinct lateral incisions, similar to what is seen in species of Maldane, is unique within the genus Notoproctus.

Records.

14 specimens, Suppl. material 1: op. 56 (AM).

Maldanidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Brenke sledge samples were identified to family level or material was too damaged to identify further.

Records.

19 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 31, 33, 42, 55, 66, 89, 110 (AM). 9 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 11, 33, 40, 42, 66 (NHMUK).

Family Melinnidae Chamberlin, 1919

T. Alvestad, L. M. Gunton

Melinnidae are tubicolous annelids that often have dorsal hooks. Recently the subfamily Melinninae Chamberlin, 1919 within Ampharetidae was raised to the family Melinnidae (Stiller et al. 2020). The family Melinnidae is composed of five accepted genera and 49 species (Read and Fauchald 2020). Solis-Weiss (1993) suggested that Melinnidae are generally restricted to deeper waters, this appears to only hold true for the genera Melinnopsis McIntosh, 1885 and Melinantipoda Hartman, 1967a of which all species are described from 50–5600 m. Prior to this study, only two species of Melinnidae were reported from Australian waters, Isolda pulchella Müller in Grube 1858 and Isolda warnbroensis Augener, 1914 (Day and Hutchings 1979). Here we report at least five species from two genera. Material from the present study was used to describe two deep-sea Melinnidae species Melinnopsis chadwicki Gunton, Kupriyanova & Alvestad 2020 and Melinnopsis gardelli Gunton, Kupriyanova & Alvestad 2020 , reported here.

Melinna cf. armandi

McIntosh, 1885

Fig. 4D, d

Diagnosis.

No complete specimens, large, robust worm > 30 mm length, 5 mm width. Abdominal segments very badly preserved and/or missing on all specimens. Body long, widest in postbranchial region. Thorax with 18 chaetigers; neurochaetae as small acicular spines on first four chaetigers and uncini on remaining 14 chaetigers. Prostomium with well-defined anterior and posterior parts, separated by a pair of deep transverse nuchal that almost meeting mid-dorsally. Anterior part distally trilobed. No eyespots. Many smooth buccal tentacles. Chaetiger 1 collar-like, laterally and ventrally encompassing head region; anterior margin not crenulated. Branchiae in two basally fused groups of four. Inner and anterior most branchia of each group only fused at base. Branchiae all long, circular in cross section, tapering evenly to narrow tips. Postbranchial hooks (Fig. 4d) with sharply pointed and gently curved tips. Dorsal end of neurochaetal row on chaetiger 1–3 on elevated lobe. Chaetiger 3 with a few notochaetal capillaries. Chaetiger 4 with small, but well developed notopodia. Serrated brim/fold behind the hooks (dorsal membrane) with ~ 14 equally sized lanceolate projections.

Remarks.

Melinna armandi was originally described from west of North Island, New Zealand. Specimens here have 14 lanceolate projections on transverse dorsal membrane whereas M. armandi have eight.

Records.

21 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 30 (AM).

Melinnopsis chadwicki

Gunton, Kupriyanova & Alvestad, 2020

Diagnosis.

Neurochaetae small acicular spines with lanceolate tips on segments 2–5. Neuropodial uncini from chaetiger 5 (segment VI), present in 12 thoracic uncinigers. Postbranchial dorsal membrane low inconspicuous, located on chaetiger 4. Branchiae emerging together on dorsal branchial ridge at level of segments II and III, arranged in two basally fused groups of four. Uncini of thoracic uncinigers with two teeth in one vertical row over rostral tooth, subrostral process and basal prow.

Remarks.

Type locality is eastern Australia at 1006–1257 m. For detailed description see Melinnopsis chadwickiGunton et al. (2020).

Records.

27 specimens: Suppl. material 1: ops. 69, 80, 104, 121 (AM).

Melinnopsis gardelli

Gunton, Kupriyanova & Alvestad, 2020

Fig. 4F

Diagnosis.

Neurochaetae small acicular spines with lanceolate tips on segment II–V. Neuropodial uncini from chaetiger 5 (segment VI), present in 12 thoracic uncinigers. Postbranchial dorsal membrane low inconspicuous, located on chaetiger 4. Branchiae emerging together on dorsal branchial ridge at level of segments II–III, arranged in two basally fused groups of four. Conspicuous stained band immediately behind dorsal fold ending between chaetigers 9 and 10. Uncini of thoracic uncinigers with three teeth in one vertical row over rostral tooth, subrostral process and basal prow.

Remarks.

Type locality is eastern Australia at 2520–2821 m. For detailed description see Melinnopsis gardelliGunton et al. (2020).

Records.

62 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 22, 44, 54, 56, 90, 101, 122 (AM).

Melinnopsis spp. nov.

Records.

17 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 5, 16, 31, 33, 40, 45, 54, 66, 76, 79, 110, 119 (NHMUK). 65 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 23, 31, 33, 40, 45, 46, 54, 55, 76, 134 (AM).

Micronephthys

sp. 1

Diagnosis.

Records.

3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 79, 89, 110 (AM).

Neanthes cf. bassi

Wilson, 1984

Diagnosis.

Area I = 0–4; II = 6–27; III = 1–14; IV = 1–18 conical paragnaths + 2–7 smooth bars; V = 0–1; VI = 2–16; VII–VIII = 5–30. Dorsal notopodial ligule similar size to acicular ligule throughout (not markedly reduced or expanded on posterior chaetigers). Prechaetal notopodial lobe absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe present on chaetigers 1– ~ 12. Ventral neuropodial ligule on posterior chaetigers reduced, up to half length of acicular neuropodial ligule. Notochaetae homogomph spinigers only (homogomph falcigers absent). Neuropodial dorsal fascicle fused falcigers absent.

Remarks.

Prior to the collection of the first abyssal samples in Australian waters, Neanthes bassi was only known from 0–147 m. The most similar species is Neanthes tasmani Bakken, 2002 (known from slightly deeper locations, 75–220 m). However, Neanthes specimens from this study and recent GAB voyages are very close to N. bassi, yet they have been recorded from 200–4800 m. This taxon is referred to here as Neanthes cf. bassi, a hypothesis to be tested when molecular data are available. Two species other than N. tasmani are similar enough to be confused with N. bassi (until the pharynx is dissected), Neanthes kerguelensis (which has fewer maxillary ring paragnaths and lacks oral ring paragnaths or has at most VI = 1 and VII–VIII = 8) and Nicon maculata (which is also described here and lacks paragnaths completely yet is otherwise strikingly similar to N. kerguelensis).

This species was also recorded from eight stations (199–4518 m) in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2).

Records.

15 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 15, 30, 32, 43, 65 (AM).

Neanthes cricognatha

(Ehlers, 1904)

Fig. 15A

Figure 15. — *Nereididae*ANeanthes *cricognatha* (op. 80) BNeanthes *heteroculata*, prostomium CNeanthes sp. 1, live specimen DNeanthes sp. 1, prostomium ENeanthes sp. 2, live specimen FNeanthes sp. 2, prostomium GNereis sp. 1 HNereis sp. 1, prostomium. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (**B, D, F**); 10 mm (**C, E**); 5 mm (G); 0.5 mm (H).

Diagnosis.

Prostomium with entire anterior margin. Longest tentacular cirri extend back to chaetiger 4. Maxillary ring of pharynx without papillae. Area I = 9–16; II = 22–45; III = 23–45 paragnaths; IV = 29–54; V, VI, VII–VIII forming a dorsally and ventrally continuous ring.

Notopodial prechaetal lobe present, well developed, so that notopodium made up of two ligules and one lobe similar and triangular. Dorsal cirrus length ~ 1 × ventral notopodial ligule at chaetiger 10–20. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe present, at least on some anterior chaetigers. Ventral neuropodial ligule on posterior chaetigers similar to length of acicular neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirri single.

Notopodial homogomph spinigers present; sesquigomph spinigers absent. Notopodial homogomph falcigers absent. Neuropodial dorsal fascicle fused falcigers absent.

Remarks.

At 1194–1257 m, this is the deepest record of this species which is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand from the intertidal to 253 m, suggesting this may be a species complex.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 80 (AM).

Neanthes heteroculata

(Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)

Fig. 15B

Diagnosis.

Prostomium slightly wider than long, one anterior pair of very large eyes and one very small pair posteriorly. Jaws with dentate cutting edge, translucent yellow to brown with six teeth. Maxillary ring of pharynx with paragnaths as follows: Area I absent; II absent; III absent; IV 1–3 conical paragnaths; V absent; VI 2 conical paragnaths; VII–VIII 7 conical paragnaths in a ventral band.

Longest tentacular cirri extend back to chaetiger 6. Dorsal notopodial ligule of posterior chaetigers similar to those on anterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present; smaller than dorsal notopodial ligule on anterior chaetigers, reduced and ultimately absent posteriorly. Acicular process absent. Dorsal cirrus basally attached throughout, ~ 1 × acicular notopodial ligule at chaetiger 10–20. Neuropodial prechaetal and postchaetal lobes absent. Ventral neuropodial ligule of anterior chaetigers present, ~ as long as acicular neuropodial ligule throughout.

Notoaciculae absent from segments 1 and 2. Notopodial homogomph spinigers present. Neurochaetae: dorsal fascicle heterogomph spinigers absent. Neuropodial dorsal fascicle homogomph spinigers present. Neuropodial dorsal fascicle with heterogomph falcigers and homogomph falcigers on anterior chaetigers present. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: homogomph spinigers; ventral fascicle heterogomph falcigers.

Remarks.

Although previously only known from the type material in the North Atlantic, Bay of Biscay, 4700 m, the present material from 3980–4280 m is indistinguishable on morphological characters. This is the first record from Australia and the first record since the original description.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 54, 65, 78 (NHMUK).

Neanthes

sp. 1

Fig. 15C, D

Diagnosis.

Antennae ~ one quarter length of prostomium. Longest tentacular cirri extending back to chaetiger 5–6. Area I = 13; II ≥ 30; III ≥ 30; IV > 30; V absent; VI = 6; VII–VIII = 51. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present; approximately equal to length of dorsal notopodial ligule at least on anterior chaetigers (thus notopodium of three similar sized ligules/lobes); present throughout all chaetigers. Dorsal cirrus length ~ 1 × acicular notopodial ligule at chaetiger 10–20. Neuropodial prechaetal and postchaetal lobes absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe present, at least on some anterior chaetigers; projecting strongly beyond end of acicular ligule throughout all chaetigers. Ventral neuropodial ligule of anterior chaetigers ~ as long as acicular neuropodial ligule. Notopodia larger than neuropodia, dorsal notopodial ligule prominent triangular, largest structure in the parapodia.

Notopodial homogomph spinigers present. Neurochaetae: dorsal fascicle homogomph spinigers only (heterogomph falcigers absent). Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers absent. Homogomph spinigers present, heterogomph falcigers absent.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Neanthes

sp. 2

Fig. 15E, F

Diagnosis.

Eyes absent. Antennae ~ half length of prostomium. Longest tentacular cirri extend back to chaetiger 3 and 4.

Area I = 3; II = 16–17; III = > 30; IV = > 60; V absent; VI = 7–9; VII–VIII = > 120. Dorsal cirrus length ~ 1.5 × acicular notopodial ligule at chaetiger 10–20.

Neuropodial prechaetal lobe absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe absent. Ventral neuropodial ligule of anterior chaetigers ~ as long as acicular neuropodial ligule. Notopodia larger than neuropodia, dorsal notopodial ligule triangular, pointed.

Notopodial homogomph spinigers present. Neurochaetae: dorsal fascicle homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers.

Records.

1 specimen: Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Nereis

sp. 1

Fig. 15G, H

Diagnosis.

Eyes absent. Paragnath counts: Area I = 2; II = 14–16; III = 0–3 (unclear, possibly damaged during dissection); IV = 9; V absent; VI = 6; VII–VIII = 30–40. Dorsal notopodial ligule markedly broader and elongate on posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe absent. Dorsal cirrus length ~ twice acicular notopodial ligule at chaetiger 10–20. Dorsal cirrus on posterior chaetigers terminally attached to dorsal notopodial ligule. Neuropodial prechaetal and postchaetal lobes absent. Ventral neuropodial ligule ~ as long as acicular neuropodial ligule. Notopodial homogomph spinigers present. Notopodial homogomph falcigers present. Notopodial homogomph falciger blades very long. Notopodial homogomph falcigers multidentate, with two or more small lateral teeth, first and subsequent lateral teeth much smaller than terminal tooth. Neurochaetae: dorsal fascicle heterogomph spinigers absent. Neuropodial dorsal fascicle homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Nicon maculata

Kinberg, 1865

Diagnosis.

Longest tentacular cirri extending back to chaetiger 5–9. Maxillary and oral rings of pharynx entirely bare of papillae and paragnaths. Dorsal notopodial ligule similar size to acicular ligule throughout (not markedly reduced or expanded on posterior chaetigers). Prechaetal notopodial lobe absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe present on chaetigers 1– ~ 12. Ventral neuropodial ligule on posterior chaetigers reduced, up to half length of acicular neuropodial ligule. Notochaetae homogomph spinigers only (homogomph falcigers absent). Neuropodial dorsal fascicle fused falcigers absent.

Remarks.

Until the pharynx is dissected and found to be bare, this species is strikingly similar to Neanthes bassi and N. kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885). Although Nicon maculata does have slightly longer tentacular cirri and the postchaetal neuropodial lobe (which is present in all three species) seems slightly longer and appears articulated or constricted in Nicon maculata where it meets the neuropodial lobe (see further comments for N. bassi, above). These taxa are otherwise very similar, and it is difficult to sustain the placement of Nicon maculata in a different genus as no such revision has yet been undertaken. Hutchings and Reid (1991) were the first to record Nicon maculata from Australia.

This record here at 2687–2821 m is the deepest record of this species that we are aware of. The species is also known from a single specimen (1391 m) in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2) and widely recorded in southeastern Australia, the vicinity of Heard Island, and on the Antarctic continental margin at depths 145–1650 m.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 44 (AM).

Nereididae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Specimens were too small to dissect to observe paragnath arrangement. Brenke sledge samples were identified to family level.

Records.

3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 33, 54, 128 (NHMUK).

Family Onuphidae Kinberg, 1865

H. Paxton, N. Budaeva

The family Onuphidae, a member of the jaw-bearing order Eunicida, consists of the subfamilies Onuphinae comprising 18 genera and Hyalinoeciinae Paxton, 1986 comprising five genera. Most onuphids are tubicolous; while the Onuphinae are sediment dwellers, well represented in intertidal to shelf depths, the Hyalinoeciinae are often found as epibenthic crawlers in deeper environments, making the onuphids the fourth most diverse polychaete family in the deep sea (Paterson et al. 2009). Onuphinae are much better studied than the Hyalinoeciinae as a result of their depth distribution and the scarcity of bathyal and abyssal sampling (Paxton 2000). In Australian waters there are 31 species reported from 13 genera (http://www.ala.org.au). The present study recovered 161 onuphid specimens, almost exclusively made up of hyalinoeciines. Ten species from four hyalinoeciine genera were identified, the most diverse being Nothria with five species. The only onuphine genus collected was Paradiopatra, with three species reported. A key to genera and their definitions can be found in Paxton (1986).

Anchinothria cf. pycnobranchiata

(McIntosh, 1885)

Fig. 16A

sp. nov. 2

Fig. 16G

Diagnosis.

Ceratophores with lateral projections. Almost unidentate pseudocompound hooks with long pointed hoods on first three chaetigers. Subacicular hooks from chaetiger 14. Branchiae absent. Mud tube.

Remarks.

This species was also recorded from 3794 m at the GAB as Paradiopatra sp. nov.

Records.

29 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 33, 53, 54, 56, 78 (AM).

Family Opheliidae Malmgren, 1867

D. Ramos

Opheliids are usually elongate, tapering at both ends, with ventral grooves and reduced parapodial lobes (Magalhães et al. 2019). The family Opheliidae is composed of > 120 species in five genera (Magalhães et al. 2019). A comprehensive taxonomic revision of this family is needed given its confusing taxonomic history and evidence of paraphyly in Ophelina, the most speciose genus (Paul et al. 2010; Wiklund et al. 2019). Travisia was formerly included in Opheliidae, but has since been assigned its own family, which forms a sister group with Scalibregmatidae (Paul et al. 2010). Opheliids occupy intertidal to abyssal sandy and muddy environments (Hutchings 2000c). To date, there have been 30 species reported mostly in the shallow waters of Australia, with all currently accepted genera represented. These include 13 species of Armandia, six species each of Ophelia and Ophelina, one species of Polyophthalmus, and four species of Thoracophelia (Day and Hutchings 1979; Hutchings and Murray 1984; Hartmann-Schröder and Parker 1995; Neave and Glasby 2013; Parapar and Moreira 2015; Moreira and Parapar 2017). In this study we report at least six species from one genus, Ophelina.

Ophelina

sp.

Diagnosis.

Following synonymy of Ammotrypanella and Ophelina (Blake and Maciolek 2019a). Bluntly conical prostomium with oval palpode having an enlarged base. 32 chaetigers. Chaetiger 24–32 ventrally located and compressed. Chaetigers 1–6 shorter than midbody chaetigers, having more abundant chaetae. Branchial scars present from chaetigers 24–30. Anal funnel damaged, slightly longer than the last two posterior chaetigers, directed dorsally.

Records.

15 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 16, 27, 31, 33, 55, 79, 96 (AM). 46 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 16, 31, 33, 45, 54, 76, 79, 98, 110, 134 (NHMUK).

Ophelina cf. cirrosa

(Schüller, 2008)

Fig. 17A–C

Figure 17. — *Opheliidae*AOphelina *cf.* *cirrosa*BOphelina *cf.* *cirrosa*, posterior end COphelina *cf.* *cirrosa*, anterior end DOphelina *cf.* *helgolandiae*EOphelina *cf.* *helgolandiae*, prostomium FOphelina *cf.* *bowitzi*, branchiae with blister-shaped bumps GOphelina *cf.* *bowitzi*, anal funnel. Scale bars: 3 mm (A); 0.5 mm (**B, C**); 5 mm (D); 0.25 mm (**E, F**); 1 mm (G).

Diagnosis.

Bluntly conical prostomium with slit-like nuchal organs. Eyes absent. Chaetigers 1–9 compressed, having more abundant chaetae. Midbody chaetigers longer than anterior and posterior chaetigers. Ventral and lateral grooves present along entire body. Fan-shaped parapodia. Branchiae from chaetiger 23 to chaetiger 30. Abranchiate chaetigers compressed, with the long chaetae directed dorsally. Anal funnel as long as last six posterior chaetigers, directed dorsally. Colour in ethanol white.

Remarks.

Observed specimens resemble Ammotrypanella cirrosa described from the Weddell Sea at 3050 m depth. These also possess an anal funnel with small cirri on the posterior margin but differ in having a large terminal ventral papilla instead of a ventral cirrus in the anal funnel. We followed the synonymy of Ammotrypanella and Ophelina as suggested by Blake and Maciolek (2019a).

Records.

76 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 11, 16, 23, 31, 76, 96, 134 (NHMUK).

Wiklund, Neal, Glover, Drennan, Rabone & Dahlgren, 2019

Diagnosis.

Prostomium conical (sunken in specimen) with teardrop-shaped palpode. Eyes absent. Deep ventral and lateral grooves. Parapodia small lobes with few chaetae. Chaetae all capillaries. Branchiae absent. Anal funnel cylindrical, length of last four chaetigers. Colour in ethanol pale yellow.

Remarks.

The specimen is morphologically similar to O. juhaz, but is found as a sister clade to it in initial COI and 16S phylogenies (Ramos 2019). Differs by having 30 chaetigers compared with 27 in O. juhazi.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 42 (NHMUK).

Family Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942

A. Zhadan

Orbiniidae are deposit feeders burrowing in sediments, they range in size from a few millimetres to few centimetres and inhabit all depths from intertidal to abyssal. The body of the larger orbiniids is usually separated into a muscular dorsally flattened thorax and a more cylindrical abdomen; abdominal parapodia are shifted dorsally. Smaller species do not show such a separation of body regions. The parapodia are biramous; many genera bear notopodial and/or neuropodial postchaetal lobes. An autapomorphic character for Orbiniidae is the presence of camerated capillary chaetae with characteristic crenulations (Bleidorn and Helm 2019). There are 21 genera and ~ 240 species of Orbiniidae world-wide (Blake 2020) and 27 species from nine genera are known in Australian waters (http://www.ala.org.au). Australian Orbiniidae were studied by Day (1977), Hartmann-Schröder (1979, 1981, 1983, 1991), Mackie (1987) (genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977), Hutchings and Rainer (1979), Hutchings and Murray (1984), and Glasby (2000a), none were reported from abyssal depths. Eighteen species of Orbiniidae, 15 of which were new to science, have been reported from the deep-sea habitats (600–4880 m) in the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea (Blake 2020). In total there are ~ 44 known species of Orbiniidae from deep-sea habitats: Berkeleyia (five), Califia (four), Leitoscoloplos (13), Leodamas (four), Microrbinia (one), Naineris (one), Orbiniella (ten), Phylo (one), and Scoloplos (five), of these Berkeleyia, Califia, Microrbinia, and Orbiniella are mainly composed of deep-water species (Blake 2020). In this study we report at least nine species from four genera.

Berkeleyia

sp.

Fig. 18A

Figure 18. — *Orbiniidae*ABerkeleyia sp. (op. 79) BLeitoscoloplos *cf.* *abranchiatus* (op. 54) CLeitoscoloplos *cf.* *kerguelensis* (op. 96) DLeitoscoloplos sp. 1 (op. 30) EOrbiniella *cf.* *aciculata* (op. 42) FProtoaricinae gen. sp. (op 100). Scale bars: 500 µm (**A, C, E**); 2 mm (**B, D**); 1 mm (F).

Diagnosis.

Posteriorly incomplete fragment ~ 4 mm long, 0.35 mm wide. Prostomium short, conical; one peristomial ring. Postchaetal lobes inconspicuous in anterior segments, becoming elongate digitiform in chaetiger 7. First seven chaetigers with tufts of long thin crenulated capillaries in both rami. Following chaetigers with smaller number of capillaries, neuropodia also bearing long thin slightly curved acicular spines with bidentate tips. Forked chaetae not observed.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 79 (AM).

Leitoscoloplos cf. abranchiatus

(Hartman, 1967a)

Fig. 18B

Diagnosis.

All specimens incomplete posteriorly. Longest fragment ~ 15 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, consisting of 41 chaetigerous segments. Thorax slightly flattened, abdomen cylindrical. Prostomium conical; one peristomial ring. Eleven thoracic chaetigers. Abdominal parapodia lateral in anterior abdomen, shifted dorsally on posteriorward segments. Branchiae from chaetiger 24, first short triangle, then becoming longer, strap-like. Thoracic postchaetal lobes conical in both rami; short in anterior thorax, becoming longer in middle and posterior parts; notopodial lobes longer. No subpodial or stomach papillae. Abdominal notopodia digitiform, same length as branchiae or shorter; abdominal neuropodia weakly bilobed, with short round lobes, inner slightly larger. Subpodial flange not developed, no flange papillae. All chaetae crenulated capillaries; forked chaetae not observed, probably broken. Colour in ethanol whitish-brown, with pigment spots on prostomium and in intersegmental furrows, or completely white.

Remarks.

Leitoscoloplos abranchiatus was described as entirely lacking branchiae, but all specimens studied were posteriorly incomplete (Hartman 1967a; Mackie 1987; Blake 2017). Specimens described here resemble L. abranchiatus by the number of thoracic chaetigers, shape of thoracic postchaetal lobes, shape and more lateral than dorsal position of abdominal parapodia.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 16, 54 (AM).

Leitoscoloplos cf. kerguelensis

(McIntosh, 1885)

Fig. 18C

Diagnosis.

Incomplete specimen, 5 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, consisting of 21 chaetigers. Body cylindrical, thoracic segments short, abdominal segments long. Prostomium conical with round tip, one peristomium ring. Nine thoracic chaetigers. Branchiae from chaetiger 17–19, exact position unknown. Thoracic postchaetal lobes short conical in anterior thorax, becoming long and oval in middle and posterior parts; notopodial lobes longer. No subpodial or stomach papillae. Abdominal parapodia small, with short lobes. Notopodia oval, shorter than in thorax; neuropodia weakly bilobed, with short subequal lobes. Chaetae supposedly all crenulated capillaries, but mostly broken; presence of uncini or forked chaetae unknown. Colour in ethanol white.

Remarks.

Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis is widespread in Antarctic and subantarctic seas, intertidal to 1400 m; it has 8–10 thoracic chaetigers and branchiae from chaetigers 13–17 (Blake 2017). The specimen studied here has close affinities with this species due to the number of thoracic chaetigers, late beginning of branchiae and the shape of postchaetal lobes. Due to the absence of accurate information on branchiae position, chaetal structure, the large distance from the species area, and bathymetric difference of material collected in this study we suggest the name Leitoscoloplos cf. kerguelensis.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 96 (AM).

Leitoscoloplos cf. simplex

Records.

127 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (AM).

Orbiniidae

gen. sp.

Remarks.

Beam trawl specimens were incomplete and poorly preserved which does not allow further identification. Brenke sledge samples were identified to family level.

Records.

6 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 31, 40, 42, 54 100 (AM). 2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 42 (NHMUK).

Family Oweniidae Rioja, 1917

P. Hutchings

Oweniids are slender, fragile annelids which have a cylindrical body composed of relatively few segments and reduced parapodia. They live inside tightly fitting tubes made of cemented sand grains, shell fragments, or Foraminifera tests. The family is composed of four genera and ~ 60 species (Capa et al. 2019a). Common in the soft sediments of continental shelves, they are also found intertidally and in shallow subtidal habitats, including seagrass beds. Oweniids of the genera Galathowenia and Myriochele have been reported from deep waters (2770 m and 396 m respectively) (Blake 2000) and Myriochele sp. was reported from the Kermadec Trench down to 8300 m (Kirkegaard 1956). A study on Australian oweniids from intertidal to 70 m reported four genera and ten species, including two specimens only described to genus (Capa et al. 2012). There were no previous records of oweniids from Australian deep waters. All material from the present study was in poor condition because the animals were fixed inside the tubes, which makes extraction of intact specimens difficult. This study reports at least one species from one genus.

Myriowenia spp.

Fig. 2G

Diagnosis.

Head with large grooved palps and bilobed prostomium, mouth anteroventral, with ventral pharyngeal organ. First three segments uniramous, with capillary notochaetae. Subsequent segments biramous with capillary notochaetae and neuropodial uncini with teeth arranged in a vertical position.

Remarks.

At least two species are present based on tubes, one very substantial tube, other fine, difficult to extract entire animal from tube but all are characterised by a pair of large grooved palps. The genus Myriowenia is represented by four species, one from California, two from the Gulf of Mexico, and an undescribed species from Australia (Capa et al. 2012). Capa et al. (2012), while providing a detailed description, did not formally describe the specimen as a new species because previously described species did not provide detailed information on intraspecific differences in diagnostic characters.

Records.

14 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 43, 44, 56, 65; 78, 99, 135 (AM).

Oweniidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Material is too damaged to be identified further or Brenke sledge material was identified to family level only.

Records.

18 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 27, 30, 40, 43, 54, 56, 78, 99 (AM).

Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909

J. Langeneck, D. Ramos

Paraonids are small, elongate worms. They have a well-defined prostomium on which some genera have one distinct median antenna. The family Paraonidae includes ~ 140 described species (Blake 2019b). The family is currently divided into eight genera, one of which is further split into four subgenera (Blake 2019b), but molecular data suggest that substantial rearrangements are needed (Langeneck et al. 2019a). Paraonidae typically occur in soft sediments and are especially abundant in shelf to slope depths, where they represent one of the most abundant groups (Blake 2019b), they also show high diversity in bathyal and abyssal environments (Aguirrezabalaga and Gil 2009; Langeneck et al. 2019b). The diversity of Paraonidae is likely largely underestimated even in the best studied geographic areas (Blake 2019b; Langeneck et al. 2019a). In Australian waters this group is poorly known, and published data only refer to shallow environments, whereas the majority of collection data are still unpublished, and presumably a high number of species remains undescribed (Glasby 2000b). This study yielded 23 specimens of Paraonidae belonging to four taxa. Although all specimens could be assigned, at least tentatively, to described species, the frequent occurrence of pseudocryptic taxa in this family and the type localities often far apart from the eastern Australia suggest that they may be undescribed, and that integrative taxonomy is needed to clarify the diversity of this family.

Aricidea

sp.

Fig. 19A, B

Figure 19. — *Paraonidae*AAricidea sp., prostomium with median antennae B same, capillary with arista CAricidea *cf.* *simplex*, dorsal view anterior (AM W.52307) D same, ventral view anterior (AM W.52307) ELevinsenia *uncinata* (AM W.52320), methyl green stained dorsal view FParaonella sp. 1 (AM W.52310) GParaonis *cf.* *quadrilobata* chaetae (AM W.52307). Scale bars: 250 µm (A); 50 µm (B); 1 mm (**C, D, E, F**); 10 µm (G).

Diagnosis.

Three-lobed prostomium with deep nuchal grooves flanking a cirriform median antenna reaching chaetiger 3. Narrow elongated body. Notopodial postchaetal lobe becoming distinctly cirriform on chaetiger 8. Papilliform neuropodial postchaetal lobe. Cirriform branchiae from chaetigers 4–7. Notopodia with simple capillaries, neuropodia with hooks and capillaries with long arista.

Records.

6 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 11, 31, 33, 54 (NHMUK).

Aricidea cf. simplex

Day, 1963b

Fig. 19C, D

Diagnosis.

All specimens consist of anterior fragments; most complete with 56 chaetigers, 12.7 mm total length, 1.45 mm maximum width. Prostomium sub-trapezoidal, with large, conspicuous nuchal organs showing dark brown pigmentation. Antenna very short, clavate, reaching the anterior margin of the first chaetiger (absent, likely broken, in one individual). Three pre-branchial chaetigers, 14–17 pairs of acute, relatively short branchiae; last five or six pairs of branchiae gradually decreasing in size. Notopodial lobes tubercular in the first two chaetigers, spindle-shaped in chaetigers 3–15, gradually thinner and thread-like from chaetiger 16 to the end of the fragment. Neuropodial post-chaetal lobes inconspicuous. Notopodial modified chaetae absent. Neuropodial modified chaetae from chaetiger 32, first one or two, then up to five (possibly more in the posterior part of the body, missing in all examined specimens), strong, slightly reddish hooks with bent tip.

Fig. 20A–C

Figure 20. — *Pectinariidae**Petta* *investigatoris* (AM W.50672) A ventral view B dorsal view C tube. *Petta* *williamsonae* (AM W.50667) D ventral view E anterior end, lateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (**A, B**); 5 mm (C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E).

Diagnosis.

Cephalic veil completely free from operculum, with smooth or bearing several lappets (slightly raised mounds) anterior margin. Operculum semi-circular with smooth dorsal and lateral margins. Ventral margin of operculum with a transverse row of numerous stout notopodial paleae on each side. Two pairs of comb-like branchiae on segments 3 and 4, consisting of large basal hump and series of well separated free lamellae. Pair of dorso-lateral pads on segment 5. Ventro-lateral lobes with continuous row of papillae on segment 3. Notopodia with paleae on segment 1 and with notochaetae on segments 5–21 (17 pairs). Neuropodia present on segments 8–21, > 14 pairs with transverse tori, each with a row of uncini. Scaphe indistinctly separated from posterior segments.

Remarks.

Type locality is Jervis Marine Park, eastern Australia, 2650–2636 m.

Records.

6 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 11, 22, 35, 56 (AM).

Petta williamsonae

Zhang, Hutchings & Kupriyanova, 2019

Fig. 20D, E

Diagnosis.

Cephalic veil completely free from operculum, with smooth or bearing several lappets (slightly raised mounds) anterior margin. Operculum semi-circular with smooth dorsal and lateral margins. Ventral margin of operculum with a transverse row of numerous stout notopodial paleae on each side. Two pairs of comb-like branchiae on segments 3 and 4, consisting of large basal hump and series of well separated free lamellae. Pair of dorso-lateral pads on segment 5. Ventro-lateral lobes smooth on segment 3. Notopodia with paleae on segment 1 and with notochaetae on segments 5–21 (17 pairs). Neuropodia present on segments 8–21, > 14 pairs with transverse tori, each with a row of uncini. Scaphe distinctly separated from posterior segments.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 69 (AM).

Eumida

sp.

Records.

36 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 13, 44, 88, 100 (AM).

Eumida cf. angolensis

Böggemann, 2009

Brenke sledge material is not identified past family level. Phyllodoce duplex (5 stations, 410–1836 m) and three specimens belonging to Protomystides and Pseudomystides (3 stations, 995–1154 m) were recorded in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2). Further investigation is required to determine if the species in the present study are the same as those at the GAB.

Records.

20 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 31, 33, 40, 42, 43, 44, 79 (AM). 1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK).

Family Pilargidae Saint-Joseph, 1899

C.J. Glasby

Pilargidae are free-living sediment dwellers with similarities to the nereidiforms (Fitzhugh and Wolf 1990; Glasby 1993; Dahlgren et al. 2002), although more recent molecular studies suggest a sister group relationship with Nephtyidae (Zrzavý et al. 2009; Struck and Halanych 2010). There are currently 11 valid genera and ~ 100 species (Read and Fauchald 2020). The family has a worldwide distribution in marine and estuarine soft sediments; they are most common at shelf, slope and deeper depths, but can be found at all depths (Parapar et al. 2004; Hocknull and Glasby 2009). In Australian waters, eight genera and 13 named species have been reported (http://www.ala.org.au). Although pilargids are seldom frequent or abundant, their representation in this study by only a few specimens is unusual and suggests under-sampling. Here we report two species, both of which appear to be new to science, from two genera.

Ancistrosyllis

sp. 1

Diagnosis.

Small specimen, incomplete. Median antenna short, approximately same length as laterals. Dorsal cirri of chaetiger 1 ~ 1 × longer than following. Dorsal hooks starting from chaetiger 6. Ventral cirri starting on chaetiger 3. Verrucae present on body surface, short and sparse. Colour in ethanol white.

Remarks.

The genus is only known in Australia from a single named species, A. cf. hartmanae Pettibone, 1966 (Hocknull and Glasby 2009) from northern Australia, and Ancistrosyllis sp. from Dampier, WA (Hartmann-Schröder 1980). The present material does not resemble either of these species so probably represents a new species.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 40 (AM).

Sigambra

sp. 1

Diagnosis.

Small specimen, complete, 47 chaetigers. Pharynx with eight or nine terminal papillae. Dorsal cirri (except for first) slightly longer than ventral cirri. Dorsal hooks starting from chaetiger 3, extending to within a few segments from pygidium; accompanied by one or two small capillary chaetae. Neurochaetae smooth, broad-bladed capillaries of varying lengths. Chaetiger 2 with ventral cirri. Median antenna much longer than laterals, extending back to chaetiger 6; first dorsal cirri cirriform, several times longer than following ones which are slender, foliose. Colour in ethanol white.

Remarks.

The specimen is similar to S. magnuncus Paterson & Glover, 2000. It probably represents a new species.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 96 (AM).

Pilargidae gen. spp.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 134 (AM).

Family Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856

A. Murray, R. S. Wilson

The Polynoidae is the most species-rich of the seven families of Aphroditiformia, commonly known as scale-worms (Read and Fauchald 2020). Although molecular studies have shown the family to be monophyletic, the character supporting the Polynoidae clade (presence of tubercles on the elytra) exhibits many subsequent reversals and there is no morphological diagnosis that separates Polynoidae from other scale worms, nor do all scale-worms have scales (elytra) (Wiklund et al. 2005; Norlinder et al. 2012; Gonzalez et al. 2018). The Polynoidae are widely distributed geographically and ecologically, occurring in all depths from intertidal waters to hadal trenches (Hutchings 2000d; Paterson et al. 2009). There are currently ~ 852 accepted species in 164 genera (Read and Fauchald 2020), some of which appear to be restricted to the deep sea, e.g., species in the subfamily Macellicephalinae (Bonifácio and Menot 2018). Polynoids are one of the dominant epifaunal annelid families in abyssal (> 2000 m) depths (Paterson et al. 2009) but their diversity in Australian waters is poorly known. Records of polynoids from deep water in Australia (> 1000 m) are from McIntosh (1885) who described Eunoe abyssorum from 4755 m depth from 800 km southwest of Victoria, as well as Polynoe ascidioides, which is now considered as nomen dubium (Read and Fauchald 2020); Benham (1921) described Parapolyeunoa flynni as Hololepidella flynni from 2379 m off Tasmania; and Augener (1927) described Lepidasthenia australiensis as Nectochaeta australiensis from 1000 m off the Victorian coast. Averincev (1978) described Eunoe ivantsovi from 1640 m from the Lord Howe Rise, Eunoe papillaris from 1800 m from the GAB, and Harmothoe paxtoni from 1800 m in southern Australian waters, although he also described other more shallowly-collected species, and recorded many polynoid species not previously recorded from deeper waters in the Australian and New Zealand region. More recently, Hanley and Burke (1991) described a new species and genus Brychionoe karenae from 1100 m from the Cascade Plateau in the Tasman Sea, and Kirkegaard (1995) described two new species, Lagisca torbeni from 1320 m and Harmothoe australis from 1340 m, both in the GAB.

From recent sampling voyages by RV ‘Investigator’ to the GAB in 2013–2017, 16 polynoid taxa were distinguished to species level OTUs (MacIntosh et al. 2018), some of which were also found in the 2017 Sampling the ‘Abyss’ voyage (present study material), an additional seven species not previously recorded were also discovered during this latter voyage.

In this study we report at least 11 genera and 15 species, some of which are likely undescribed.

Admetella cf. longipedata

(McIntosh, 1885)

Fig. 22A

Figure 22. — *Polynoidae*AAdmetella *cf.* *longipedata* anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.51461) BAustrolaenilla sp. anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.52215) CBathyeliasona *nigra* anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.52216) DEunoe *cf.* *abyssorum* anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.51463) EEunoe *cf.* *opalina* dorsal view and elytra (AM W.51464). Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, D, E**); 3 mm (B); 2 mm (C).

Diagnosis.

Four long-bodied specimens with < ~ 62 segments, at least 24 pairs of elytrophores, all elytrae missing. Pharynx dark purple, with four plate-like falcigerous jaws, and ringed with 21 or 22 pairs of papillae. Prostomiums all badly degraded. Antennal styles all missing, median antenna ceratophore present, inserted in medial notch on prostomium, dorsal to scars of small lateral antennae inserted anteroterminally, antennal scales missing. Cephalic peaks absent. Palps long and robust, with longitudinal rows of very fine papillae. Facial tubercle present, rounded, located dorsal to ridged upper lip, between palp bases. Eyes absent. Low transverse nuchal fold present between first pair of elytrophores. Tentaculophores with chaetae. Parapodia subbiramous, well developed, flattened transversely, elongated (neuropodium 2 × longer than notopodium), with elongated acicular lobes and long cirriform subacicular processes, neuropodia not deeply split dorsally and ventrally, short notopodia arising from anterodorsal faces of parapodia. Neurochaetae flattened iridescent chaetae with pointed bare tips (often split) with rows of fine serrations along one side. Notochaetae all missing or absent.

Remarks.

Because of the poor state of prostomiums, it was not possible to determine the presence of antennal scales or sheaths between ceratophores of median and lateral antenna, which A. longipedata possesses. All specimens lacked notochaetae which were assumed to be broken off. In all other features, such as elongate parapodia with long acicular lobes and long cirriform subacicular processes, the position of antennae on prostomium, presence of a nuchal fold, numerous, long, flattened, transparent neurochaetae, > 20 pairs of elytra and > 50 body segments, the specimens resemble Admetella and are closer to A. longipedata than to A. brevis Levenstein, 1978, due to the presence of chaetae on the tentaculophore (see Fauchald 1972). Pettibone’s (1967) illustrations (and part of description) of A. longipedata are incorrect according to Fauchald (1972), who regards that description as belonging to A. hastigerens Chamberlin, 1919.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 35 (AM).

Austrolaenilla

sp.

Fig. 22B

Diagnosis.

Two complete specimens (AM W.52215; 1.5 cm long, 0.5 cm wide excluding chaetae; AM W.52016: 7 mm long, 3 mm wide excluding chaetae) with 30–35 segments, 14 or 15 pairs of elytrophores, on 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32, all elytra missing. Dorsum with transverse red-brown pigment on every segment to posterior. Head with small cephalic peaks, two pairs of eyes of similar small size, anterior pair situated mediodorsally and level with widest part of prostomium, posterior pair more dorsal. Median antenna with ceratophores inserted in anteromedial notch, style missing, lateral antennae with ceratophores inserted ventral to prostomial lobes, bases touching, with short papillated styles, less than half length of prostomium. Palps long, with rows of small papillae. Tentaculophores with stout notochaetae present. Dorsal cirri present throughout body; dorsal tubercles low, nodular. Parapodia with notopodia shorter than neuropodia, both with elongate acicular lobes, neuropodial acicular lobe with extended papilla-like process. Notochaetae all stout, thicker than neurochaetae, with rows of spines and blunt tips. Neurochaetae all long, fine capillaries, with rows of long slender spines longer than the width of the neurochaeta, and more distally, long fine hairs terminating in a tuft, some with capillary tips and some with truncate tips. No other types of neurochaetae present.

Remarks.

The small size of the specimens (30–35 segments, ~ 40+ segments for Austrolaenilla species) indicates that they may be juvenile, but the identification is based on the diagnostic feature for the genus: the presence of neurochaetae much slenderer than notochaetae, and with capillary tips that terminate distally in tufts of fine hairs, which these specimens possess. There are ten currently valid Austrolaenilla species (Read and Fauchald 2020), some of which have been described and reported from southern Antarctic and New Zealand waters, but we are unwilling to attempt a more specific identification due to the small and probably juvenile nature of the specimens.

Records.

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 42 (AM).

Bathyedithia

sp.

Diagnosis.

Specimen small-bodied, short, with 23 segments and 10 pairs of elytrophores. All elytra missing. Prostomium bilobed, median and lateral antennae absent, frontal filaments absent, facial tubercle absent. Jaws with lateral serrations, pharynx not everted, thus number of terminal papillae not observed. Palps with small palpophores, palps of similar length to tentacular cirri. Tentaculophores achaetous. Notopodia shorter than neuropodia, with elongate acicular lobes. Notochaetae slenderer than neurochaetae; notochaetae with subdistal rows of fine spines, neurochaetae flattened to concave, serrated along both margins. Ventral cirri from segment 3 inserted medially on neuropodia. Nephridial papillae not observed. Ventral keel absent posteriorly.

Remarks.

The specimen is damaged and fragile, and most notochaetae and all elytra are missing. Two genera share the characters which distinguish our specimen (10 pairs of elytra, median and lateral antennae absent): Bathyedithia and Polaruschakov. Both genera also have similar neurochaetae, which are flattened and serrated on both margins. Bathyedithia has seven or nine pairs of terminal papillae on the pharynx compared with Polaruschakov which has 14 pairs (Pettibone 1976) but we have been unable to observe this character on our single fragile and damaged specimen. On the basis of the presence of lateral serrations of the jaws which were observed (and which are absent from Polaruschakov species) we assign this specimen to Bathyedithia.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 31 (AM).

Bathyeliasona nigra

(Hartman, 1967b)

Fig. 22C

Diagnosis.

Specimens short-bodied, complete ones with 18 segments, eight pairs of elytra. Body colouration dark purple-black. Bilobed prostomium tapering anteriorly to subulate frontal filaments (lateral antennae absent). Median antenna on long ceratophore inserted mid-dorsally on prostomium, posterior to frontal filaments. Palps long, tapering, smooth. Tentaculophores with chaetae. Facial tubercle absent. Eyes absent. Dorsal tubercles indistinct/absent, dorsal cirri with papillated styles. Nephridial papillae large, wide, on segments 10–12, but small, cylindrical, on segments 5–9 and 13–18. Parapodia with distally elongate pre-acicular neuro- and notopodial lobes, neuropodial supra-acicular process absent. Notochaetae present, as thick as neurochaetae, stout, with numerous transverse spinous rows and blunt bare tips. Neurochaetae wide, flattened, with serrated lateral margins, tips bluntly pointed, unidentate.

Remarks.

Of the four species of Bathyeliasona (Pettibone 1976; Bonifácio and Menot 2018), only Bathyeliasona nigra has 18 segments, tentacular cirri with smooth styles and notochaetae as thick as neurochaetae. Our material conforms closely with the description of Pettibone (1976).

Bathyeliasona nigra was also recorded from the GAB surveys 2013/2015, albeit as ‘Lepidonotinae sp. 2’ (MacIntosh et al. 2018). Most specimens are missing chaetae (broken off), palps and styles of cirri and antenna. This species has been recorded previously from Antarctic waters in depths of ~ 2500 m (Hartman 1967b), as well as from the Indian Ocean, in 3300–4360 m depth (Kirkegaard 1995).

Records.

22 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 33, 42, 53, 54, 65, 78, 89 (AM).

Bathypolaria magnicirrata

(Neal, Barnich, Wiklund & Glover, 2012)

Diagnosis.

Specimens with short bodies, 18–19 segments, nine pairs of small, reduced elytrophores (all elytra missing). Everted pharynx light brown, with seven pairs of similar-sized terminal papillae, two pairs of smooth amber-coloured jaws. Prostomium wider than long, bilobed, eyes absent, median antenna present on small cylindrical ceratophore, style long, tapering. Lateral antennae and frontal filaments absent. Long smooth palps present, inserted ventrolaterally. Tentacular segment fused to prostomium, tentaculophores achaetous, styles filiform, long, ventral style longer than dorsal style. Cirrophores on non-elytrigerous segments more prominent than elytrophores, large, cylindrical anteriorly. Parapodia biramous, elongate with notopodia almost as long as neuropodia, aciculae penetrating epidermis. Ventral cirri inserted subdistally from segment 3. Notopodia with long flattened, wide chaetae with fine serrations along one side, tips pointed, unidentate. Neurochaetae slenderer than notochaetae, flattened and with fine serrations along both sides of each chaeta. Posterior ventral keel present.

Remarks.

Austropolaria was originally described as a monotypic genus, based on A. magnicirrata described by Neal et al. (2012) from 1000–1500 m in the Amundsen Sea of the Antarctic region. These specimens agree closely with this species diagnosis including that the pharynx has seven pairs of terminal papillae, nine pairs of reduced elytrophores, large dorsal tubercles, and a posterior ventral keel.

Kolbasova et al. (2020) showed that the monotypic genus Austropolaria is a junior synonym of Bathypolaria Levenstein, 1981 so the combination of the type species Bathypolaria magnicirrata (Neal, Barnich, Wiklund & Glover, 2012) was implicit.

Records.

8 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 23, 45, 110 (AM).

Bruunilla

sp.

Diagnosis.

Specimens small-bodied with 17 segments. All elytra missing, eight pairs of elytrophores present. Prostomium bilobed with small median antennal ceratophore (style missing), frontal filaments present, lateral antennae, eyes and facial tubercle absent. Palps smooth, short. Pair of large lamellate wing-like structures with blunt tips present ventrally, emergent from the lower lip. Tentaculophores achaetous, tentacular styles long. Notopodia reduced, much shorter than neuropodia, both neuropodia and notopodia with elongate acicular lobes. Notochaetae present, slenderer than neurochaetae, both distally flattened to concave with serrations along both sides. Ventral cirri from segment 3 inserted medially on neuropodia; ventral cirri on segment 2 longer than those on following segments.

Remarks.

These specimens possess a pair of large wing-like structures on the ventral surface of the lower lip (Bonifácio and Menot 2018: fig. 11B, G), a character so far unique to the genus Bruunilla, and specimens most resemble Bruunilla nealae Bonifácio & Menot, 2018 because of the blunt tips of these structures. However, because the posterior ends are all somewhat damaged, the presence of cirriform papillae on neuropodia 12–17, a character differentiating this species from B. natalensis Hartman, 1971, could not be confirmed. This former species is only known from a single specimen in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, from 2979 m depth.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 79, 134, 110 (AM).

Eunoe cf. abyssorum

(McIntosh, 1885)

Fig. 22D

Diagnosis.

Short-bodied, 35–40 segments, 15 pairs of elytra. Elytra pale, with minute conical microtubercles around edges and on posterior half, margins without papillae or fimbriae. Prostomium (violet-coloured when newly preserved, but fading in ethanol) with small cephalic peaks. Eyes absent from most specimens, a few with small subdermal ones. Palps long, smooth. Short lateral antennae ventrally attached (sensu Barnich and Fiege 2009, 2010), bases not touching; median antenna dorsal to lateral antennae, with large ceratophore, inserted in anterodorsal notch. Tentacular segment with notochaetae. Dorsal cirri styles long, some small, sparse papillae present. Parapodia biramous, notopodia and neuropodia both with elongate prechaetal acicular lobes, neuropodial one with supra-acicular digitiform lobe papilla-like, and rounded postchaetal lobe. Notochaetae stout, thicker (but shorter) than neurochaetae; notochaetae with blunt tips and many distinct subdistal rows of spines. Neurochaetal falcigers with long unidentate tips and subdistal rows of short spines.

Remarks.

The type locality for Eunoe abyssorum McIntosh, 1885 is the GAB, from 4750 m depth. The only other records are by Benham (1921) as ‘Harmothoe abyssorum’ (three specimens from the Southern Ocean, south of Australia, in 650 m depth), Benham (1927) from Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica, in 82–91 m, and Knox and Cameron (1998) from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. However, the descriptions by these authors of this species are inconsistent and may not be of the same species as McIntosh’s.

Eunoe includes 46 accepted species, of which at least 8 are known from southern Australia, New Zealand and adjacent regions of the Southern Ocean (Read and Fauchald 2020). Many species are incompletely known due to inconsistent descriptions; thus our species identifications are qualified pending a revision of the genus.

Records.

9 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 6, 22, 30, 53 (AM).

Eunoe cf. opalina

McIntosh, 1885

Fig. 22E

Diagnosis.

Macellicephalinae

gen. sp. 5

Fig. 23C

Diagnosis.

Large bodied specimen, complete, 33 mm long, 13 mm wide (including parapodia) for 26 segments. Facial tubercle present. Pharynx not everted, but jaws observed via dissection: two pairs of triangular jaws with four or five teeth per jaw; unknown number of pharyngeal papillae. Prostomium bilobed, lobes rounded anteriorly, and posteriorly, median antenna missing or absent, lateral antennae and frontal filaments absent, eyes absent. Palps smooth, short, with reduced palpophores. Tentacular segment fused to prostomium, with tentaculophores situated lateral to palps, both dorsal and ventral styles similar in length and form to palps, achaetous. Large dorsal papillated swollen structures present on (non-elytrigerous) segments 6, 8, 10, located between dorsum and base of cirrophores, possibly reproductive. Dorsal cirri long, longer than parapodia; ventral cirri on segment 2 larger than following segments, becoming small and filiform from segment 3 to posterior segments, inserted subdistally on neuropodia. Parapodia with notopodia reduced to small elongate acicular lobe on anterior face, with slender notochaetae emerging basally, chaetae with rows of fine spines and filiform tips; neuropodia large with elongate pre-chaetal lobe and rounded postchaetal bract-like lobe, neurochaetae much more stout than notochaetae, golden, lanceolate with rows of spines along two sides. Only six pairs of elytrophores distinct, on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11; thereafter difficult to discern due to swollen dorsal bases of parapodia. Pair of thick elytra present on first chaetiger (segment 2), elongate-reniform, covering dorsum, with some dark pigment spots and small marginal papillae; a single large elytra present on segment 11, thin, translucent, round to oval, without pigment or marginal papillae, not covering dorsum. Dorsal tubercles large, and from segment 12, basal swellings present dorsally on every parapodium, with two pairs of ridges running anteriorly and posteriorly along parapodium from dorsum towards dorsal cirrus; these swollen bases also papillated from segment 21. Ventral keel absent. Pygidium rounded, anus dorsal.

Remarks.

Due to the lack of lateral antennae, this specimen is assigned to Macellicephalinae, but does not appear to bear resemblance to any of the 37 currently valid Macellicephalinae genera (Read and Fauchald 2020), due to the combination of the form of the neuropodial lobes and notopodial lobes, lack of branchiae, ridged and swollen dorsal tubercles (similar to those of Lepidonotopodium spp. but otherwise dissimilar to that genus), lack of frontal filaments, and the presence of serrated jaws.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 79 (AM).

Macellicephalinae

indet.

Diagnosis.

Small specimens from 3–8 mm in length, with 12–23 segments, and 6–11 pairs of elytrophores. Most somewhat damaged, thus difficult to identify. Possibly seven morphologically different species. Median antenna present or absent, lateral antennae absent, frontal filaments present or absent, facial tubercle absent or present, palps long or short (one specimen with thick, leaf-shaped palps), tentaculophores achaetous. Parapodia with subequal noto- and neuropodial lobes, or notopodial lobes reduced; notochaetae missing, present or absent, neurochaetae either similar thickness to, more robust than, or thinner than, notochaetae; most neurochaetae distally flattened, concave with rows of serrations along both sides. Dorsal tubercles large, or indistinct. Jaws present; pharynx with terminal papillae. Branchial and reproductive structures absent. Ventral keel absent.

Remarks.

Numerous specimens were from Brenke sledge samples, most damaged. Approximately seven species are present.

Records.

30 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 23, 31, 33, 40, 54, 79, 87, 89, 96, 110, 134 (AM).

Polaruschakov

sp.

Fig. 23D

Diagnosis.

Several small specimens, ~ 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, some damaged posteriorly, some with palps and many neuropodia missing, with < 21 segments. All elytra missing, nine pairs of small elytrophores present on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17. Pharynx with two pairs of smooth jaws (denticles absent), seven pairs of distal papillae present, none larger than others. Prostomium bilobed, median antenna, lateral antennae and frontal filaments all absent, eyes absent (or unpigmented), tentacular segment with long tentacular cirri, achaetous. Palps short, smooth, reaching only to chaetiger 3 or chaetiger 4. Segment 2 with long ventral (buccal) cirrus similar in length to tentacular cirri. Segment 3 with long dorsal cirrus, subsequent ones (mostly) missing. Ventral cirri inserted medially on neuropodia, shorter than neuroacicular lobes. Parapodia sub-biramous, with elongate preacicular neuropodial lobe, notopodia inserted on anterodorsal face of neuropodia, conical and much shorter than neuropodia, aciculae penetrating epidermis. Notochaetae long, slender with transverse rows of fine spines along shaft and with blunt tips. Neurochaetae all flattened, coarsely serrated along both margins, tips pointed. Last three or four posteriormost chaetigers reduced. Swollen dorsal structures may be present on some specimens.

Remarks.

These specimens agree with the emended genus diagnosis by Bonifácio and Menot (2018) for Polaruschakov Pettibone, 1976, because of the absence of all antennae combined with smooth jaws (or with a single small secondary marginal tooth) and the absence of flattened scale-like structures on segment 6, but, because of their small size, damaged bodies and posterior ends and missing elytra, they could not be identified to species. There are five species in this genus which has only been reported from deep Arctic waters, off the Mediterranean (in Pettibone 1976) and in abyssal waters of the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean off Mexico (Bonifácio and Menot 2018).

Records.

58 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 16, 31, 54, 66, 76, 79, 96, 98, 103, 110, 134 (AM). 2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 16 (NHMUK).

Polynoidae

indet.

Remarks.

Specimens were identified to family level only, and some others were unidentifiable due to damage, from Brenke sledge samples.

Records.

12 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 11, 16, 41, 55, 65, 119 (AM). 1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 16 (NHMUK).

Family Protodrilidae Hatschek, 1888

D. Ramos

Protodrilids are interstitial annelids that possess two anterior palps, but lack parapodia, chaetae and other appendages. The family is composed of 38 species in six genera (Martinez et al. 2015; Read and Fauchald 2020). Protodrilids are described mostly from shallow interstitial environments, although one species was abundant on whale bones at depths of 200–260 m (Sato-Okoshi et al. 2015). There only seven records of the family in Australia, two species from one genus Protodrilus submersus von Nordheim, 1989 and Protodrilus jagersteni von Nordheim, 1989 (from Lord Howe Island and Lizard Island respectively), and specimens assigned to the genera Claudrilus, Megadrilus (both Lord Howe Island) and Meiodrilus (North East Cay, Saumarez Reef) but without species designations (Martinez et al. 2015). Of these, the deepest was sampled from 15 m. The protodrilid specimens recorded in this study came from a whale fall collected at upper bathyal depths (1000 m), this is the deepest documented occurrence of the family to date.

Protodrilus cf. puniceus

Sato-Okoshi, Okoshi & Fujiwara, 2015

Fig. 24A, B, C

Figure 24. — *Protodrilidae*AProtodrilus *cf.* *puniceus*B same, ventral side C same, pygidium. Scale bars: 250 µm.

Diagnosis.

Round prostomium with two terminal palps. No eyes. Thick bands of cilia around mouth, continuing ventrally along length of body. Slender filiform body, less than 5 mm long when preserved. Pygidium with two lateral lobes and a median cluster of cilia. Colour in ethanol white.

Remarks.

Protodrilus puniceus is the only species of Protodrilus reported from whale fall communities, all other species are distributed in sandy, intertidal areas (Sato-Okoshi et al. 2015). It was described from a sperm whale carcass deposited at a depth of 219–254 m just off Cape Namomisaki, Kyushu Island, Japan. Observed specimens were similarly collected from a whale fall community but at 1000 m.

Records.

> 100 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (AM). 12 specimens Suppl. material 1. op. 100 (NHMUK).

Family Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865

E. K. Kupriyanova, J. Zhang

Sabellariids are filter feeding annelids, which inhabit tubes made of sand and shell fragments cemented together. The family Sabellariidae is composed of 12 genera and 132 species (Read and Fauchald 2020). Most sabellariids live in intertidal or subtidal habitats, sometimes building reefs, thus the common name ‘honey-comb worms’ (Kirtley 1994; Hutchings et al. 2012). The genera Bathysabellaria, Gesaia, Phalacrostemma and Tetreres are often found in bathyal and abyssal localities (Lechapt and Kirtley 1996; Hutchings et al. 2012). Five genera and 11 species have been recorded from Australian waters, but only Phalacrostemma maloga Hutchings, Capa & Peart, 2012 and Tetreres terribilis Hutchings, Capa & Peart, 2012 are known from bathyal depths (Hutchings et al. 2012). Material from the present study was used to describe new species Gesaia csiro Zhang, Hutchings, Burghardt & Kupriyanova, 2020 and Phalacrostemma timoharai Zhang, Hutchings, Burghardt & Kupriyanova, 2020, while a single specimen of Phalacrostemma was too damaged to be formally described as a new species (Capa and Hutchings 2019c; Zhang et al. 2020).

Gesaia csiro

Zhang, Hutchings, Burghardt & Kupriyanova, 2020

Fig. 25A, B

Figure 25. — *Sabellariidae*AGesaia *csiro* holotype (AM W.49506), anterior end with tube BG. *csiro*, entire body, lateral view CPhalacrostemma *timoharai* holotype (AM W.50674), ventro-lateral view DP. *timoharai*, lateral view EP. *timoharai*, tube FP. *timoharai*, entire body in tube, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, B, E, F**); 0.5 mm (**C, D**).

Diagnosis.

Operculum completely divided into two elongate free lobes. Twenty-two pairs of outer paleae, their blades with frayed thecae and rolled inward tips. Two pairs of inner opercular paleae on dorsal margin of opercular lobes, with straight cylindrical blades with smooth margins. Six pairs of long conical papillae spirally arranged around opercular lobes. One pair of nuchal hooks without limbation. Three pairs of tentacular filaments along margins of buccal cavity. Buccal flaps absent. One pair of long palps extending beyond operculum. Thoracic segment 1 with neuropodial cirri. Thoracic segment 2 with one pair of triangular lateral lobe. Eleven pairs of dorsal branchiae on chaetigers 2–12. Four parathoracic chaetigers (3–6) bearing notopodia with robust lanceolate chaetae interspersed with fine capillaries and neuropodia bearing thin lanceolate chaetae interspersed with fine capillaries. Cauda long and smooth with three pairs of anal appendages.

Remarks.

Type locality is Central Eastern MP, eastern Australia, 4414–4436 m. The genus Gesaia is recorded from eastern Australian waters for the first time. Seven specimens of Gesaia sp. 1 were recorded from three stations in the GAB (932–1836 m) (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2), molecular data are needed to confirm if the species in this study are the same as from the GAB.

Records.

208 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 88, 89, 128 (AM).

Gesaia

Family Sabellidae Latreille, 1825

A. Murray

Sabellids are sedentary filter-feeding annelids inhabiting tubes composed of pure mucus or agglutinated sand grains. The family Sabellidae is composed of ~ 40 genera, and > 400 species (Read and Fauchald 2020; Capa et al. 2019b). They are found in many habitats from fresh to marine waters and from intertidal to abyssal depths. Some species belonging to Chone, Euchone, Fabrisabella, Jasmineira, Perkinsiana, Potamethus and Potaspina are found more in deep waters in soft sediments (Hartman 1969, 1978; Fauchald 1972; Ruff and Brown 1989; Capa 2007; Tovar-Hernández 2008; Tovar-Hernández et al. 2012; Capa et al. 2013). However, deep-water sabellids are poorly studied in Australian waters, with only a few previously described species reported off eastern Australia by McIntosh (1885) and Benham (1916), and only a few species described from depths > 100 m recently by Capa (2007). Other species have been described from Antarctic waters by various British, German, Swedish and New Zealand expeditions (e.g., Pixell 1913; Hartman 1966b, 1967a, 1978; Hartmann-Schröder and Rosenfeldt 1989, 1991; Knox and Cameron 1998; Tovar-Hernández et al. 2012). In this study we report at least six species from five genera.

Sabellidae

gen. sp. 1

Fig. 26A

Figure 26. — *Sabellidae*, *Syllidae*, *Terebellidae*. *Sabellidae*ASabellidae sp. 1 (AM W.52133) BSabellidae sp. 2 (AM W.52214) CPotamethus *cf.* *scotiae* (AM W.51585). *Syllidae*DAnguillosyllis sp. (AM W.52625) EExogone *cf.* *heterosetosa* (AM W.52329) FTerebellidae (sensu stricto) (AM W.50426). Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, B, D, E**); 5 mm (**C, F**).

Diagnosis.

Small-bodied species. Several very small specimens (1.5 mm long including crown). Eight thoracic and 8–14 abdominal chaetigers, branchial crown with three pairs of radioles. Radioles with flanges, long pinnules and at least one pair of long ventral radiolar appendages present, dorsal lips present. Posterior peristomial ring collar present, with entire dorsal margin (no mid-dorsal gap), ventrally slightly higher with short mid-ventral incision. Glandular ridge present on chaetiger 2, inconspicuous. Thoracic notochaetae include superior elongate narrowly-hooded chaetae and an inferior row of bayonet chaetae only (paleate chaetae absent). Thoracic uncini acicular with long curving shaft and slight subdistal swelling, with rows of different-sized teeth above main fang, companion chaetae absent. Abdominal neurochaetae narrowly-hooded; abdominal uncini avicular with rasp-shaped teeth above main fang, short neck, quadrangular breast, handle absent. Pygidium without eyespots due to preservation. Pygidial cirrus absent. Anal flanges and depressions absent.

Remarks.

Due to small size of specimens, examination of uncinal teeth was difficult, and a positive identification to genus was not able to be confirmed. Specimens were stained with methyl blue and photographed to show staining pattern. Some characters of the genus Amphicorina could be observed: eight thoracic and at least eight abdominal chaetigers; three pairs of radioles with few pinnules, long ventral pinnular appendages present; glandular girdle on chaetiger 2; thoracic notochaetae either elongate and narrowly-hooded or small thin bayonet chaetae (with paleate chaetae absent entirely), thoracic uncini acicular with rows of teeth over main fang (though presence of one larger proximal tooth was not observable); abdominal neurochaetae narrowly-hooded, uncini rasp-shaped; posterior anal depression absent. The collar features are, however, more consistent with Chone or Jasmineira, though the chaetal features are more consistent with Amphicorina. However, Amphicorina is more typically recorded from shallow and nearshore waters than deep and has not been reported previously from abyssal depths.

Records.

6 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 42, 68 (AM).

Sabellidae

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op.101 (AM).

Potamethus cf. scotiae

(Pixell, 1913)

Fig. 26C

Diagnosis.

Eight thoracic and numerous abdominal segments. Branchial crown with 6–9 pairs radioles. Wide ventral ‘flange’ on ventralmost radioles; ventral sacs large, external to crown; ventral shields present on body. Collar with dorsal lamellae and dorsal pockets, prolonged ventrally with large ventral lappets, oblique laterally. Peristomial ring elongate, exposed above collar. Thoracic notochaetae including superior narrowly-hooded chaetae and two inferior rows of paleate chaetae; thoracic uncini avicular with extremely long handles (> 10 × distance of main fang to breast); companion chaetae present, with similarly long handles. Abdominal neurochaetae of two types: short, broadly-hooded with long tips and longer elongate narrowly-hooded chaetae; abdominal uncini avicular with long handles/shafts, but with breast reduced to narrow swelling at curvature. Ventral surface glandular, thoracic shields prominent. Tubes muddy with fine transverse striations.

Remarks.

Four large fragmented specimens were removed from tubes. There are currently no Potamethus species reported from Australia, however, there are museum records of Potamethus collected from deep water east of Tasmania in 1986 (Murray, pers. obs.), and more recently from the GAB surveys in 2015 and 2017 (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2). Worldwide, there are 11 nominal species, all described from deep waters, and types would need to be examined to determine to which species these specimens belong, or if it is new. Based on descriptions from the literature, the specimens bear greatest resemblance to P. scotiae (Pixell, 1913) from Antarctic waters.

Records.

4 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 53, 122 (AM).

Potamethus

sp.

Remarks.

Identification is to genus only, based on presence of dorsal lamellae joining dorsal collar, and presence of extremely long-handled thoracic uncini and companion chaetae, paleate inferior thoracic chaetae, and broadly-hooded superior thoracic chaetae. Possibly is the same as above specimens of Potamethus cf. scotiae, but specimens were small, incomplete and/or degraded too much from poor preservation whilst in their tubes.

Records.

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 53, 121 (AM).

Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867

J.A. Blake

Scalibregmatids, sometimes called maggot worms, are characterized by anteriorly swollen, short bodies. They are active burrowers and subsurface deposit feeders, which never form tubes. The family is composed of 16 genera and ~ 72 species (Blake 2015, 2019c; Read and Fauchald 2020). In Australia, six named species in five genera (Asclerocheilus, Hyboscolex, Oligobregma, Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma) have been reported (http://www.ala.org.au). In the present study samples contained at least four genera and six species; at least four new to science. New species include Asclerocheilus (one), Scalibregmides (one), Pseudoscalibregma (one) and Oligobregma (one).

Asclerocheilus

sp. nov. 1

Diagnosis.

Large specimens, heavy yellow spines in noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 3.

Records.

5 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 53, 65 (AM).

Oligobregma

sp. nov. 1

Fig. 27D, E

Figure 27. — *Scalibregmatidae* and *Siboglinidae*. *Siboglinidae*A Frenulate tube (op. 11) BOsedax sp. nov., preserved female specimen inside tube COsedax sp. nov., detail of palps of preserved female specimen. *Scalibregmatidae*DOligobregma sp. nov. 1 (AM W.52686) EOligobregma sp. nov. 1 (AM W.52698). Scale bars: 2 mm (**A, B**); 500 µm (C); 1 mm (**D, E**).

Diagnosis.

The most abundant species in the collections. Similar to Oligobregma mucronata Blake, 2015, from upper slope depths, Antarctica.

Records.

193 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 5, 9, 16, 23, 31, 33, 54, 79, 89, 103, 110 (AM).

Oligobregma spp.

Scalibregmatidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Brenke sledge samples were identified to family level only.

Records.

27 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 5, 9, 16, 23, 31, 40, 45, 54, 66, 76, 79, 98, 103, 110 (NHMUK). 9 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 22, 32, 96 (AM).

Family Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815

E. K. Kupriyanova

The family Serpulidae (including Spirorbinae) is a group of sedentary annelids inhabiting self-secreted calcareous tubes. The family is composed of ~ 70 genera and > 500 species (Read and Fauchald 2020). These animals are most common and abundant in subtidal and shelf locations, but can occur from intertidal to hadal depths (Kupriyanova et al. 2010; Kupriyanova et al. 2011; Kupriyanova et al. 2014). Serpulids from bathyal and abyssal depths belong to the genera Bathyvermilia, Bathyditrupa, Filogranula, Hyalopomatus, Laminatubus, Neovermilia, Spirodiscus, Protis, Vitreotubus and Zibrovermilia (Kupriyanova et al. 2011; Kupriyanova and Ippolitov 2015), but only representatives of Bathyditrupa, Bathyvermilia, Hyalopomatus, and Protis are typical abyssal taxa also penetrating into the upper hadal zone (Kupriyanova et al. 2010; Kupriyanova et al. 2011). Two bathyal species, Laminatubus alvini ten Hove & Zibrowius, 1986 and Protis hydrothermica ten Hove & Zibrowius, 1986 are commonly found in hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities, and Kupriyanova et al. (2010) also reported Hyalopomatus mironovi Kupriyanova, 1993a and Protis sp. from hydrothermal vents of North Fiji. The shallow-water serpulid fauna of Australia is reasonably well documented, with 45 genera and ~ 180 species recorded from Australian waters, but only four deep-sea species have been recently reported by MacIntosh et al. (2018). In this study > 900 specimens belonging to ~ 13 species were recovered from the Australian lower bathyal and abyssal environment, most of them new to science.

Bathyvermilia challengeri

Zibrowius, 1973

sp. 5

Diagnosis.

Pinkish tubes with rugose surface, with poorly developed transverse ridges. Operculum unknown. Six thoracic chaetigerous segments plus simple collar chaetae. Thoracic membranes ending at chaetiger 3. Apomatus chaetae present. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped with pointed anterior fang.

Remarks.

Species is distinct because of its pinkish tube.

Records.

6 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 88, 97, 99 (AM).

Hyalopomatus dieteri

Kupriyanova & Ippolitov, 2015

Fig. 28D

sp. 1

Diagnosis.

Smooth white relatively thick tubes lacking sculpture. Six thoracic chaetigerous segments plus collar chaetae. Operculum, if present, globular transparent on normal pinnulated radioles.

Remarks.

SEM and molecular data are needed to confirm this preliminary identification.

Records.

48 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 35, 86, 88, 97, 99, 100, 128 (AM).

Protis

sp. 2

Diagnosis.

Smooth white relatively thin tubes lacking sculpture. Six thoracic chaetigerous segments plus collar chaetae. Operculum, if present, elongated transparent undifferentiated vesicle on normal pinnulated radioles.

Remarks.

SEM and molecular data are needed to confirm this preliminary identification.

Records.

22 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 43, 44, 56, 65, 67, 78, 90, 99, 101 (AM).

Protis

Family Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914

M. Georgieva

The siboglinids are highly modified in comparison to other annelids, as they do not have a mouth, gut, or anus, but instead host symbiotic bacteria within a specialised organ known as the trophosome. All siboglinids are also tube-dwelling as adults, with the robustness of the tube made by each species varying among the family. They comprise 32 genera that form four monophyletic lineages, namely the vestimentiferans (21 currently described species), Sclerolinum (seven species), Osedax (26 species) and the frenulates (143 species) (Read and Fauchald 2020). The siboglinids occur mostly in deep waters, although can occasionally also be found in the photic zone in polar regions (e.g., Southward 1962). Members of the genus Osedax gain their nutrition exclusively from vertebrate falls (most commonly whale falls), while vestimentiferans, Sclerolinum and frenulates occupy environments such as hydrothermal vents, methane seeps, reducing sediments, sunken plant remains and occasionally also whale falls. With the exception of Osedax, siboglinids host chemolithoautotrophic Gammaproteobacteria that fix carbon dioxide, while the Oceanospirillales symbionts of Osedax are heterotrophic, and both they and the host depend on vertebrate bones for nutrition (Goffredi et al. 2007). Siboglinids are not well known from Australian waters, however they have been described from surrounding regions such as from off northern New Zealand (vestimentiferans; McCowin et al. 2019), as well as from Indonesia (frenulates; Southward 2000). Frenulates from Australian waters have also been observed in the collections of Australian museums, but these are not yet formally described. There are also additional reports of Osedax from off South Australia (G. Rouse pers. comm.), which suggest that at least two of the monophyletic siboglinid lineages are present in Australian waters. We report the presence of Siboglinidae tubes and one species of Osedax.

Siboglinidae gen. spp.

Fig. 27A

Remarks.

Frenulate tubes, possibly including live-collected worms, were also collected from seven stations (437–4013 m) in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2).

Records.

11 specimens of frenulate tube pieces. Suppl. material 1: op. 11 (NHMUK).

Osedax sp. nov.

Fig. 27B, C

Diagnosis.

Siboglinid found colonising fin whale fall. Female living within tube and with ‘root’ structures embedded into bones. Females with crown of four palps fused for much of their length, without obvious pinnules but with distinct blood vessels in live specimens. Trunk short in relation to the length of the palps, ovisac was not observed. Tube: anterior thin, semi-transparent and appearing closed at the tip, posterior tougher and creased. Colour in ethanol pale yellow.

Remarks.

Genetic data confirm that these specimens are a new species that falls within the same clade as other nude palp Osedax species (Georgieva et al. in prep) associated with whale falls.

Records.

More than 20 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 100 (NHMUK) (whale bones, MV).

Family Sigalionidae Kinberg, 1856

A. Murray

Sigalionids are a family of scale worms with elongate, narrow bodies and usually with a larger number of segments than in the Polynoidae. There are currently considered to be five subfamilies: Sigalioninae, Pelogeniinae, Pholoinae, Pisioninae, and Sthenelanellinae (Gonzalez et al. 2018; Eibye-Jacobsen et al. 2020), all characterised by the presence of some kind of compound neurochaetae. There are currently ~ 252 accepted species in 32 genera (Eibye-Jacobsen et al. 2020). They occur worldwide from intertidal to depths of < 4000 m (Pettibone 1989; Wehe 2007; Eibye-Jacobsen et al. 2020) but are rarely present in large numbers. Some Sigalioninae and Pholoinae species are exclusive to the deep sea (Gonzalez et al. 2018; Eibye-Jacobsen et al. 2020), particularly those from the genera Neoleanira, Pholoides and Pholoe (Pettibone 1970; Pettibone 1992; Wehe 2007; Ravara and Cunha 2016). In Australia there are 12 genera and 15 named species recorded (http://www.ala.org.au). In this study we report at least five species (two of which are new) from four genera.

Leanira sp. nov.

Fig. 29A, B

Figure 29. — *Sigalionidae*ALeanira sp. nov. (AM W.52617) BLeanira sp. nov. (AM W.52620) CNeoleanira sp. nov. (AM W.49501) DNeoleanira sp. nov. (AM W.52612) EPholoe sp. (AM W.52160) FPholoides sp. (AM W.52616). Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, B, E**); 1 cm (**C, D**); 0.1 mm (F).

Diagnosis.

Mostly incomplete specimens, at least 28 mm long, 3 mm wide, for 70 segments (or 26 mm long, 4.5 mm wide for 40 segments). Prostomium sometimes with dark pigmentation or a few spots. Elytra smooth on surface, small and round anteriorly, becoming larger and more ovate (kidney-shaped) posteriorly, almost covering dorsum, lacking lateral indentations. Median antenna short, subulate, without auricles, lateral antennae located on inner dorsal side of tentacular segment. Eyes absent. Palps long, palpal sheaths present. Labial lobes present on lateral lips, bulbous. Dorsal cirri absent from segment 3. Neurochaetae all compound spinigers with entire tips, canaliculate. Clavate stylodes present on parapodia. Branchiae starting at ~ chaetiger 30.

Remarks.

This species has also been collected from depths of < 920 m along the east Australia coast during cruises by the FRV ‘Kapala’ (1980) and RV ‘Franklin’ (1988) (Hutchings et al. in prep.). It bears some resemblance to L. quatrefagesi Kinberg, 1856 (only recorded from intertidal areas in the South Pacific and Southern Oceans) and L. hystricis Ehlers, 1874 (recorded from 900–2600 m in North Atlantic waters) because of the presence of labial lobes, the lack of neurochaetae, the lack of lateral indentations of the elytra and the absence of segmental papillae (Hutchings et al. in prep.).

Records.

17 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 22, 23, 40, 45, 54, 56.

sp. 1

Diagnosis.

Most specimens incomplete and missing elytra. Largest complete specimen 13 mm long, 1 mm wide, for 68 chaetigers. Prostomium with single long median antenna with short ceratophore, auricles absent. Eyes absent. Lateral antennae absent from all specimens (or missing). Palps long, smooth, reaching to at least chaetiger 14, with short inner palpal sheaths. Tentacular segment fused to prostomium, with two pairs of tapering cirri, dorsal cirri as long as median antenna, ventral ones short; tentaculophores with spinulose capillary chaetae. Labial lobes on lateral lips not observed. Parapodia without long bracts or stylodes. Dorsal cirri absent from chaetiger 3. Branchiae not observed. Notochaetae all capillary, smooth or spinulose, very long posteriorly. Neurochaetae mostly all compound spinigers with canaliculate blades, ventralmost chaetae shorter, canaliculate, and with blunt tips. Most elytra missing, remaining ones small, round, thin, translucent, without marginal or other papillae, not overlapping dorsally. Ventral cirri subulate.

Remarks.

These specimens appear to lack lateral antennae completely, and have canaliculate spinigerous compound neurochaetae only, though some in the ventralmost position possess blunt tips. There are few genera of Sigalionidae that lack lateral antennae altogether: Mayella Hartmann-Schröder, 1959, known from a single specimen collected intertidally in El Salvador, which Eibye-Jacobsen et al. (2020) suggest is a juvenile polynoid, and most genera and species of Pholoinae, all of which possess short falcigerous neurochaetae. These specimens strongly resemble a sigalionin species because of the type of chaetae. They may represent juveniles of Leanira sp. which were present in the same samples.

Records.

70 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 9, 16, 23, 31, 40, 42, 45, 54, 55, 76, 79, 96, 110, 134 (AM).

Sigalionidae gen. spp.

Remarks.

Specimens from Brenke sledge were identified to family only, specimen from beam trawl were too damaged to identify (op. 80).

Records.

5 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 16 (NHMUK); op. 80 (1 specimen too damaged to identify, AM).

Family Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867

M. Capa

Sphaerodorids are typically benthic annelids that are characterised by the presence of conspicuous epithelial tubercles arranged in more or less distinct rows (longitudinal and/or transverse) and a thick cuticle without collagen (e.g., Ruderman 1911; Reimers 1933; Hausen 2005; Filippova et al. 2010; Capa et al. 2014, 2016; Capa and Bakken 2015). The family includes ~ 110–120 nominal species reported worldwide, from intertidal to abyssal depths (Capa et al. 2014, 2016). The monophyly of the group has been assessed recently and is evidenced by their well-defined external morphology (e.g., Capa et al. 2016). As a result of a major revision of the group, there are currently eight accepted genera (Capa et al. 2018, 2019c): Clavodorum Hartman & Fauchald, 1971, Commensodorum Fauchald, 1974, Euritmia Sardá-Borroy, 1987, Geminofilum Capa, Nygren, Parapar, Bakken, Meißner & Moreira, 2019c, Sphaerephesia Fauchald, 1972, Sphaerodoridium Lützen, 1961, Sphaerodoropsis Hartman & Fauchald, 1971 and Sphaerodorum Örsted, 1843. Ten species have been reported from Australian waters (Capa and Bakken 2015), most of them were collected in shallow waters (< 80 m), except for Sphaerodorum australiensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982) reported from around Australia < 400 m deep, Sphaerephesia longofalcigera (Capa & Bakken, 2015) collected at ~ 400 m deep, north of Perth, WA, and Sphaerephesia sp. (as Sphaerodoropsis sp.) collected at ~ 700 m around the Two Rocks region, WA (Capa and Bakken 2015).

Clavodorum cf. longipes

Fauchald, 1974

Fig. 30A–C

Family Spionidae Grube, 1850

K. Meißner

Spionidae are benthic annelids which possess a pair of elongate, prehensile grooved palps extending from the head. Spionidae is a large group of ~ 600 species grouped into 38 genera (Blake et al. 2019; Read and Fauchald 2020). The taxonomy of Spionidae from shallow waters around Australia is well studied although the fauna from less accessible regions is not well represented. Spionidae are common in all benthic marine habitats from the intertidal to the deep waters. Spionid genera typically, but not exclusively, reported from the deep sea are Prionospio (and related taxa), Laonice and Spiophanes. In Australian deep waters (> 200 m) seven deep-sea species, Laonice insolita Greaves, Meißner & Wilson, 2011, Laonice pectinata Greaves, Meißner & Wilson, 2011, Paraprionospio coora Wilson, 1990, Paraprionospio oceanensis Yokoyama, 2007, Spiophanes dubitalis Meißner & Hutchings, 2003, Spiophanes japonicum Imajima, 1991 and Spiophanes wigleyi Pettibone, 1962 have been reported. The deepest record of a spionid (Spionidae sp.) in Australia was at 4799 m from the Indian Ocean off Geraldton-Exmouth coast (http://www.ala.org.au). Spionidae were abundant and diverse in the more extensive infaunal samples taken in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2). In those voyages 13 OTUs from 43 stations (138–3064 m) were recorded, with Microspio and Prionospio being the best represented genera. Here we report at least nine species from six genera. At least one species is new to science.

Aurospio cf. dibranchiata

Maciolek, 1981

Fig. 31A

Figure 31. — *Spionidae*AAurospio *cf.* *dibranchiata*: anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.52242) BAurospio sp. nov. 1, anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.52240) CPrionospio *cf.* *amarsupiata*, anterior end, dorsal view (AM W.52221) DDipolydora *notialis*, heavy spine with crest of bristles on convex side from chaetiger 5 (AM W.52245) EDipolydora *notialis*, bidentate hooded hooks with smooth, curved shafts without constriction from posterior chaetiger (AM W.52245) FLaonice *cf.* *blakei*: anterior end, dorsal-oblique view (AM W.52226) GSpiophanes *anoculata*, posteriorly incomplete specimen in dorsal-oblique view, metameric dorsal ciliated organ bordered by pigment of dark orange or ochre colour (AM W.52222). Scale bars: 100 µm (**A, B, C**); 1 µm (**D, E**); 200 µm (F); 500 µm (G).

Diagnosis.

Prostomium round anteriorly, elongated posteriorly (keel), extending to middle or the end of chaetiger 1, without appendages. Prostomial peaks and eyes absent. Peristomium fused to first chaetiger, with golden pigments dorsally along posterior margin of the prostomium. Dorsal crests and interparapodial pouches absent. Cirriform branchiae on chaetigers 3 and 4, small, often partially hidden by parapodial dorsal lamellae to which they are fused basally. Dorsal lamellae large and foliaceous from chaetigers 2–6, smaller and round thereafter. Particularly long capillaries present in anterior chaetigers. Multidentate long-shafted hooded hooks present in noto- and neuropodia, in neuropodia starting on chaetigers 10, much later in notopodia according to original description. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 10.

Remarks.

Diagnostic characters are not consistently observable in all specimens due to their poor condition (all anterior fragments, longest anterior fragment with 19 chaetigers). Notopodial hooks were not present in examined specimens (all short anterior fragments). In some specimens a few branchiae were still present and the start of sabre chaetae and neuropodial hooks on chaetigers 10 could be observed. We here tentatively identify the examined specimens as Aurospio cf. dibranchiata Maciolek, 1981. The species is known to occur in deep waters of the Atlantic and central Pacific Oceans, but has not been reported yet from near Australia.

Records.

8 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 16, 27, 31, 42, 79 (AM). 10 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 23, 27, 31, 76 (NHMUK).

Aurospio

sp. nov. 1

Fig. 31B

Diagnosis.

Prostomium round anteriorly, extending into a short caruncle to the end of chaetiger 1, without appendages. Eyes absent. Peristomium moderately developed and separated from first segment. First chaetiger dorsally with yellowish pigment lateral to the caruncle. Branchiae present on chaetigers (2, potential branchial scars) 3 and 4, club-shaped to cirriform, smaller than notopodial lamellae and not fused to it. Dorsal crests and interparapodial pouches absent. Parapodial lamellae on chaetiger 1 small, tapered in notopodia, rounded in neuropodia; from chaetigers 2–6 notopodial lamellae large, subtriangular and foliaceous, smaller and rounded thereafter; neuropodial lamellae at same chaetigers wide and foliaceous, thereafter low, wider than long, rounded. Long capillaries present in anterior chaetigers; multidentate long-shafted hooded hooks from chaetigers 15 in neuropodia, apical teeth in a row above main fang. Notopodial hooks not present. Sabre chaetae first present together with neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 15.

Specimens are in good agreement with former descriptions, with the most conspicuous character being the metameric dorsal ciliated organs. See Meißner (2005) and Blake (1996b) for details of parapodial lamellae, chaetal arrangement, and details of chaetae. However, the description by Blake (1996b) deviates from Australian material and also from former descriptions of specimens from the NE Pacific Ocean (Meißner 2005) in that Blake describes continuous ciliated grooves reaching the end of chaetigers 3 rather than 2, and sabre chaetae to start on chaetigers 15 instead of chaetiger 4.

M. Georgieva

Commonly known as mud owls, Sternaspidae are distinctive round-bodied or peanut-shaped worms are easily recognized by their characteristic and often colourful ventro-caudal shield (Drennan et al. 2019). Currently, Sternaspidae is comprised of 42 species in three genera, with the largest genus, Sternaspis Otto, 1820, containing 32 species (Read and Fauchald 2020). They have a global distribution and live buried in soft sediment at depths varying from the intertidal zone to 4400 m. Three named species from two genera Caulleryaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 and Sternaspis have been reported from Australian waters (http://www.ala.org.au). In this study, we report two species from the genus Sternaspis.

Sternaspis

sp.

Fig. 32A, B

Figure 32. — *Sternaspidae*. *Travisiidae*ASternaspis sp., ventral view (op. 40) BSternaspis sp., dorsal view (op. 40) CSternaspis *cf.* *annenkovae*, ventral view (op. 40) DSternaspis *cf.* *annenkovae*, ventral view (op. 40) ETravisia sp. 1 (AM W.52547). Scale bars: 1 mm (**A, B**); 3 mm (**C, D**); 5 mm (E).

Diagnosis.

Body ~ 5 mm long and < 2 mm wide. Segments between introvert and rest of body highly cinched, with body 0.7 mm wide at narrowest point. Differing colouration between introvert and abdomen apparent. Ventro-caudal shield a bright orange colour, ribbed and concentrically ringed.

Remarks.

These specimens may also represent Sternaspis cf. annenkovae, but further investigation is required to confirm this.

Records.

3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 35, 40 (AM).

Sternaspis cf. annenkovae

Salazar-Vallejo & Buzhinskaja, 2013

Fig. 32C, D

Diagnosis.

Body ~ 11.5 mm long and 5 mm wide. Segments between introvert and rest of body appearing cinched. Body covered in fine papillae largest and densest on segments 7 and 8. Ventro-caudal shield ribbed and concentrically ringed.

Remarks.

For further details see Drennan et al. (2019).

Records.

2 specimens. Suppl. material 1 op. 40 (NHMUK).

Family Syllidae Grube, 1850

A. Murray

Syllidae is a family of small to medium-sized (2–3 mm to 14 cm) annelids distinguished by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle, which may be seen through the dorsal body wall. Syllids are a diverse and abundant group, with currently, 74 genera and ~ 700 species (San Martin and Aguado 2019), that inhabit most marine environments, but they are more scarce in the deep sea, with ~ 90 species recorded from this environment, though greater numbers are expected to be discovered with the increasing exploration of deep and abyssal depths (Desbruyères and Segonzac 1997; Barroso et al. 2017; San Martin and Aguado 2019). Syllids in the deep sea tend to be smaller than those in shallow waters and may be recognised by the distinctive and often conspicuous proventricle of the anterior gut. They are often collected from deep-sea samples as fragments only. In Australia, syllids have been well studied with 54 genera and ~ 260 named species reported (http://www.ala.org.au). This study reports five species from four genera, one species possibly new.

Anguillosyllis

sp.

Fig. 26D

Diagnosis.

Specimens small, < 3.5 mm in length, 11 chaetigers, prostomium short, wider than long, with pair of oval pigmented nuchal organs posteriorly, eyes absent. Palps narrow, elongate, longer than prostomial length, fused for almost full length, with tip distally notched. Lateral antennae short, cirriform, wrinkled (not ovate), median antenna missing. Pharyngeal tooth absent, nine or ten terminal papillae around pharynx rim. Proventricle extending through segments 3–4, with an indistinct number of muscle bands (12–15?). Single pair of papilla-like tentacular cirri on peristomium. Dorsal cirri long, filiform, wrinkled, coiling; few remaining, absent or missing from chaetiger 2. Ventral cirri digitiform, short, inserted somewhat distally (more than midway) on parapodia. Parapodia elongate with distally rounded posterior lobes, retractile elongate postchaetal lobes not obvious (all retracted?), but presumably represented by a small dorsal papilla-like protuberance. Parapodial glands not evident. Chaetae all compound, long-bladed spinigerous chaetae and shorter-bladed falcigers with finely spinulose blades and unidentate tips. Emergent aciculae and simple chaetae not observed. Posterior end truncated, damaged on most specimens, with at least one pair of long lateral pygidial cirri present, but ventromedial pygidial cirri missing on all specimens.

Remarks.

Recently, a revision of the Anguillosyllis species from deep-water locations was published by Maciolek (2020). This author increased the number of nominal species described from four to 20 (Read and Fauchald 2020) and determined that the number of chaetigers was a specific character. Accordingly, the only described species which possess a combination of 11 chaetigers, palps fused for most of their length as well as elongate, bladed, spinigerous, compound chaetae are the type species for the genus, A. capensis Day, 1963, A. capensis sensu Böggemann and Purschke (2005), and A. capensis sensu Böggemann (2009). These Australian specimens most resemble a description by Böggemann (2009) of specimens from the abyssal SE Atlantic Ocean (recorded from 3950–5655 m depth off western Africa), which Maciolek (2020, in Remarks for the genus diagnosis, p.15) considers to be two different species as well as different to A. capensis Day, 1963. Böggemann’s (2009) and Böggemann and Purschke’s (2005) west African specimens possess dorsal cirri on chaetiger 2 as well as simple chaetae in superior and inferior positions in some specimens, which our Australian specimens appear to lack.

For these Australian specimens, because we cannot determine the relative extent of the posterior parapodial lobes which are retracted completely (presumably, or are absent entirely), and because all dorsal cirri are missing from chaetiger 2 (or may be completely absent), it is not possible to determine whether these specimens are the same as one of the two species (described as one) of Böggemann (2009). It does not conform to any other nominal species’ descriptions and is likely to be new.

Records.

16 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops 9, 16, 31, 33, 54, 79 (NHMUK). 11 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops 16, 31, 33, 42, 54, 79 (AM).

Exogone cf. heterosetosa

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 13 (AM).

Family Terebellidae Johnston, 1846 emended Nogueira, Fitzhugh & Hutchings, 2013

Remarks.

Specimens were too damaged for further identification.

Records.

16 specimens Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 6, 22, 53, 90, 100, 104 (AM).

Family Travisiidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971

L. Avery, R. S. Wilson

The family Travisiidae is characterised by a short, thick, grub-like body tapered at both ends. Travisiidae contains a single genus, Travisia, with three accepted species. Travisia specimens are not usually numerous in benthic samples, but the genus is well represented in abyssal and bathyal environments. Twenty species are recorded from depths of 250 m or greater (Blake and Maciolek 2019b) and eight species are only found in bathyal depths (2000 m or greater). Four named species of Travisia have been reported from Australian waters (http://www.ala.org.au). Here we report one species.

Travisia

sp. 1

Fig. 32E

Diagnosis.

Body of 22–25 chaetigers. Prostomium conical, longer than maximum width. Chaetae present from segment 2, one achaetous posterior segment (smallest specimens with chaetae only visible on anterior segments 2–5). Mouth located between chaetigers 1 and 2. Segment 1 uniannulate; anterior and posterior segments, starting at segment 2 triannulate (no obvious differentiation between anterior and posterior regions). Branchiae present, first on chaetiger 3–6, continue for 8–11 chaetigers. Branchiae much shorter than body diameter. Branchiae absent on specimens less than ~ 9.5 mm long, but present on an increasing number of segments on the largest specimens collected. Epidermal papillae are low and sparse at the anterior margin of each segment, becoming larger towards the posterior margin of each segment. Notopodial and neuropodial lobes commencing on chaetiger 3 (in small specimens either absent or difficult to distinguish from adjacent epidermal papillae). Parapodial lobes continuous with an encircling row of papillae, remaining epidermis of each segment low tessellation. Interramal pores first present chaetiger 1, last on chaetiger 20. Pre-pygidial 8–12 segments forming deep lateral grooves within which parapodia and chaetae located (only on the largest specimens). Pygidial tube with six or seven blunt lobes equal in length to the last two chaetigers. The last six dorsal posterior chaetigers crenulated.

Remarks.

Initially the smallest specimens were treated as a distinct OTU (in these the chaetae are sparse, papillae are less distinct and branchiae and parapodial lappets are not observable) but it seems more likely that this represents size-related variation. Other than having branchiae, Travisia sp. 1 is strikingly similar to abranchiate species Travisia glandulosa McIntosh, 1879 (e.g., see Wiklund et al. 2019: fig. 31D) and Travisia gravieri McIntosh, 1908 (see Kirkegaard 1996). As noted above, branchiae are reduced and difficult to observe, or apparently absent in several small specimens of Travisia sp. 1 but branchiae have never been reported in T. glandulosa or T. gravieri. T. glandulosa appears to have a disjunct distribution at abyssal depths, with isolated groups of records at ~ 60°N and 60°S in the Atlantic, plus several isolated records in the Kermadec and Sunda Trenches. Travisia gravieri is also widely reported in the North Atlantic at abyssal and bathyal depths in addition to a single record off Angola in the South Atlantic; however, the Angola specimen was only 4×1.5 mm (Kirkegaard 1996) and we were not able to observe branchiae in specimens of Travisia sp. 1 from this study of similar size. It seems that T. glandulosa, T. gravieri, and Travisia sp. 1 may belong to a single species or species complex but re-evaluation of these taxa is beyond the scope of this study.

Among species with branchiae, only four other species along with Travisia sp. 1 have branchiae commencing at chaetiger 3 (Travisia carnea Verrill, 1873; Travisia filamentosa León-González, 1998; Travisia hobsonae Santos, 1977 and Travisia profundi Chamberlin, 1919) but none of these have all chaetigers triannulate. T. profundi is similar in having 12 chaetigers with branchiae (Travisia sp. 1 has 8–11 chaetigers with branchiae), but in T. profundi there is a transition to biannulate and uniannulate posterior chaetigers, and ten or 11 anal lobes compared with six or seven in Travisia sp. 1. This species differs from the two Travisia OTUs reported from 141–375 m in the GAB (MacIntosh et al. 2018: additional file 2).

Records.

6 specimens. Suppl. material 1: ops. 4, 16, 31, 54, 56 (AM).

Travisia

sp.

Remarks.

Material is represented by immature unidentifiable specimens.

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 79 (AM). 1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 16 (NHMUK).

Subclass Echiura Sedgwick, 1898

Order Echiuroidea

Suborder Bonelliida

Family Bonelliidae Lacaze-Duthiers, 1858

P.-W. Hsueh

The family is characterised by the presence of sexual dimorphism which is not seen in all other families of Echiura. The female is small to medium in size with sac-like trunk and with truncate or bifid proboscis. The male is usually small, planarian-like or nematiform, often parasitic in or on the female (Stephen and Edmonds 1972). Thirty genera and 78 species are currently known (Read and Fauchald 2020). Of these species, seven are reported from Australia: Archibonellia michaelseni Fischer, 1919; Metabonellia haswelli (Johnston & Tiegs, 1920); Protobonellia papillosum Murina, 1978; Pseudobonellia biuterina Johnston & Tiegs, 1919; Sluiterina album Murina, 1978; Vitjazema ultraabyssalis Zenkevitch, 1958, and Zenkevitchiola brevirostris Murina, 1978 (Edmonds 1987). The present study reports Alomasoma Zenkevitch, 1958, and Maxmuelleria Bock, 1942 for the first time from Australia.

Alomasoma

sp. nov. 1

Fig. 33A–C

Figure 33. — *Echiura**Alomasoma* sp. nov. 1 (AM W.49662) A whole animal B nephridia C anal vesicles. *Alomasoma* sp. nov. 2 (AM W.49662) D whole animal E nephridia F anal vesicles. *Maxmuelleria* sp. nov. (AM W.49668) G whole animal H close-up of anterior part I right nephridium J anal vesicles. Abbreviations: AV, anal vesicles; Ne, nephridium. Scale bars: 10 mm (**A, D, G**); 2 mm (**B, C, E, F, H, I**); 1 mm (J).

Diagnosis.

Specimen 56 mm in length, body cylindrical, with trace of proboscis, body wall thin (Fig. 33A); ventral chaetae absent; two nephridia with separate pores, nephrostome basally, globular, without stalk, not bifid (Fig. 33B); anal vesicles broom-like (Fig. 33C).

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 99 (AM).

Alomasoma

sp. nov. 2

Fig. 33D–F

Diagnosis.

Specimen 47 mm in length, body pear-shaped, with trace of proboscis, body wall thin (Fig. 33D); ventral chaetae absent; two nephridia with separate pores, nephrostome basally with a long stalk, not bifid (Fig. 33E); anal vesicles broom-like (Fig. 33F).

Records.

1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 99 (AM).

Maxmuelleria sp. nov.

Fig. 33G–J

Diagnosis.

Specimens medium in size, ranging from 31 to 40 mm in length. Specimens with either none, one or two ventral chaetae remaining. Present description based on one specimen (AM W.49668; 35 mm in length). Proboscis truncate, no special cup (Fig. 33G, H); two ventral chaetae (Fig. 33H); no anal rosette; two nephridia with separate pores, nephrostome basally, not bifid (Fig. 33I); anal vesicles a long stalk with alternated branches, each branch arborescent (Fig. 33J).

Records.

3 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 65 (AM).

Bonelliidae gen. spp.

Fig. 34A–G

Figure 34. — *Echiura* whole animals of *Bonelliidae* spp. AAM W.49516 BAM W.49541 CAM W.49541 DAM W.49663 EAM W.49664 FAM W.49665 GAM W.49666. Scale bars: 10 mm (**A, D, E**); 2 mm (B); 1 mm (C); 5 mm (**F, G**).

Records.

8 specimens. Suppl. material 1: op. 15, 35, 43, 65, 97, 104 (AM).

Class Sipuncula

A. Schulze

Formerly considered a distinct phylum, Sipuncula are now regarded as a branch within the annelid radiation (Weigert et al. 2014; Weigert et al. 2016). Sipunculan classification was recently revised based on phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies (Kawauchi et al. 2012; Lemer et al. 2015). Approximately 150 sipunculan species currently recognized (Cutler 1994; Schulze et al. 2019) are organized into six families. The actual number of species is likely much higher based on recent molecular studies indicating that cryptic species are commonplace (Schulze et al. 2012).

In contrast to the ‘typical’ annelid body plan, the sipunculan body is unsegmented. It consists of a trunk region and a retractable introvert, generally with a crown of tentacles at its anterior end. Recurved, proteinaceous hooks are often present along the introvert. The anus is usually located dorsally at the anterior end of the trunk. Nephridiopores (usually two) open at a similar level as the anus on the ventral side. Internally, one two four introvert retractor muscles present.

Sipunculans are generally cryptic in their lifestyle, but can reach high densities in some habitats. They range from the intertidal zone to depths of > 7000 m (Saiz Salinas et al. 2018). Cutler (1977) who examined the material from the ‘Galathea’ expedition, reported 43 species collected below 400 m depth, some of them from southeastern Australia. Saiz Salinas et al. (2018) reviewed literature on deep-sea sipunculans from below 2000 m and listed 51 species. Few of these represented records from southeastern Australia within that depth range. MacIntosh et al. (2018: additional file 2) listed > 1000 specimens from 25 stations (depth range 388–3884 m) in the GAB; together with the present material these collections, when formally described, will add significantly to knowledge of the diversity of abyssal sipunculans.

Sipuncula

fam. gen. spp.

Fig. 35D

Analysis of annelid biodiversity

We report > 6000 annelid specimens (box core – 57 specimens, Brenke sledge – 2481, beam trawl – 3470) (Suppl. material 1). Of these, 4714 specimens (78.5%) represented 214 putative species from 50 families. The remaining 1294 specimens were too small or damaged to be assigned to a morphospecies at this time and they were assigned to a family or genus only. Small-bodied representatives of eight families, namely Acrocirridae, Cirratulidae, Euphrosinidae, Fabriciidae, Flabelligeridae, Goniadidae, Lacydoniidae, and Pilargidae, were found exclusively in Brenke sledge and box core material. Only 27 species (624 specimens, 13% of the specimens identifiable to morphospecies) were attributed to known taxa and given valid names, while the remaining 187 (4090 specimens, 87% of the specimens identifiable to morphospecies) were determined in open nomenclature following Sigovini et al. (2016) and were assigned qualifiers sp. nov. (55 species, including six already described from this material), cf. (45), or sp. (87) (Suppl. material 1). The 55 species confidently confirmed by taxonomic experts in the respective families to be new (sp. nov.) will be formally described in the near future. The remaining 132 species (or some of them) assigned cf. and sp. qualifiers may also be new to science; however, the specimens require further study (e.g., molecular data or scanning electron microscopy) to determine the status with confidence. Preliminary data also suggest that complete specimens from the families Eunicidae, Orbiniidae, and Terebellidae could be described within three new genera at a later date. Thus, the material can contain a minimum of 55 species new to science and at least three new genera.

Sixteen of the species collected from the eastern abyss were also reported from stations at the GAB. Of these 16, seven (Nereididae: Nicon maculata, Polynoidae: Bathyeliasona nigra, Eunoe abyssorum, Aphroditidae: Aphrodita goolmarris, Laetmonice benthaliana, Laetmonice yarramba, Goniadidae: Bathyglycinde profunda) were named species. The remaining nine undescribed species were confirmed by specialists who had compared both sets of material (restricted to the families Ampharetidae, Aphroditidae, Fabriciidae, Nereididae, Onuphidae, Polynoidae, and Sabellidae).

The most species-rich family was the Polynoidae (> 17 species) followed by Onuphidae (13 species), Serpulidae (12 species), Acrocirridae (10 species) and Maldanidae (10 species). Total species richness of annelids was similar between lower bathyal and abyssal depths (163 and 160 species respectively) and decreased to mid-bathyal depths (70 species). Total species richness was highest at Bass Strait (90 species), Byron Bay (82 species) and Jervis MP (81 species) whilst the Moreton Bay (30 species) and off Fraser Island had the lowest richness (41 species).

Discussion

This is the first comprehensive report of annelids from the eastern Australian lower bathyal and abyssal region. Our results indicate a higher number of families and species (50 and 214 respectively) than was reported from the recent deep-water survey of the Great Australian Bight (GAB) at 200 to 5000 m depth (42 annelid families, 179 species) (MacIntosh et al. 2018), and from the south western continental margin of Western Australia (12 families, 57 species) where samples were collected from lower shelf and upper bathyal depths at 100, 500, and 1000 m depth contours (Poore et al. 2015). Indeed, more specimens were collected from eastern Australia (Annelidan > 6000) than from the GAB (Annelidan = 2364) and western Australia (polychaete n = 660) combined. Unfortunately, these results are not directly comparable as different sampling gear was used in each study (eastern Australia 54 successful samples using box core, Brenke sledge and beam trawl; GAB 304 samples using eight gear types including beam trawl, benthic sledge, multicorer and ROV pushcore; western Australia 135 grab samples). Our study presents the largest dataset to date on deep-water annelids from Australia. As a result, it adds important records of occurrence and distribution of species and provides a springboard for future taxonomic studies.

Prior to the 2017 survey, only eight annelid species were described from the eastern continental margin of Australia from below 1000 m and only two of them (Parapolyeunoa flynni and Aglaophamus profundus) from the targeted depths in this study, below 2000 m (Table 1). The high proportion of undescribed (new to science) species, at least 55 and up to 187 species (< 87% of specimens identified to morphospecies), found in this study is unsurprising given that this was the first systematic survey of the region and so few annelids had been previously described from abyssal depths in Australia. The high number of new annelid species is typical for previously un-sampled deep-sea environments. Recent deep-sea investigations have reported varying percentages of annelid (polychaetes) species new to science, for example, 33% in abyssal SE Atlantic (Böggemann 2009), ~ 40% in NE Pacific (Méndez 2006), > 40% from the slope to upper trench in NW Pacific (Alalykina 2018), 55% on the shelf/slope of the Southern Ocean (Neal et al. 2018), ~ 70% in SW Atlantic (Neal et al. 2020), and even up to 90% (higher than in the present study) in the abyssal Pacific (Glover et al. 2002).

While so far only six species have been formally described from this survey material (pectinariids Petta investigatoris and P. williamsonae, sabellariids Gesaia csiro and Phalacrostemma timoharai and melinnids Melinnopsis gardelli and Melinnopsis chadwicki) taxonomic studies are ongoing. The 24 new species currently being described by co-authors of this study include one acoetid of the genus Panthalis (Murray), one glycerid (Böggemann), two lumbrinerids (Borisova and Budaeva), four maldanids of the genera Boguea, Chirimia and Notoproctus (Kongsrud), four onuphids of the genus Nothria (Paxton and Budaeva), four serpulids of the genera Bathyvermilia, Hyalopomatus and Spirodiscus (Kupriyanova), four sphaerodorids of the genera Geminofilum and Sphaerephesia (Capa), and four scalibregmatids of the genera Asclerocheilus, Oligobregma, Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregmides (Blake). At least one new species of Siboglinidae (genus Osedax) and several species of Dorvilleidae (genus Ophryotrocha) were recovered from a whale carcass collected from op. 100 (Georgieva). It is anticipated that the large international effort in species identification by taxonomic specialists in each annelid group will eventually result in the description of all the new annelids from the expedition. Once this taxonomic work is complete, we can test relevant biogeographical hypotheses, in particular we will be able to address the question of species connectivity along the eastern continental margin across to the deep the GAB.

Sixteen morphospecies reported from this study were also recorded from the GAB in southern Australia (MacIntosh et al. 2018) suggesting that at least some species ranges can span across both the eastern and southern margin of Australia. This agrees with the traditional view that deep-sea species have larger geographical ranges than shallow-water species (Ekman 1953), a view that is supported by some recent studies (e.g., McClain and Hardy 2010; Higgs and Attrill 2015). Indeed, geographical range is generally thought to increase with increasing depth (e.g., Etter and Rex 1990; Allen and Sanders 1996). Depth has been long known to have a strong structuring influence on deep-sea species distributions (e.g., Ekman 1953; France and Kocher 1996; Zardus et al. 2006). High species turnover occurs between the shelf break and 1000 m marking a transition between shelf and slope fauna, and between 2000 and 3000 m the transition between slope and abyssal fauna (Carney 2005; Brown and Thatje 2014) and thus, boundaries of biogeographical provinces are typically delineated by depth. Modelling shows that at lower bathyal depths (800–3000 m) the southern Australian fauna is distinct from the eastern fauna, while at abyssal depths (3500–6500 m) species are distributed across the Indian Ocean to the eastern margin of Australia (UNESCO 2009; Watling et al. 2013). Thus, we expect abyssal, but not bathyal fauna, to range from eastern Australia to the GAB. Interestingly, when these biogeographical hypotheses are tested against fine-resolution data from ophiuroids, the bathyal zone fauna (0–2000 m) is continuous from southeastern to southwestern Australia (O’Hara et al. 2011) suggesting the predicted biogeographical provinces around Australia may not hold true for all taxa.

Existing molecular data on the annelid material collected during ‘Sampling the Abyss’ voyage support annelid species connectivity along the eastern Australian margin from southern Queensland to Tasmania. Analysis on DNA sequence data confirmed that specimens of pectinariid Petta investigatoris were collected < 491 km apart from Bass Strait to Jervis MP, NSW (Zhang et al. 2019) and the ampharetids Melinnopsis gardelli occurred at Freycinet MP and Coral Sea MP (distance 2064 km), while Melinnopsis chadwicki was found from the Hunter Marine Park to the Coral Sea Marine Park (996 km) (Gunton et al. 2020). The latter two melinnid species were found to have distinct bathymetric ranges: M. gardelli was recorded from 2520–2821 m and M. chadwicki from 1006–1257 m depth (Gunton et al. 2020). While annelid species are found within distinct depth ranges along the eastern Australian margin, whether these species ranges extend to the GAB is less clear due to lack of genetic studies.

From 16 morphospecies reported from the present study and the GAB, the two nominal morphospecies with the widest reported distributions in our data were the aphroditid Laetmonice yarramba Hutchings & McRae, 1993 and the goniadid Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman and Fauchald 1971). These species were reported from both the northernmost (Coral Sea MP and off Fraser Island) and southernmost (Flinders MP and Freycinet MP) stations.

Laetmonice yarramba, originally described from 60–102 m off the coast of NSW, was reported across a distance of more than 1800 km from Freycinet MP (op. 4) to off Fraser Island (op. 115) with a total depth range of 3868 m (Suppl. material 1). This species was also recorded from 21 stations at the GAB from 189–3884 m (MacIntosh et al. 2018). While the geographic range from eastern Australia to the GAB is likely, the apparent broad bathymetric range from shelf to abyssal depths (60–3884 m) requires further investigation as this putative depth range would extend vertically across shelf, slope and abyssal faunal zones. Genetic evidence suggests some deep-water annelids have ‘broad’ (> 2500 m sensu Glazier and Etter 2014) depth ranges, e.g., the maldanid Nicomache lokii range 3668 m (Eilertsen et al. 2018), but bathymetric ranges of other deep-sea annelid species are more restricted e.g., 1300 m for the spionid Laonice weddellia (see Brasier et al. 2017). According to the census of abyssal polychaetes (> 2000 m), ~ 62–78% of species within a family had bathymetric ranges smaller than 1000 m (Paterson et al. 2009). Thus, the broad (> 3000 m) depth range of L. yarramba along with its reported wide geographic range and morphological variability (Hutchings and McRae 1993 and herein) suggests that the nominal species is a species complex and molecular data are needed to test this hypothesis.

Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman & Fauchald, 1971) was originally described from the equatorial region off northeast South America (4825 m). This taxon in the present study was recorded from Flinders MP to Coral Sea MP (ops. 16 to 134), a distance of 1920 km and depth range 2093–4280 m. The same morphospecies has been also reported from northwest Atlantic Ocean (2862–5023 m) by Hartman and Fauchald (1971), from the outer shelf and continental slope off Brazil (325–508 m) by Rizzo and Amaral (2004), from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific by Janssen et al. (2019) and the GAB by MacIntosh et al. (2018). Whether the species in this study is the same as the one described from South America requires further genetic evidence as distribution of such a species would fall into multiple biogeographical provinces as defined by UNESCO (2009) and Watling et al. (2013). Recent molecular studies have provided contrasting results on annelid species range size previously based on morphological data. Genetic evidence exists for abyssal annelids with broad geographic ranges (4150 km, see Schüller and Hutchings 2012) and as well as for bipolar distributions of deep-sea species from chemosynthetic environments (16000 km, Georgieva et al. 2015; Eilertsen et al. 2018). Yet, some deep-sea annelids previously believed to have broad distributions based on morphology alone were found to include multiple species as a result of molecular studies (e.g., Stiller et al. 2013). As with L. yarramba, the distribution of B. profunda is likely to be more restricted than morphology suggests, and molecular data are needed to test these broad species ranges.

Once more data on the extent of annelid species range sizes from this study become available, we will be able to not only address the degree of genetic connectivity between the GAB and eastern Australian margin, but also to examine underlying biogeographical the patterns across annelids. In particular, we will be able to address the question whether the tropical to temperate transition between 30–40°S reported for deep-sea ophiuroids (O’Hara et al. 2011, 2014) and megafauna collected during the same cruise ‘Sampling the Abyss’ (O’Hara et al. 2020b) is also observed in annelid fauna.

Conclusions

We report 214 annelid species from the eastern Australian margin, at least 55 of which are new to science. Prior to 2017, only two annelid species were described from the region below 2000 m, consequently this work vastly increases our knowledge of deep-water annelids and provides critical baseline data on an important group of benthic invertebrates from a virtually unknown region of the world’s ocean. This is important as comprehensive taxonomically-consistent deep-water datasets that cover large areas in Australia are rare (O’Hara 2008; Alderslade et al. 2014; Althaus et al. 2017; MacIntosh et al. 2018; Williams et al. 2018; Farrelly and Ahyong 2019; Ekins et al. 2020; O’Hara et al. 2020a, b, c), in particular for smaller benthic invertebrates (Poore et al. 2015), which highlights the uniqueness of this dataset.

The strong feature of this study is that specific annelids groups were sent to taxonomic specialists around the world giving us more confidence in the species identifications. Furthermore, because all material from this study is deposited or will soon be in properly curated museum collections (AM, MV, NHMUK) and a significant proportion has been preserved for molecular studies, these valuable samples are easily accessible and can be used for answering important questions on taxonomy and species ranges along the eastern Australian margin including seven deep-water Marine Parks.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the CSIRO Marine National Facility (MNF) for its support in the form of sea time on RV ‘Investigator’, support personnel, scientific equipment and data management. All data and samples acquired on the voyage are made publicly available in accordance with MNF Policy. We thank Tim O’Hara for leading the expedition, Karen Gowlett-Holmes for the images of live specimens taken on board the expedition, and all the scientific staff and crew who participated in voyage IN2017_V03. Project funding was provided by the Marine Biodiversity Hub, supported through the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program (NESP). Many thanks to collection staff at the Australian Museum for handling the many loan requests. Many thanks to Susan Sweller, Aru Bopiah, Michael Bojko and Nika Mikhin for help with editing images. This project was funded by the Chadwick Biodiversity Fellowship from the Australian Museum, Deep-Sea Biology Society ‘Dive Deeper’ grant, Linnean Society of New South Wales Joyce Vickery grant to LG, as well as Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) grant RG18–21 to EK, PH, RW and CG. We also thank Rickard Gardell for his generous private donation to the Australian Museum.

Citation

Gunton LM, Kupriyanova EK, Alvestad T, Avery L, Blake JA, Biriukova O, Böggemann M, Borisova P, Budaeva N, Burghardt I, Capa M, Georgieva MN, Glasby CJ, Hsueh P-W, Hutchings P, Jimi N, Kongsrud JA, Langeneck J, Meißner K, Murray A, Nikolic M, Paxton H, Ramos D, Schulze A, Sobczyk R, Watson C, Wiklund H, Wilson RS, Zhadan A, Zhang J (2021) Annelids of the eastern Australian abyss collected by the 2017 RV ‘Investigator’ voyage. ZooKeys 1020: 1–198. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1020.57921

Appendix 1.

Note added in proofs: Microphthalmidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971 was accepted as a valid family in the World Register of Marine Species on 27 June 2020. [Read G, Fauchald K [Ed.] (2021) World Polychaeta database. Microphthalmidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=322549 on 2021-01-25].

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1

Annelid identifications from IN2017_V03_Darwin Core format

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Laetitia M. Gunton, Elena K. Kupriyanova, Tom Alvestad, Lynda Avery, James A. Blake, Olga Biriukova, Markus Böggemann, Polina Borisova, Nataliya Budaeva, Ingo Burghardt, Maria Capa, Magdalena N. Georgieva, Christopher J. Glasby, Pan-Wen Hsueh, Pat Hutchings, Naoto Jimi, Jon A. Kongsrud, Joachim Langeneck, Karin Meißner, Anna Murray, Mark Nikolic, Hannelore Paxton, Dino Ramos, Anja Schulze, Robert Sobczyk, Charlotte Watson, Helena Wiklund, Robin S. Wilson, Anna Zhadan, Jinghuai Zhang

Data type

occurrences

Explanation note

species occurrences along with museum registration numbers.

zookeys-1020-001-s001.xlsx^{(294.4KB, xlsx)}

Supplementary material 2

Spionidae characters

Karin Meißner

Data type

morphological

Explanation note

Comparison of morphological characters of Prionospio species from IN2017_V03.

zookeys-1020-001-s002.xlsx^{(10.6KB, xlsx)}

References

Aguirrezabalaga F, Ceberio A. (2006) Flabelligena gascognensis sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Acrocirridae), a new species from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic). Scientia Marina 70: 14–147. 10.3989/scimar.2006.70s1141 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Aguirrezabalaga F, Gil J. (2009) Paraonidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic) with the description of eight new species. Scientia Marina 73: 631–666. 10.3989/scimar.2009.73n4631 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Aguirrezabalaga F, Parapar J. (2014) Deep-sea Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from Capbreton Canyon (north-east Atlantic) with the description of a new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94(5): 947–967. 10.1017/S0025315413001422 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Alalykina IL. (2018) Composition of deep-sea polychaetes from the SokhoBio expedition with a description of a new species of Labioleanira (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Sea of Okhotsk. Deep Sea Research Part II – Topical Studies in Oceanography 154: 140–158. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.04.004 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Alalykina IL. (2020) Polychaeta: a review on the deep-sea benthic polychaetes along the NW Pacific. In: Saeedi H, Brandt A (Eds) Biogeographic Atlas of the Deep NW Pacific Fauna. Advanced Books. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, 527 pp. 10.3897/ab.e51315 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Alderslade P, Althaus F, McEnnulty F, Gowlett-Holmes K, Williams A. (2014) Australia’s deep-water octocoral fauna: historical account and checklist, distributions and regional affinities of recent collections. Zootaxa 3796(3): 435–452. 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.3.2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Allen JA, Sanders HL. (1996) The zoogeography, diversity and origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the epilogue. Progress in Oceanography 38: 95–153. 10.1016/S0079-6611(96)00011-0 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Althaus F, Williams A, Alderslade P, Schlacher TA. (2017) Conservation of marine biodiversity on a very large deep continental margin: how representative is a very large offshore reserve network for deep-water octocorals? Diversity and Distributions 23(1): 90–103. 10.1111/ddi.12501 [DOI]
Alvestad T, Budaeva N. (2015) Neosabellides lizae, a new species of Ampharetidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019(1): 61–69. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Annenkova NP. (1934) Paraoniden der Meeren des Fernen Osten der USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 3(8–9): 656–658. [Google Scholar]
Arwidsson I. (1911) Die Maldaniden. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903 Stockholm Zoologie II, Band 6, Lieferung 6, 44 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.6756 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Audouin JV, Milne Edwards H. (1833) [Part 5.] Classification des Annélides et description de celles qui habitent les côtes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. sér. 1, 30: 411–425. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6096524
Augener H. (1912) Beitrag zur Kenntnis verschiedener Anneliden und Bemerkungen über die nordischen Nephthys-Arten und deren epitoken Formen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 78A: 162–212. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13317436
Augener H. (1913) Polychaeta I. Errantia. 65–304. In: Michaelsen W, Hartmeyer R. (Eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens.Ergebnisse der Hamburger Südwest-Australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 65–304.
Augener H. (1914) Polychaeta II: Sedentaria. In: Michaelsen W, Hartmeyer R (Eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, ed., volume 5. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 72 pp. [Google Scholar]
Augener H. (1918) Polychaeta. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas 2(2): 67–625. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7172280 [Google Scholar]
Augener H. (1927) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914–16. 38. Polychaeten von Südost- und Süd-Australien. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Köbenhavn 83: 71–275. [Google Scholar]
Averincev VG. (1978) The polychaetous annelids of the Aphroditiformia of the shelf and upper bathyal of Australian and New Zealand region and of Macquarie Island (on the base data of 16^th cruise of R/V Dmitri Mendeleev). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 113: 51–72. [Google Scholar]
Bailey DM, Collins MA, Gordon JDM, Zuur AF, Priede IG. (2009) Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the northeast Atlantic: a deeper reaching effect of fisheries? Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences 276(1664): 1965–1969. 10.1098/rspb.2009.0098 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Bakken T. (2002) A new species of Neanthes (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 59(2): 327–331. 10.24199/j.mmv.2002.59.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Banse K. (1969) Acrocirridae n. fam. (PolychaetaSedentaria). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(10): 2595–2620. 10.1139/f69-253 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Barnich R, Fiege D. (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. 10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Barnich R, Fiege D. (2010) On the distinction of Harmothoe globifera (G.O. Sars, 1873) and some other easily confused polynoids in the NE Atlantic, with the description of a new species of Acanthicolepis Norman in McIntosh, 1900 (Polychaeta, Polynoidae). Zootaxa 2525: 1–18. 10.11646/zootaxa.2525.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Barroso R, De Paiva PC, Nogueira JM, Fukuda MV. (2017) Deep sea Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4221(4): 401–430. 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Bastida-Zavala JR. (2008) Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1–61. [Google Scholar]
Benham WB. (1915) Report on the Polychaeta obtained by the F.I.S. ‘Endeavour’ on the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, Part 1. Biological Results of the Fisheries Expedition F.I.S. “Endeavour” 1909–14, Volume 3(4): 171–237. [H.C. Dannevig, Sydney] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/953505
Benham WB. (1916) Report on the Polychaeta obtained by the F.I.S. “Endeavour’’ on the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Part II. Fisheries: Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. ‘’Endeavour’’, 1909–1914 4(2): 127–162. [plates XLVI–XLVIII] [H.C. Dannevig, Sydney] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5916746
Benham WB. (1921) Polychaeta. Australian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914, Scientific Reports, Series C. Zoology and Botany 6(3): 1–128. 10.5962/bhl.title.16201 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Benham WB. (1927) Polychaeta [Terra Nova]. British Antarctic ‘Terra Nova’ Expedition Natural History Reports. Zoology 7(2): 47–182. [Google Scholar]
Bergström E. (1914) Zur Systematik der Polychaetenfamilie der Phyllodociden. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala 3: 37–224. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36924250 [Google Scholar]
Berthold AA. (1827) Latreille’s Natürliche Familien des Thierreichs. Aus dem Franzoesischen, mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen.Verlage Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar, 227–228. 10.5962/bhl.title.11652 [DOI]
Blainville HMD de. (1818) Mémoire sur la classe des Sétipodes, partie des Vers à sang rouge de M. Cuvier, et des Annélides de M. de Lamarck. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomatique de Paris 1818: 78–85. [Google Scholar]
Bick A. (2020) Fabriciidae Rioja, 1923. In: Westheide W, Purschke G, Böggemann M. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology.A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Annelida: Polychaetes, Volume 3 Sedentaria 111, Errantia 1. De Gruyter, Osnabrück, 1–33. https://www.degruyter.com/view/Zoology/bp_029147-6_86 [April 4, 2019]
Blake JA. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R/V Anton Bruun, R/V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(4): 1131–1162. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34607646 [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (1985) Polychaeta from the vicinity of deep-sea geothermal vents in the eastern Pacific. I: Euphrosinidae, Phyllodocidae, Hesionidae, Nereididae, Glyceridae, Dorvilleidae, Orbiniidae and Maldanidae. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 6: 67–101. https://bit.ly/31jOeWn [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (1995) Family Pholoidae Kinberg, 1858. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel.5 – The Annelida Part 2. Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Syllidae and scale-bearing families), Amphinomida, and Eunicida. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 175–188.
Blake JA. (1996a) Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel.6 – The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 27–70.
Blake JA. (1996b) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel.6 – The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 81–223.
Blake JA. (1997) Family Phyllodocidae Örsted, 1843. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel.The Annelida Part 2. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniidae). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 109–178.
Blake JA. (2000) Family Oweniidae Rioja, 1917. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel (Vol.7). The Annelida Part 4. Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae to Sternaspidae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 97–127.
Blake JA. (2006) New species and records of deep-water Cirratulidae (Polychaeta) from off Northern California. Scientia Marina 70 (Supplement 3): 45–57. 10.3989/scimar.2006.70s345 [DOI]
Blake JA. (2015) New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma. Zootaxa 4033(1): 57–93. 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (2016) Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Zootaxa 4166(1): 1–93. 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (2017) PolychaetaOrbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa 4218: 1–145. 10.11646/zootaxa.4218.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (2018) Bitentaculate Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected chiefly during cruises of the R/V Anton Bruun, USNS Eltanin, R/V Hero, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, and R/V Polarstern from the Southern Ocean, Antarctica, and off Western South America. Zootaxa 4537: 1–130. 10.11646/zootaxa.4537.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (2019a) New species of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from abyssal depths of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, North Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4629(2): 151–187. 10.11646/zootaxa.4629.2.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA. (2019b) Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 281–308.
Blake JA. (2019c) Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 312–349. 10.1515/9783110291681-010 [DOI]
Blake JA. (2020) New species and records of deep-water Orbiniidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific continental slope, abyssal Pacific Ocean, and the South China Sea. Zootaxa 4730(1): 1–61. 10.11646/zootaxa.4730.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA, Kudenov JD. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the Museum Victoria 39: 171–280. 10.24199/j.mmv.1978.39.11 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA, Maciolek NJ, Ota AY, Williams IP. (2009) Long-term benthic infaunal monitoring at a deep-ocean dredged material disposal site off Northern California. Deep-Sea Research II, 56: 1775–1803. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.021 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA, Maciolek NJ. (2019a) Opheliidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 285–302. 10.1515/9783110291681-008 [DOI]
Blake JA, Maciolek NJ. (2019b) Travisiidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971, New Family Status. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 302–311. 10.1515/9783110291681-009 [DOI]
Blake JA, Maciolek NJ, Meißner K. (2019) Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 103 pp. 10.1515/9783110291681-001 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Blake JA, Magalhães W. (2019) Cirratulidae Ryckholt, 1851. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 339–397.
Bleidorn C, Helm C. (2019) Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 251–268.
Bock S. (1942) On the structure and affinities of “Thalassema” lankesteri Herdman and the classification of the group Echiuroidea. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, Sjätte följden – Series B 2(6): 1–94. [Google Scholar]
Böggemann M. (2002) Revision of the Glyceridae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 555: 1–249. http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/list/series/abh_senck [Google Scholar]
Böggemann M. (2005) Revision of the Goniadidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 39: 1–354. [Google Scholar]
Böggemann M. (2009) Polychaetes (Annelida) of the abyssal SE Atlantic. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 9(4): 251–428. [Google Scholar]
Böggemann M. (2014a. [Online]) Glyceridae Grube, 1850. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Böggemann M. (2014b. [Online]) Goniadidae Kinberg, 1865. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Böggemann M. (2015) Glyceriformia Fauchald, 1977 (Annelida: “Polychaeta”) from Lizard Island (Australia, Queensland) and adjacent areas. Zootaxa 4019(1): 70–97. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.7 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Böggemann M, Wilson RS. (2003) Glyceridae (Polychaeta) – A DELTA database of genera, and Australian species. In: Wilson RS, Hutchings PA, Glasby CJ (Eds) Polychaetes: An Interactive Identification Guide. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Böggemann M, Purschke G. (2005) Abyssal benthic Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Angola Basin. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 221–226. 10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.006 [DOI]
Bonifácio P, Lavesque N, Bachelet G, Parapar J. (2015) Anobothrus amourouxi sp. nov., a new species of Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic Ocean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95(5): 961–969. 10.1017/S0025315414002094 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Bonifácio P, Menot L. (2019. [online first 2018]) New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185(3): 555–635. [published online 14 November 2018; printed publication 27 February 2019] 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063 [DOI]
Borda E, Kudenov JD, Bienhold C, Rouse GW. (2012) Towards a revised Amphinomidae (Annelida, Amphinomida): description and affinities of a new genus and species from the Nile deep‐sea Fan, Mediterranean Sea. Zoologica Scripta 41: 307–325. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00529.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Borda E, Kudenov JD, Chevaldonne P, Blake JA, Desbruyères D, Fabri M-C, Hourdez S, Pleijel F, Shank TM, Wilson NG, Schulze A, Rouse GW. (2013) Cryptic species of Archinome (Annelida: Amphinomida) from vents and seeps. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280(1770): 20131876. 10.1098/rspb.2013.1876 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Brasier MJ, Harle J, Wiklund H, Jeffreys RM, Linse K, Ruhl HA, Glover AG. (2017) Distributional patterns of polychaetes across the West Antarctic based on DNA barcoding and particle tracking analyses. Frontiers in Marine Science 4: e356. 10.3389/fmars.2017.00356 [DOI]
Brasier MJ, Wiklund H, Neal L, Jeffreys R, Linse K, Ruhl H, Glover AG. (2016) DNA barcoding uncovers cryptic diversity in 50% of deep-sea Antarctic polychaetes. Royal Society Open Science 3: e160432. 10.1098/rsos.160432 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Brenke N. (2005) An epibenthic sledge for operations on marine soft bottom and bedrock. Marine Technology Society Journal 39(2): 10–21. 10.4031/002533205787444015 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Brown A, Thatje S. (2014) Explaining bathymetric diversity patterns in marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes: physiological contributions to adaptation of life at depth. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 89(2): 406–426. 10.1111/brv.12061 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Capa M. (2007) Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of apomorphic sabellids (Sabellidae: Polychaeta) from Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 21: 537–567. 10.1071/IS07002 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Aguado MT, Bakken T. (2016) Phylogenetic hypothesis of Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867 (Annelida) and its position within Phyllodocida. Cladistics 32: 335–350. 10.1111/cla.12134 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Bakken T. (2015) Revision of the Australian Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) including the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4000(2): 227–267. 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.2.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Bakken T, Meißner K, Nygren A. (2018) Three, two, one! Revision of the long-bodied sphaerodorids (Sphaerodoridae, Annelida) and synonymization of Ephesiella, Ephesiopsis and Sphaerodorum. PeerJ 6: e5783. 10.7717/peerj.5783 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Capa M, Bakken T, Purschke G. (2014. [Online]). Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Capa M, Hutchings P, Aguado MT, Bott N. (2010) Phylogeny of Sabellidae (Annelida) and relationships with other taxa inferred from morphology and multiple genes. Cladistics 26: 449–469. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00341.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Murray A. (2015) Integrative taxonomy of Parasabella and Sabellomma (Sabellidae: Annelida) from Australia: description of new species, indication of cryptic diversity, translocation of some species out of their natural distribution range. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 764–811. 10.1111/zoj.12308 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Parapar J, Hutchings P. (2012) Phylogenetic analyses of Oweniidae (Polychaeta) and taxonomic revision of Australian fauna reveals relationships and undocumented diversity within this enigmatic group of marine worms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 236–278. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00850.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Nishi E, Katsuhiko T, Katsunori F. (2013) First record of a Bispira species (Sabellidae: Polychaeta) from a hydrothermal vent. Marine Biodiversity Records 6: 1–6. 10.1017/S1755267213000468 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Capa M, Parapar J, Hutchings P. (2019a) Oweniidae Rioja, 1917. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 91–112. 10.1515/9783110291582-004 [DOI]
Capa M, Giangrande A, Nogueira JMM, Tovar-Hernández M. (2019b) Sabellidae. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 164–212.
Capa M, Nygren A, Parapar J, Bakken T, Meißner K, Moreira J. (2019c) Systematic re-structure and new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) after morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the North East Atlantic fauna. ZooKeys 845: 1–97. 10.3897/zookeys.845.32428 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Carr CM, Hardy SM, Brown TM, Macdonald TA, Hebert PDN. (2011) A Tri-Oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22232. 10.1371/journal.pone.0022232 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Carrera-Parra LF. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861 (Annelida: Polychaeta). Zootaxa 1332: 1–36. 10.11646/zootaxa.1332.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Carus JV. (1863) Vermes. In: Peters WCH, Carus JV, Gerstäcker CEA. (Eds) Handbuch der Zoologie.Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 422–484. 10.5962/bhl.title.1399 [DOI]
Carney RS. (2005) Zonation of deep biota on continental margins. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 43: 211–278. 10.1201/9781420037449.ch6 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Caullery M. (1914) Sur les Siboglinidae, type nouveau d’invertébrés receuillis par l’expédition du Siboga. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 158: 2014–2017. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7159983 [Google Scholar]
Cerruti A. (1909) Contributo all’anatomia: biologia e sistematica delle Paraonidae (Levinsenidae) con particolare riguardo alle specie del golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 19(3): 459–512. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47419517 [Google Scholar]
Chamberlin RV. (1919) The AnnelidaPolychaeta [Albatross Expeditions]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 48: 1–514. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ia/memoirsofmuseumo4801harv [Google Scholar]
Claparède É, Mecznikow E. (1869) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chaetopoden. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 19: 163–205. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45006862 [Google Scholar]
Cutler EB. (1977) The bathyal and abyssal Sipuncula. Galathea Report 14: 135–156. 10.11646/zootaxa.525.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Cutler EB. (1994) The Sipuncula. Their systematics, biology and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 453 pp. 10.7591/9781501723643 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Dahlgren TG, Lundberg J, Pleijel F, Sundberg P. (2002) Morphological and molecular evidence of the phylogeny of Nereidiform polychaetes (Annelida). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 38(4): 249–254. 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384150.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Day JH. (1963) The polychaete fauna of South Africa. Part 8: New species and records from grab samples and dredgings. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Series Zoology 10(7): 381–445. 10.5962/bhl.part.20530 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Day JH. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish DJ, Fauchald K. (Eds) Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr.Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 217–243.
Day JH, Hutchings PA. (1979) An annotated check-list of Australian and New Zealand Polychaeta, Archiannelida and Myzostomida. Records of the Australian Museum 32: 80–161. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.32.1979.203 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Desbruyères D, Segonzac M. (1997) Handbook of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna. IFRÉMER, Brest, 279 pp. [Google Scholar]
Detinova NN. (1982) Deep-water Maldanidae (Polychaeta) of the Pacific Ocean 1. The genus Maldanella. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 117: 63–75. [Google Scholar]
Dixon-Bridges K, Gladstone W, Hutchings PA. (2014) One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872(5): 513–540. 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Dnestrovskaya NY, Jirkov IA. (2010) Micronephthys (Polychaeta: Nephtyidae) of Northern Europe and Arctic. Invertebrate Zoology 7(2): 107–121. 10.15298/invertzool.07.2.03 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Dnestrovskaya NY, Jirkov IA. (2019) Redescription of Micronephthys longicornis (Perejaslavtseva, 1891) (Annelida: Nephtyidae). Zootaxa 4550(3): 391–400. 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.3.6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Drennan R, Wiklund H, Rouse GW, Georgieva MN, Wu X, Kobayashi G, Yoshino K, Glover AG. (2019) Taxonomy and phylogeny of mud owls (Annelida: Sternaspidae), including a new synonymy and new records from the Southern Ocean, North East Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean: challenges in morphological delimitation. Marine Biodiversity 49: 2659–2697. 10.1007/s12526-019-00998-0 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ebbe B, Purschke G. (2021) Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Volume 3: Sedentaria III, Errantia I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 50–65.
Edmonds SJ. (1987) Echiurans of Australia (Echiura). Records of the South Australian Museum 32: 119–138. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40781430 [Google Scholar]
Ehlers E. (1864) Die Borstenwürmer, nach systematischen und anatomischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 748 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.2081 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ehlers E. (1874) Annulata nova vel minus cognita in Expeditione ‘Porcupine’ capta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 13: 292–298. 10.1080/00222937408680863 [DOI]
Ehlers E. (1901) Die Polychaeten des magellanischen und chilenischen Strandes. Ein faunistischer Versuch. Festschrift zur Feier des Hundertfünfzigjährigen Bestehens der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 232 pp. http://www.annelida.net/docs/Ehlers1901_PolychaetenMagellanischenChilenischenStrandes.pdf [Google Scholar]
Ehlers E. (1904) Neuseeländische Anneliden. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. Neue Folge 3(1): 1–80. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46755553 [Google Scholar]
Ehlers E. (1913) Die Polychaeten-Sammlungen der deutschen Südpolar-Expedition, 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des innern herausgegeben von Erich von Drygalski Leiter Expedition 13(4): 397–598. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2139283
Eibye-Jacobsen D. (1991) A revision of Eumida Malmgren, 1865 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae). Steenstrupia 17: 81–140. [Google Scholar]
Eibye-Jacobsen D, Aungtonya C, Gonzalez BC. (2020. [Online]). Sigalionidae Kinberg, 1856. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Eilertsen MH, Kongsrud JA, Alvestad T, Stiller J, Rouse GW, Rapp HT. (2017) Do ampharetids take sedimented steps between vents and seeps? Phylogeny and habitat-use of Ampharetidae (Annelida Terebelliformia) in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17(1): e222. 10.1186/s12862-017-1065-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Eilertsen MH, Georgieva MN, Kongsrud JA, Linse K, Wiklund H, Glover AG, Rapp HT. (2018) Genetic connectivity from the Arctic to the Antarctic: Sclerolinum contortum and Nicomache lokii (Annelida) are both widespread in reducing environments. Scientific Reports 8: e4810. 10.1038/s41598-018-23076-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Ekins M, Erpenbeck D, Hooper J. (2020) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa 4774: 1–159. 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Ekman S. (1953) Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 417 pp. 10.2307/1439946 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Etter RJ, Rex MA. (1990) Population differentiation decreases with depth in deep-sea gastropods. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 37(8): 1251–1261. 10.1016/0198-0149(90)90041-S [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Farrelly CA, Ahyong ST. (2019) Deepwater decapod, stomatopod and lophogastrid Crustacea from Eastern Australia and the Great Australian Bight collected in 2015–2017: preliminary identifications of 191 species. Museum Victoria Science Reports 21: 1–97. 10.24199/j.mvsr.2019.21 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fauchald K. (1963) Nephtyidae (Polychaeta) from Norwegian waters. Sarsia 13: 1–32. 10.1080/00364827.1963.10409514 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fauchald K. (1972) Benthic polychaetous annelids from deep water off western Mexico and adjacent areas in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 7: 1–575. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6207 [Google Scholar]
Fauchald K. (1974) Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from world-wide areas. Journal of Natural History 8(3): 257–289. 10.1080/00222937400770241 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fauchald K, Hancock DR. (1981) Deep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 11: 1–73. http://hdl.handle.net/10088/3445 [Google Scholar]
Fauchald K, Jumars P. (1979) The diet of worms: A study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology – an Annual Review 17: 193–284. [Google Scholar]
Filippova A, Purschke G, Tzetlin AB, Müller MCM. (2010) Musculature in polychaetes: comparison of Myrianida prolifera (Syllidae) and Sphaerodoropsis sp. (Sphaerodoridae). Invertebrate Biology 129: 184–198. 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00191.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fischer W. (1919) Gephyreen der Südwestküste Australiens. Zoologischer Anzeiger 50: 277–285. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29993777 [Google Scholar]
Fitzhugh K. (1990) A revision of the fabriciin genus Augeneriella Banse, 1957 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 24: 195–218. 10.1080/00222939000770131 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fitzhugh K. (1992) On the systematic position of Monroika africana (Monro) (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae) and a description of a new fabriciin genus and species from Australia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105(1): 116–131. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35607285 [Google Scholar]
Fitzhugh K. (1996) New fanworm species (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae) in the genus Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh. Journal of Natural History 30: 1267–1286. 10.1080/00222939600771211 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fitzhugh K. (2001) A new deep-water genus and species of Fabriciinae fanworm (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Antarctica. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 491: 1–8. [Google Scholar]
Fitzhugh K. (2002) New species of Fabricinuda Fitzhugh and Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae), with an emendation of Pseudofabriciola australiensis (Hartmann-Schröder). Journal of Natural History 36: 893–925. 10.1080/00222930110034580 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Fitzhugh K, Wolf PS. (1990) Gross morphology of the brain of pilargid polychaetes: taxonomic and systematic implications. American Museum Novitates 2992: 1–16. http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5090 [Google Scholar]
France SC, Kocher TD. (1996) Geographic and bathymetric patterns of mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence divergence among deep-sea amphipods, Eurythenes gryllus. Marine Biology 126: 633–643. 10.1007/BF00351330 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Gage JD, Tyler PA. (1991) Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 504 pp. 10.1017/CBO9781139163637 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Georgieva MN, Wiklund H, Bell JB, Eilertsen MH, Mills RA, Little CTS, Adrian AG. (2015) A chemosynthetic weed: the tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum is a bipolar, cosmopolitan species. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: e280. 10.1186/s12862-015-0559-y [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Georgieva MN, Gunton LM, Wiklund H, Watson C, Ramos DA, Glover AG. (in prep) The annelid community associated with a natural deep-sea whale fall from Australia’s east coast.
Glasby CJ. (1993) Family revision and cladistic analysis of the Nereidoidea (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida). Invertebrate Taxonomy 7: 1551–1573. 10.1071/IT9931551 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Glasby CJ. (2000a) Family Orbiniidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia (Vol. 4A). Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 79–82. https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-4a
Glasby CJ. (2000b) Family Paraonidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 82–84. https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-4a
Glazier AE, Etter RJ. (2014) Cryptic speciation along a bathymetric gradient. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 897–913. 10.1111/bij.12389 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Glover AG, Smith CR, Paterson GLJ, Wilson GDF, Hawkins L, Sheader M. (2002) Polychaete species diversity in the central Pacific abyss: local and regional patterns, and relationships with productivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 240: 157–170. 10.3354/meps240157 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Glover AG, Smith CR. (2003) The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30(3): 219–241. 10.1017/S0376892903000225 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Glover AG, Dahlgren TG, Wiklund H, Mohrbeck I, Smith CR. (2016) An end-to-end DNA taxonomy methodology for benthic biodiversity survey in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific abyss. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 4(1): 1–2. 10.3390/jmse4010002 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Goffredi SK, Johnson SB, Vrijenhoek RC. (2007) Genetic diversity and potential function of microbial symbionts associated with newly discovered species of Osedax polychaete worms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(7): 2314–2323. 10.1128/AEM.01986-06 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Gonzalez BC, Martínez A, Borda E, Iliffe T, Eibye-Jacobsen D, Worsaae K. (2018) Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia. Cladistics 34: 225–259. 10.1111/cla.12202 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Greaves E, Meißner K, Wilson R. (2011) New Laonice species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from western and northern Australia. Zootaxa 2903: 1–20. 10.11646/zootaxa.2903.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Grube AE. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 16(1): 249–364. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6958350 [Google Scholar]
Grube AE. (1862) Noch ein Wort über die Capitellen und ihre Stelle im Systeme der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 28(1): 366–378. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7160797 [Google Scholar]
Grube AE. (1868) Naturwissenschaftliche Section mit einigen Sipunkuloiden bekannt und sprach namentlich über Loxosiphon, Cloeosiphon, und einige Phascolosomen. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur 45: 47–49. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46568003 [Google Scholar]
Grube AE. (1870) Bemerkungen über die familie der Glycereen. Jahresbericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur Breslau 47: 56–68. https://archive.org/details/jahresberichtder4718schl/page/n7/mode/2up [Google Scholar]
Grube AE. (1873) Über ein paar neue Anneliden aus der Familie der Spiodeen. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur 50: 57–58. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38491131 [Google Scholar]
Grube AE. (1877) Anneliden – Ausbeute S.M.S. Gazelle. Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 509–554. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35723828
Gunton LM, Kupriyanova EK, Alvestad T. (2020) Two new deep-water species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Australian continental margin. Records of the Australian Museum 72(4): 101–121. 10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1763 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hanley JR, Burke M. (1991) A new genus and species of scaleworm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the Cascade Plateau, Tasman Sea. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 8(1): 97–102. [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1942) A review of the types of polychaetous annelids at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Yale University 8(1): 1–98. [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1945) The marine annelids of North Carolina. Duke University Marine Station Bulletin 2: 1–54. [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1959) Catalogue of the Polychaetous Annelids of the World. Parts 1 and 2. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper. 23: 1–628. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll82/id/19573/ [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1960) Systematic account of some marine invertebrate animals from the deep basins off southern California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 22: 69–216. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4682240 [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1964) PolychaetaErrantia of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 3: 1–131. 10.1002/iroh.19660510124 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation 28: 1–378. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll82/id/20299/ [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1966a) New records of some little known Australian Polychaetous annelids. Records of the Australian Museum 26: 361–365. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.26.1966.685 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1966b) PolychaetaMyzostomidae and Sedentaria of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 7: 1–158. 10.1029/AR007 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1967a) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 2: 1–387. [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1967b) Annelida, Polychaeta, Archiannelida (Vol. 10). McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 461–465.
Hartman O. (1969) Atlas of the sedentariate polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 812 pp. [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1971) Abyssal polychaetous annelids from the Mozambique Basin off southeast Africa, with a compendium of abyssal polychaetous annelids from world-wide areas. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(10): 1407–1428. 10.1139/f71-219 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hartman O. (1978) Polychaeta from the Weddell Sea quadrant, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 26(4): 125–223. 10.1029/AR026p0125 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hartman O, Fauchald K. (1971) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic Areas. Part II. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 6: 1–327. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/3458 [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1959) Zur Ökologie der Polychaeten des Mangrove‐Estero‐Gebietes von El Salvador. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna 1(2): 69–183. 10.1080/01650525909380612 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1965) Zur Kenntnis des Sublitorals der chilenischen Küste unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. II Die Polychaeten des Sublitorals. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut. 62 supplement: 59–305 [231–233].
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1971) Annelida, Borstenwürmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise 58, 594 pp. 10.1086/407180 [DOI]
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1975) Polychaeten der Iberischen Tiefsee, gesammelt auf der 3. Reise der Meteor im Jahre 1966. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 72: 47–73. [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1979) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestküste Australiens (zwischen Derby im Norden und Port Hedland im Süden). Teil 2. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 76: 77–218.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1980) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestküste Australiens (zwischen Port Samson im Norden und Exmouth im Süden). Teil 4. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 77: 41–110.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1981) Polychaeten der tropisch-subtropischen Westküste Australiens (zwischen Exmouth im Norden und Cervantes im Süden). Teil 6. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden (Teil 6 und Teil 7).Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 78: 19–96.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1982) Die Polychaeten der subtropischen-antiborealen Westküste Australiens (zwischen Cervantes im Norden und Cape Naturaliste im Süden). Teil 8. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden (Teil 6 und Teil 7).Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 79: 51–118.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1983) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südwestküste Australiens (zwischen Dunsborough im Norden und Denmark im Süden). Teil 9. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 80: 123–167.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1986) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südküste Australiens (zwischen Wallaroo im Westen und Port MacDonnell im Osten). Teil 12. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 83: 31–70.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1987) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Küste von Victoria (Australien) (Zwischen Warrnambool im Westen und Port Welshpool im Osten). Teil 13. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 84: 27–66.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1991) Die Polychaeten der subtropisch-tropischen bis tropischen Ostküste Australiens zwischen Maclean (New South Wales) und Gladstone (Queensland) sowie von Heron Island (Grosses Barriere-Riff). Teil 16. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 88: 17–71.
Hartmann-Schröder G. (1993) Die Polychaeten der “Polarstern” – Reise ANTX/1b zur Antarktischen Halbinsel und Isla de los Estados (Feuerland, Argentinien) 1991. Teil 1: Polynoidae bis Iphitimidae. Mitteilungen aus den Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 90: 127–150. [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G, Parker SA. (1995) Four new species of the family Opheliidae (Polychaeta) from southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum 28(1): 1–12. https://archive.org/details/RecordsSouthAus28Sout/page/1/mode/2up [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G, Rosenfeldt P. (1988) Die Polychaeten der “Polarstern” – Reise ANT III/2 in die Antarktis 1984. Teil 1: Euphrosinidae bis Chaetopteridae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 85: 25–72. [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G, Rosenfeldt P. (1989) Die Polychaeten der “Polarstern” – Reise 68/1 nach Elephant Island (Antarktis) 1985. Teil 2: Cirratulidae bis Serpulidae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 86: 65–106. [Google Scholar]
Hartmann-Schröder G, Rosenfeldt P. (1991) Die Polychaeten der “Walter Herwig” – Reise ANT III/2 in die Antarktis 1984. Teil 2: Acrocirridae bis Serpulidae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 88: 73–96. [Google Scholar]
Haswell WA. (1886) Observations on some Australian Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 10: 733–756. 10.5962/bhl.part.17962 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Haswell WA. (1892) Observations on the Chloraemidae, with special reference to certain Australian forms. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Series 2, 6: 329–356. 10.5962/bhl.part.29896 [DOI]
Hatschek B. (1888) Lehrbuch der Zoologie, eine morphologische Übersicht des Thierreiches zur Einführung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft. Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 144 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.1381 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hausen H. (2005) Chaetae and chaetogenesis in polychaetes (Annelida). In: Purschke G, Bartolomaeus T. (Eds) Morphology, Molecules, Evolution and Phylogeny in Polychaeta and Related Taxa, Vol.535/536, Hydrobiologia, 199–225.
Hausen H. (2005) Chaetae and chaetogenesis in polychaetes (Annelida). In: Purschke G, Bartolomaeus T. (Eds) Morphology, Molecules, Evolution and Phylogeny in Polychaeta and Related Taxa, Vol.535/536, Hydrobiologia, 199–225. 10.1007/1-4020-3240-4_4 [DOI]
Heap AD, Harris PT. (2008) Geomorphology of the Australian margin and adjacent seafloor. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55(4): 555–585. 10.1080/08120090801888669 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Herring P. (2010) The Biology of the Deep Ocean. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 314 pp. [Google Scholar]
Hessler RR, Jumars PA. (1974) Abyssal community analysis from replicate box cores in central north Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 21(3): 185–209. 10.1016/0011-7471(74)90058-8 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hocknull SA, Glasby CJ. (2009) Diversity and ecology of Pilargidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arafura Sea, northern Australia. Zoosymposia 2: 537–550. 10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.37 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Higgs ND, Attrill MJ. (2015) Biases in biodiversity: wide-ranging species are discovered first in the deep sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 2: 1–8. 10.3389/fmars.2015.00061 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hilbig B. (1997) Family Nereididae Johnston, 1845. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) The Annelida Part 2 Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniidae).Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, 291–316.
Holthe T. (2000) Bathyal and abyssal Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) (sedentary species II). Galathea Report 18: 57–68. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.613.2272&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Google Scholar]
Horst R. (1903) New species of the Euphrosyne from the Siboga Expedition, with a table of the species hitherto known. Notes from the Leyden Museum 23: 213–222. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9658066 [Google Scholar]
Horst R. (1910) On the genus Chloeia with some new species from the Malay Archipelago, partly collected by the Siboga Expedition. Notes from the Leyden Museum 32: 169–175. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13217595 [Google Scholar]
Horst R. (1923) On three remarkable AnnelidaPolychaeta. Zoologische Mededeelingen Leiden 7: 221–224. https://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/150120 [Google Scholar]
Hove ten HA, Zibrowius H. (1986) Laminatubus alvini gen. et sp. n. and Protis hydrothermica sp. n. (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) from the bathyal hydrothermal vent communities in the eastern Pacific. Zoologica Scripta 15(1): 21–31. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00205.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Huang D, Fitzhugh K, Rouse GW. (2011) Inference of phylogenetic relationships within Fabriciidae (Sabellidae, Annelida) using molecular and morphological data. Cladistics 27: 356–379. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00343.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P, Reid A. (1991) The Nereididae (Polychaeta) from Australia-Leonnates, Platynereis and Solomononereis. Records of the Australian Museum 43(1): 47–62. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.43.1991.40 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P. (1998) Biodiversity and functioning of polychaetes in benthic sediments. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 1133–1145. 10.1023/A:1008871430178 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings PA. (2000a) Family Acoetidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 112–115. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf
Hutchings PA. (2000b) Family Capitellidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 67–72. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf
Hutchings PA. (2000c) Family Opheliidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 99–103. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf
Hutchings PA. (2000d) Family Polynoidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 152–157. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf
Hutchings PA. (2007) New species of Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae from the deep sea. Galathea Report 21: 75–90. [Google Scholar]
Hutchings PA, DeDeckker P, Geddes MC. (1981) A new species of Manayunkia (Polychaeta) from ephemeral lakes near the Coorang, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 105(1): 25–28. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41071515 [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P, Rainer S. (1979) The polychaete fauna of Careel Bay, Pittwater, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Natural History 13: 745–796. 10.1080/00222937900770561 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings PA, McRae J. (1993) The Aphroditidae (Polychaeta) from Australia, together with a redescription of the Aphroditidae collected during the Siboga Expedition. Records of the Australian Museum 45(3): 279–363. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.45.1993.24 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P, McRae J, Murray A. (in prep.) The Pholoidae and selected genera of the Sigalionidae (Annelida) from Australia. Zootaxa.
Hutchings P, Murray A. (1984) Taxonomy of polychaetes from Hawkesbury River and the southern estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 3: 1–119. 10.3853/j.0812-7387.3.1984.101 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P, Peart R. (2002) A review of the genera of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) together with a description of the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 54: 99–127. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1356 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P, Capa M, Peart R. (2012) Revision of the Australian Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and description of eight new species. Zootaxa 3306: 1–60. 10.11646/zootaxa.3306.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Hutchings P, Carrerette O, Nogueira JMM. (2021) Pectinariidae de Quatrefages, 1866. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Volume 3: Sedentaria III, Errantia I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 68–137.
Imajima M. (1973) Paraonidae (Polychaeta) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 16(2): 253–292. [Google Scholar]
Imajima M. (1991) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. VII. The genus Spiophanes. Bulletin of National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A 17: 115–137. [Google Scholar]
Imajima M. (1999) Onuphidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan, excluding the genus Onuphis. National Science Museum Monographs 16: 1–115. [Google Scholar]
Imajima M. (2001) Deep-sea benthic polychaetous annelids of Tosa Bay, southwestern Japan. National Science Museum Monographs 20: 31–100. [Google Scholar]
Imajima M. (2009) Deep-sea benthic polychaetes off Pacific Coast of the northern Honshu, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs 39: 39–192. https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/publication/monograph/v39.html [Google Scholar]
Janssen A, Stuckas H, Vink A, Arbizu PM. (2019) Biogeography and population structure of predominant macrofaunal taxa (Annelida and Isopoda) in abyssal polymetallic nodule fields: implications for conservation and management. Marine Biodiversity 49: 2641–2658. 10.1007/s12526-019-00997-1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Jenkins CJ. (1984) Erosion and Deposition at Abyssal Depths in the Tasman Sea. A Seismic Stratigraphic Study of the Bottom-current Patterns. Ocean Science Institute, University of Sydney. Report 4.
Johnston G. (1846) An index to the British Annelides. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1(16): 433–462. 10.1080/037454809495980 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Johnston G. (1865) A catalogue of the British non-parasitical worms in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum. Taylor & Francis, London, 366 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.12291 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Johnston TH, Tiegs OW. (1919) Pseudobonellia, a new echiuroid from the Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 44: 213–239. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3765309 [Google Scholar]
Johnston TH, Tiegs OW. (1920) A new species of Bonellia from Port Jackson. Records of the Australian Museum 13(2): 73–76. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.13.1920.856 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Jumars PA, Dorgan KM, Lindsay SM. (2015) Diet of worms emended: An update of polychaete feeding guilds. Annual Review of Marine Science 7(1): 497–520. 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-020007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Kawauchi GY, Sharma PP, Giribet G. (2012) Sipunculan phylogeny based on six genes, with a new classification and the descriptions of two new families. Zoologica Scripta 41(2): 186–210. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00507.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kinberg JGH. (1856) Nya slägten och arter af Annelider, Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhhandlingar Stockholm 12(9–10): 381–388. [read 1855, printed 1856] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15970133 [Google Scholar]
Kinberg JGH. (1865) Annulata nova. [Continuatio.]. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm 22(2): 167–179. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32339443 [Google Scholar]
Kirkegaard JB. (1956) Benthic Polychaeta from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 63–78. [Google Scholar]
Kirkegaard JB. (1994) The biogeography of some abyssal polychaetes. Mémoires Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle 162: 471–477. https://archive.org/details/memoiresdumuseu162muse/page/470/mode/2up [Google Scholar]
Kirkegaard JB. (1995) Bathyal and abyssal polychaetes (errant species). Galathea Report 17: 7–56. [Google Scholar]
Kirkegaard JB. (1996) Bathyal and abyssal polychaetes (sedentary species I). Galathea Report 17: 57–77. [Google Scholar]
Kirtley DW. (1994) A review and taxonomic revision of the family Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865 (Annelida; Polychaeta). Sabecon Press Science Series 1: 1–223. [Google Scholar]
Knox GA, Cameron DB. (1998) The Marine fauna of the Ross Sea: Polychaeta. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 108: 1–125. http://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/Memoir%20108_Marine%20Fauna%20of%20Ross%20Sea_Polychaeta%20-%201998.pdf [Google Scholar]
Kolbasova G, Kosobokova K, Neretina T. (2020) Bathy- and mesopelagic annelida from the Arctic Ocean: Description of new, redescription of known and notes on some “cosmopolitan” species. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 165: 103327. 10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103327 [DOI]
Kongsrud JA, Bakken T, Oug E. (2011) Deep-water species of the genus Ophelina (Annelida, Opheliidae) in the Nordic Seas, with description of Ophelina brattegardi sp. nov. Italian Journal of Zoology 78(sup1): 95–111. 10.1080/11250003.2011.606658 [DOI]
Kongsrud JA, Budaeva N, Barnich R, Oug E, Bakken T. (2013) Benthic polychaetes from the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the Azores and the Reykjanes Ridge. Marine Biology Research 9: 516–546. 10.1080/17451000.2012.749997 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kucheruk NV. (1977) On the specific composition and distribution of the deep-sea genus Paraonuphis [sic for Paronuphis] (Polychaeta, Eunicidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 108: 44–51. [Google Scholar]
Kudenov JD. (1991) A new family and genus of the order Amphinomida (Polychaeta) from the Galapagos hydrothermal vents. Ophelia, supplement 5 (Systematics, Biology and Morphology of World Polychaeta): 111–120.
Kudenov JD. (1993) Amphinomidae and Euphrosinidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) principally from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, and Subantarctic regions. Antarctic Research Series, Ser. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XXII 58: 93–150. 10.1029/AR058p0093 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kudenov JD. (1976) Polychaeta from Southeastern Australia 1. Acrocirridae Banse, 1969, from Victoria and New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 30(9): 137–149. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.30.1976.395 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK. (1993a) Deep-water Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench: 1. Genus Hyalopomatus. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 72: 145–152. [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK. (1993b) Deep-water Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. 2. Genera Bathyditrupa, Bathyvermilia, and Protis. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 72(3): 21–28. [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK. (1993c) A new species, Metavermilia arctica (Polychaeta, Serpulidae), from the Arctic Ocean. Sarsia 78(2): 155–157. 10.1080/00364827.1993.10413532 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK, Rouse GW. (2008) Yet another example of paraphyly in Annelida: molecular evidence that Sabellidae contains Serpulidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 1174–1181. 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.025 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK, Ippolitov AP. (2015) Deep-sea serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) in tetragonal tubes: on a tube convergence path from the Mesozoic to Recent. Zootaxa 4044: 151–200. 10.11646/zootaxa.4044.2.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK, Bailey-Brock J, Nishi E. (2011) New records of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected by R/V “Vityaz” from bathyal and abyssal depths of the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 2871: 43–60. 10.11646/zootaxa.2871.1.3 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK, Nishi E, Kawato M, Fujiwara T. (2010) New records of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from hydrothermal vents of North Fiji, Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 2389: 57–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.2389.1.3 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Kupriyanova EK, Vinn O, Taylor PD, Schopf JW, Kudryavtsev AB, Bailey-Brock J. (2014) Serpulids living deep: calcareous tubeworms beyond the abyss. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 90: 91–104. 10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.006 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Lacaze-Duthiers H. (1858) Recherches sur la Bonellie (Bonellia viridis) (1). Annales des Sciences Naturelles 10: 49–110 [plates 1–4]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13469606
Lamarck JB de. (1818) Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s’y rapportent; précédés d’une Introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l`Animal, sa distinction du végétal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l’Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Deterville, Paris, 612 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46337 [Google Scholar]
Langeneck J, Barbieri M, Maltagliati F, Castelli A. (2019a) Molecular phylogeny of Paraonidae (Annelida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 136: 1–13. 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.023 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Langeneck J, Busoni G, Aliani S, Lardicci C, Castelli A. (2019b) Distribution and diversity of polychaetes along a bathyal escarpment in the western Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research, Part I 144: 85–94. 10.1016/j.dsr.2019.01.006 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Langerhans P. (1880) Die Wurmfauna Madeiras. 11. Zeitschrift für Wissenschafiliche Zoologie 33: 271–316. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45632727 [Google Scholar]
Latreille PA. (1825) Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposé succinctement et dans un ordre analytique avec l’indication de leurs genres. J B. Baillière, Paris, 570 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.16094 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Laubier L. (1967) Sur quelques Aricidea (Polychètes, Paraonidae) de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu, Série A 18(1): 99–132. https://wwwphp.obs-banyuls.fr/Viemilieu/index.php/archives.html [Google Scholar]
Laubier L. (1975) Lacydonia laureci sp. n., annelide polychete nouvelle de l’étage abyssal de Méditerranée orientale. Vie et Milieu, Série A 25(1): 75–82. https://wwwphp.obs-banyuls.fr/Viemilieu/index.php/archives.html [Google Scholar]
Laubier L, Ramos J. (1974) Paraonidae (Polychètes sédentaires) de Méditerranée. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 3e Série 168 (Zoologie 113): 1097–1148. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1973/publication-5122.pdf
Lechapt JP, Kirtley DW. (1996) Bathysabellaria spinifera (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae), a new species from deep water off New Caledonia, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 109: 560–574. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34645167 [Google Scholar]
Lechapt JP. (1997) Two new species of Hyalinoecia (Polychaeta, Onuphidae) from the deep zones off New Caledonia (southwest Pacific Ocean). Bulletin of Marine Science 60(2): 306–312. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1997/00000060/00000002/art00012 [Google Scholar]
Lemer S, Kawauchi GY, Andrade SCS, González VL, Boyle MJ, Giribet G. (2015) Re-evaluating the phylogeny of Sipuncula through transcriptomics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 174–183. 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.019 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
de Leon-Gonzalez JA. (1998) Spionidae and Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the western coast of Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 62(1): 7–16. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1998/00000062/00000001/art00002 [Google Scholar]
Levenstein RY. (1970) New and rare species of the abyssal genus Fauveliopsis McIntosh (Polychaeta, Annelida) and the peculiarities of its distribution. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 88: 227–235. [Google Scholar]
Levenstein RY. (1978) Annelida (Polychaeta) from the deep waters of the Pacific region of Antarctic. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 113: 73–87. [Google Scholar]
Lewis M. (2010) The CSIRO 4 m beam trawl. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 033 (CMAR CSIRO: Hobart). http://www.cmar.csiro.au/publications/cmarseries/Internal%20Report_BeamTrawl.pdf
Light WJH. (1991) Systematic revision of the genera of the polychaete subfamily Maldaninae Arwidsson. Ophelia, Supplement 5: 133–146. [Google Scholar]
Lützen J. (1961) Sur une nouvelle espèce de polychète Sphaerodoridium commensalis n. g., n. sp. (PolychaetaErrantia, famille des Sphaerodoridae) vivant en commensal de Terebellides stroemii Sars. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 2: 409–416. 10.21411/CBM.A.635247C6 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
MacIntosh H, Althaus F, Williams A, Tanner JE, Alderslade P, Ahyong ST, Bax N, Criscione F, Crowther AL, Farrelly CA, Finn JK, Goudie L, Gowlett-Holmes K, Hosie AM, Kupriyanova E, Mah C, McCallum AW, Merrin KL, Miskelly A, Mitchell ML, Molodtsova T, Murray A, O’Hara TD, O’Loughlin PM, Paxton H, Reid AL, Sorokin SJ, Staples D, Walker-Smith G, Whitfield E, Wilson RS. (2018) Invertebrate diversity in the deep Great Australian Bight (200–5000 m). Marine Biodiversity Records 11(1): e23. 10.1186/s41200-018-0158-x [DOI]
Maciolek NJ. (1981) A new genus and species of Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the North and South Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94: 228–239. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34608079 [Google Scholar]
Maciolek NJ. (2020) Anguillosyllis (Annelida: Syllidae) from multiple deep-water locations in the northern and southern hemispheres. Zootaxa 4793: 1–73. 10.11646/zootaxa.4793.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Mackie ASY. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia 72: 1–28. 10.1080/00364827.1987.10419701 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Magalhães WF, Blake JA. (2019) Capitellidae Grube, 1862. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 349–403. 10.1515/9783110291681-011 [DOI]
Magalhães WF, Rizzo AE, Bailey-Brock JH. (2019) Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the western Pacific islands, including five new species. Zootaxa 4555(2): 209–234. 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.2.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Malm AW. (1874) Annulata i hafvet utmed Sveriges westkust och omkring Göteborg. Göteborgs Königlich vetenskaps – och vitterhetssamhälles handlingar. [Zoologiska observationer. VII.]. Göteborgs Königlich vetenskaps – och vitterhetssamhälles handlingar 14: 67–105. [Google Scholar]
Malmgren AJ. (1866) Nordiska Hafs-Annulater. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, Stockholm 22(5): 355–410. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32339631 [Google Scholar]
Malmgren AJ. (1867) Annulata Polychaeta Spetsbergiæ, Grœnlandiæ, Islandiæ et Scandinaviæ hactenus cognita. Öfversigt af Kungliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandligar 24: 127–235. [in Swedish] 10.5962/bhl.title.13358 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Marcus J, Hourdez S. (2002) A new species of scale-worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115(2): 341–349. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35518704 [Google Scholar]
Marenzeller E von. (1879) Südjapanische Anneliden. I. (Amphinomea, Aphroditea, Lycoridea, Phyllodocea, Hesionea, Syllidea, Eunicea, Glycerea, Sternaspidea, Chaetopterea, Cirratulea, Amphictenea). Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 41(2): 109–154 [plates I–VI]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7215498
Martinez A, Domenico MD, Rouse GW, Worsaae K. (2015) Phylogeny and systematics of Protodrilidae (Annelida) inferred with total evidence analyses. Cladistics 31: 250–276. 10.1111/cla.12089 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Martínez A, Worsaae K, Núñez J. (2019) Acrocirridae Banse, 1968. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 422–439.
McClain CR, Hardy SM. (2010) The dynamics of biogeographic ranges in the deep sea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 3533–3546. 10.1098/rspb.2010.1057 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
McCowin MF, Rowden AA, Rouse GW. (2019) A new record of Lamellibrachia columna (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from cold seeps off New Zealand, and an assessment of its presence in the western Pacific Ocean. Marine Biodiversity Records 12(1): e10. 10.1186/s41200-019-0169-2 [DOI]
McEnnulty FR, Gowlett-Holmes KL, Williams A, Althaus F, Fromont J, Poore GCB, O’Hara TD, Marsh L, Kott P, Slack-Smith S, Alderslade P, Kitahara MV. (2011) The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 80: 1–191. 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.80.2011.001-191 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
McIntosh WC. (1879) On the Annelida obtained during the Cruise of H.M.S. ‘Valorous’ to Davis Strait in 1875. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second Series: Zoology 1(7): 499–511 [plate LXV]. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1878.tb00663b.x [DOI]
McIntosh WC. (1885) Report on the AnnelidaPolychaeta collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology 12: 1–554. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50688426 [Google Scholar]
McIntosh WC. (1877) Annelida. In: Jeffreys JG. (Ed.) Preliminary report of the biological results of a cruise in H.M.S. “Valorous” to Davis Strait in 1875.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 25: 215–222. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43410688
McIntosh WC. (1900) A monograph of the British Annelids. Polychaeta. Amphinomidae to Sigalionidae. Royal Society London 1(2): 215–442. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38577949 [Google Scholar]
McIntosh WC. (1908) Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1(8): 373–387. 10.1080/00222930808692422 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
McIntosh WC. (1922) Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, 44: 1. On new and rare Polychaeta, Gephyrea, etc., from various regions; 2. Recent additions to the British marine Polychaeta (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9 9(49): 1–30. 10.1080/00222932208632638 [DOI]
Meißner K, Hutchings PA. (2003) Spiophanes species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Eastern Australia – with descriptions of new species, new records and an emended generic diagnosis. Records of the Australian Museum 55: 117–140. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1379 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Meißner K. (2005) Revision of the genus Spiophanes (Polychaeta, Spionidae): with new synonymies, new records and descriptions of new species. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 81: 3–66. 10.1002/mmnz.200310001 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Méndez N. (2006) Deep-water polychaetes (Annelida) from the southeastern gulf of California, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54(3): 773–785. 10.15517/rbt.v54i3.12776 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Mengerink KJ, Van Dover CL, Ardron J, Baker M, Escobar-Briones E, Gjerde K, Koslow JA, Ramirez-Llodra E, Lara-Lopez A, Squires D, Sutton T, Sweetman AK, Levin LA. (2014) A call for deep-ocean stewardship. Science 344(6185): 696–698. 10.1126/science.1251458 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Meyer C, Westheide W. (1997) Boguea panwaensis, a new species from Thailand: the first member of the Bogueinae (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) to be found outside northeast America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110(2): 203–220. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35458229 [Google Scholar]
Miura T, Laubier L. (1989) Nautilina calyptogenicola, a new genus and species of parasitic polychaete on a vesicomyid bivalve from the Japan Trench, representative of a new family Nautilinidae. Zoological Science 6: 387–390. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40504548 [Google Scholar]
Moreira J, Parapar J. (2017) New data on the Opheliidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia): five new species of the genus Armandia Filippi, 1861. Zootaxa 4290(3): 483–502. 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Monro CCA. (1930) Polychaete worms. Discovery Reports, Cambridge 2: 1–222. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15904801 [Google Scholar]
Müller F. (1858) Einiges über die Annelidenfauna der Insel Santa Catharina an der brasilianischen Küste. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin. 24(1): 211–220. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7460059 [Google Scholar]
Murina G-WW. (1978) New and rare echiurids of the family Bonelliidae. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 113: 107–119. [Google Scholar]
Murray A, Hutchings P. (in prep.) Revision of species of Acoetidae (Annelida) from the Australasian region.
Murray A, Wong E, Hutchings P. (2015) Nephtyidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019(1): 414–436. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.16 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Neal L, Barnich R, Wiklund H, Glover AG. (2012) A new genus and species of Polynoidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Pine Island Bay, Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean – a region of high taxonomic novelty. Zootaxa 3542: 80–88. 10.11646/zootaxa.3542.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Neal L, Linse K, Brasier MJ, Sherlock E, Glover AG. (2018) Comparative marine biodiversity and depth zonation in the Southern Ocean: evidence from a new large polychaete dataset from Scotia and Amundsen seas. Marine Biodiversity 48: 581–601. 10.1007/s12526-017-0735-y [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Neal L, Paterson GLJ, Blockley D, Scott B, Sherlock E, Huque C, Glover AG. (2020) Biodiversity data and new species descriptions of polychaetes from offshore waters of the Falkland Islands, an area undergoing hydrocarbon exploration. ZooKeys 938: 1–86. 10.3897/zookeys.938.49349 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Neave MJ, Glasby CJ. (2013) New species of Ophelina (Annelida: Opheliidae: Ophelininae) from northern Australia. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 13: 331–347. 10.1007/s13127-013-0130-x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Nogueira JMM, Fitzhugh K, Hutchings P. (2013) The continuing challenge of phylogenetic relationships in Terebelliformia (Annelida: Polychaeta). Invertebrate Systematics 27(2): 186–238. 10.1071/IS12062 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Norlinder E, Nygren A, Wiklund H, Pleijel F. (2012) Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65: 490–500. 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
O’Hara TD. (2008) Bioregionalisation of the waters around Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands using brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia. https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/brittlestars-lord-howe.pdf
O’Hara TD, Rowden AA, Bax NJ. (2011) A Southern Hemisphere bathyal fauna is distributed in latitudinal bands. Current Biology 21: 226–230. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
O'Hara TD, England PR, Gunasekera RM, Naughton KM. (2014) Limited phylogeographic structure for five bathyal ophiuroids at continental scales. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 84: 18–28. 10.1016/j.dsr.2013.09.009 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
O’Hara T. (2017) IN2017_V03 Voyage Summary. https://www.cmar.csiro.au/data/trawler/survey_details.cfm?survey=IN2017%5FV03
O’Hara T. (2019) The Eastern Australian Marine Parks: Biodiversity, assemblage structure, diversity and origin. Report to Parks Australia from the National Environmental Science Program Marine Biodiversity Hub. Museums Victoria. https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/document/eastern-australian-marine-parks-biodiversity-assemblage-structure-diversity-and-origin
O’Hara TD, Williams A, Althaus F, Ross AS, Bax NJ. (2020a) Regional‐scale patterns of deep seafloor biodiversity for conservation assessment. Diversity and Distributions 26: 479–494. 10.1111/ddi.13034 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
O’Hara TD, Williams A, Woolley SNC, Nau AW, Bax NJ. (2020b) Deep-sea temperate-tropical faunal transition across uniform environmental gradients. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 161: 103283. 10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103283 [DOI]
O’Hara TD, Williams A, Ahyong ST, Alderslade P, Alvestad T, Bray D, Burghardt I, Budaeva N, Criscione F, Crowther AL, Ekins M, Eléaume M, Farrelly CA, Finn JK, Georgieva MN, Graham A, Gomon M, Gowlett-Holmes L, Gunton LM, Hallan A, Hosie AM, Hutchings P, Kise H, Köhler F, Konsgrud JA, Kupriyanova E, Lu CC, Mackenzie M, Mah C, MacIntosh H, Merrin KL, Miskelly A, Mitchell ML, Moore K, Murray A, O’Loughlin PM, Paxton H, Pogonoski JJ, Staples D, Watson JE, Wilson RS, Zhang J, Bax NJ. (2020c) The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia. Marine Biodiversity Records 13: e11. 10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1 [DOI]
Örsted AS. (1842) Udtog af en Beskrivelse af Grönlands Annulata dorsibranchiata. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Köbenhavn 4: 109–127. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2322860 [Google Scholar]
Örsted AS. (1843) Annulatorum danicorum conspectus. I. Maricolae, Hafniae Copenhagen: Sumtibus Librariae Wahlianae, 52 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11849 [Google Scholar]
Otto AG. (1820) De Sternaspide thalassemoideo et Siphostomate diplochaito vermibus duobus marinis. [Epistola Gratulatoria quam ad celebrandum diem laetissimum VI Marti MDCCCXX (etc, etc)]. Vratislaviae, 16 pp. [2 plates] https://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=177296 [Google Scholar]
Parapar J, Besteiro C, Moreira J. (2004) Familia Pilargidae Saint-Joseph, 1899. In: Ramos MA. (Ed.) Fauna Iberica Vol.25. AnnelidaPolychaeta I. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, 267–293. http://www.fauna-iberica.mncn.csic.es/english/publicaciones/fi25.php
Parapar J, Moreira J, Helgason GV. (2011) Distribution and diversity of the Opheliidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) on the continental shelf and slope of Iceland, with a review of the genus Ophelina in northeast Atlantic waters and description of two new species. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 11: 83–105. 10.1007/s13127-011-0046-2 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Parapar J, Moreira J. (2015) Six new species of the genus Armandia Filippi, 1861 (Polychaeta, Opheliidae) from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Zootaxa 4019: 577–603. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.19 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Paterson GLJ, Glover AG. (2000) A new species of Sigambra (Polychaeta, Pilargidae) from the abyssal plains of the NE Atlantic. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Zoology) 66: 167–170. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41005372 [Google Scholar]
Paterson GLJ, Glover AG, Barrio Froján CRS, Whitaker A, Budaeva N, Chimonides J, Doner S. (2009) A census of abyssal polychaetes. Deep Research Part II: Tropical Studies Oceanography 56: 1739–1746. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.018 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Paterson GLJ, Neal L, Altamira I, Soto EH, Smith CR, Menot L, Billett DSM, Cunha MR, Marchais-Laguionie C, Glover AG. (2016) New Prionospio and Aurospio species from the deep-sea (Annelida: Polychaeta). Zootaxa 4092: 1–32. 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Paul C, Halanych KM, Tiedemann R, Bleidorn C. (2010) Molecules reject an opheliid affinity for Travisia (Annelida). Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 507–512. 10.1080/14772000.2010.517810 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Paxton H. (1974) Contribution to the study of the Australian Nephtyidae (Polychaeta). Records of the Australian Museum 29: 197–208. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.29.1974.226 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Paxton H. (1986) Generic revision and relationships of the family Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Records of the Australian Museum 38: 1–74. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.38.1986.175 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Paxton H. (2000) Family Onuphidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia: Volume 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 99–104. https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-4a
Paxton H, Davey A. (2010) A new species of Ophryotrocha (Annelida: Dorvilleidae) associated with fish farming at Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia. Zootaxa 2509: 53–61. 10.11646/zootaxa.2509.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Paxton H, Budaeva N. (2013) Paradiopatra (Annelida: Onuphidae) from eastern Australian waters, with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 3686(2): 140–164. 10.11646/zootaxa.3686.2.2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1956) Some polychaete worms of the families Hesionidae, Syllidae and Nereidae from the east coast of North America, West Indies, and Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46: 281–294. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39693975 [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1962) New species of polychaete worms (Spionidae: Spiophanes) from the east and west coast of North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 77–88. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34571529 [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1966) Revision of the Pilargidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), including descriptions of new species, and redescription of the pelagic Podarmus ploa Chamberlain (Polynoidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 118: 155–207. 10.5479/si.00963801.118-3525.155 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1967) Some bathyal polynoids from central and northeastern Pacific (Polychaeta: Polynoids). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 121: 1–15. 10.5479/si.00963801.121-3575.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1970) Two new genera of Sigalionidae (Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83: 365–386. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/3407 [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1976) Revision of the genus Macellicephala McIntosh and the subfamily Macellicephalinae Hartmann-Schröder (Polychaeta: Polynoidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 229: 1–71. 10.5479/si.00810282.229 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1985) Polychaete worms from a cave in the Bahamas and from experimental wood panels in deep water of the North Atlantic (Polynoidae, Macellicephalinae, Harmothoinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 98: 127–149. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34648400 [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1989) Polynoidae and Sigalionidae (Polychaeta) from the Guaymas Basin, with descriptions of two new species, and additional records from hydrothermal vents of the Galapagos Rift, 21°N, and seep-sites in the Gulf of Mexico (Florida and Lousiana). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102: 154–168. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34606745 [Google Scholar]
Pettibone MH. (1992) Contribution to the Polychaete Family Pholoidae Kinberg. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 532: 1–24. 10.5479/si.00810282.532 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pixell HLM. (1913) Polychaeta of the families Serpulidae and Sabellidae, collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 49: 347–358. 10.1017/S0080456800003987 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pleijel F. (2001) Revision of Amphiduros Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Hesionidae, Gyptini). Ophelia 54: 15–27. 10.1080/00785326.2001.10409453 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pleijel F, Rouse GW, Ruta C, Wiklund H, Nygren A. (2008) Vrijenhoekia balaenophila, a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off California. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 625–634. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00360.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Pleijel F, Rouse GW, Sundkvist T, Nygren A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptini, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 471–494. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00819.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Poore GCB, Just J, Cohen B. (1994) Composition and diversity of CrustaceaIsopoda of the southeastern Australian continental slope. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 41: 677–693. 10.1016/0967-0637(94)90049-3 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Poore GCB, Avery L, Błażewicz-Paszkowycz M, Browne J, Bruce NL, Gerken S, Glasby C, Greaves E, McCallum AW, Staples D, Syme A, Taylor J, Walker-Smith G, Warne M, Watson C, Williams A, Wilson RS, Woolley S. (2015) Invertebrate diversity of the unexplored marine western margin of Australia: taxonomy and implications for global biodiversity. Marine Biodiversity 45: 271–286. 10.1007/s12526-014-0255-y [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ponder W, Hutchings P, Chapman R. (2002) Overview of the conservation of Australian marine invertebrates. A Report for Environment Australia. Australian Museum, Sydney. http://malsocaus.org/marine_invert/
Przeslawski R, Glasby CJ, Nichol S. (2018) Polychaetes (Annelida) of the Oceanic Shoals region, northern Australia: considering small macrofauna in marine management. Marine and Freshwater Research 70: 307–321. 10.1071/MF18060 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Quatrefages A de. (1866) Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris 1, 588 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.122818 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Rafinesque CS. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme, 224 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.106607 [DOI]
Rainer SF, Hutchings PA. (1977) Nephtyidae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 31: 307–347. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.31.1977.216 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, Escobar E, Levin LA, Menot L, Rowden AA, Smith CR, Van Dover CL. (2011) Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS ONE 6: e22588. 10.1371/journal.pone.0022588 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Ramos D. (2019) Diversity and connectivity of deep-sea Annelids off the Eastern Australian coast: a preliminary assessment. Master’s thesis. Imperial College, London.
Ravara A, Rizzo AE, Lana P. (2017a. [Online]) Family Nephtyidae Grube, 1850. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Ravara A, Ramos D, Teixeira MAL, Costa FO, Cunha MR. (2017b) Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the order Phyllodocida (Annelida, Polychaeta) in deep-sea habitats around the Iberian margin. Deep Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography 137: 207–231. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.008 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ravara A, Cunha MR, Pleijel F. (2010a) Nephtyidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from southern Europe. Zootaxa 2682: 1–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.2682.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ravara A, Wiklund H, Cunha MR, Pleijel F. (2010b) Phylogenetic relationships within Nephtyidae (Polychaeta: Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 39: 394–405. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00424.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Ravara A, Cunha MR. (2016) Two new species of scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from deep-sea habitats in the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic). Zootaxa 4097: 442–450. 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.12 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Read G, Fauchald K [Eds] (2020) World Polychaeta database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=920 [on 2020–04–15]
Reimers H. (1933) Morphologie der Polychaetengattung Sphaerodorum. Monographie. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 64: 41–110. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8980#/summary [Google Scholar]
Reuscher M, Fiege D, Wehe T. (2009) Four new species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Pacific hot vents and cold seeps, with a key and synoptic table of characters for all genera. Zootaxa 2191: 1–40. [Google Scholar]
Reyss D. (1971) Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne Polymède. II. – Polychètes Aphroditidae de profondeur en Méditerranée. Remarques systématiques et biogéographiques. Vie et Milieu, Série A 22: 243–258. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1971/publication-5029.pdf [Google Scholar]
Rex MA, Etter RJ. (2010) Deep-Sea Biodiversity: Pattern and Scale. Harvard University Press, 354 pp.
Rintoul S, Feng M, Hardman-Mountford N, Raes E. (2017) Australia’s ocean currents. In: Mapston BD. (Ed.) Oceans: Science and Solutions for Australia.CSIRO, 13–24. http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/87597?index=1
Rioja E. (1917) Datos para le conocimiento de la fauna de Anélidos Poliquetos del Cantábrico. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Serie Zoológica 29: 1–111. [Google Scholar]
Rioja E. (1923) Estudio sistemático de las Especies Ibéricas del suborden Sabelliformia. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 48: 5–144. [Google Scholar]
Rizzo AE, Amaral ACZ. (2004) Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman and Fauchald) (Polychaeta, Goniadidae): new combination. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21: 937–942. 10.1590/S0101-81752004000400031 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Rizzo AE, Magalhães WF, Santos CSG. (2016) Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914 (Polychaeta) in the South Atlantic: morphology, three new species and five new records. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96: 1265–1285. 10.1017/S0025315415001381 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Rizzo AE, Magalhães WF. (2019. [Online]) Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Rouse GW, Fauchald K. (1997) Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta 26: 139–204. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00412.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Rouse GW, Pleijel F. (2001) Polychaetes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 354 pp. [Google Scholar]
Ruderman L. (1911) Recherches sur Ephesia gracilis Rathke, Annélide polychète de la famille des sphaerodorides; morphologie, anatomie, histology. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 24: 1–96. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/39992#/summary [Google Scholar]
Ruff RE, Brown B. (1989) A new species of Euchone (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from the northwest Atlantic with comments on ontogenetic variability. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102: 753–760. https://archive.org/details/biostor-74631 [Google Scholar]
Ryckholt P de. (1851) Mélanges paléontologiques. Part 1. Memoires Couronnes et Memoires des Savants Etrangers de l’Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 24: 1–176. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2718124 [Google Scholar]
Saint-Joseph AA de. (1894) Les Annélides polychètes des côtes de Dinard. Troisième Partie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, Série 7, 17: 1–395. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35662416
Saint-Joseph AA de. (1899) Note sur une nouvelle famille d’Annélides Polychètes. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 5: 41–42. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5029420 [Google Scholar]
Saiz Salinas JI, Bustamante M, Tajadura J. (2018) A census of deep-water sipunculans (Sipuncula). Marine Biodiversity 48: 449–464. 10.1007/s12526-016-0568-0 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2008) Revision of Poeobius meseres Heath, 1930 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 49: 191–120. 10.21411/CBM.A.6FB6F3A2 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2011a) Revision of Piromis Kinberg, 1867 and Pycnoderma Grube, 1877 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 2819: 1–50. 10.11646/zootaxa.2819.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2011b) Revision of Stylarioides delle Chiaje, 1831 (Annelida: Flabelligeridae). Italian Journal of Zoology 78: 163–200. 10.1080/11250003.2011.606985 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2012a) Revision of Semiodera Chamberlin, 1919 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 3562: 1–62. 10.11646/zootaxa.3562.1.1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2012b) Revision of Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Flabelligeridae). Zoosystema 34: 453–519. 10.5252/z2012n3a1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2012c) Revision of Flabelligera Sars, 1829 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 3203: 1–64. 10.11646/zootaxa.3203.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2017) Revision of Brada Stimpson, 1853, and Bradabyssa Hartman, 1967 (Annelida, Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 4343: 1–98. 10.11646/zootaxa.4343.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI, Orensanz JM. (2006) Pleijelius longae n. gen, n. sp., a remarkable deep water polychaete from the Northwestern Atlantic (Polychaeta: Hesionidae). Scientia Marina 70: 157–166. 10.3989/scimar.2006.70s3157 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI, Gillet P. (2007) Revision of Chauvinelia, redescriptions of Flabelliseta incrusta, and Helmetophorus rankini, and their recognition as acrocirrids (Polychaeta: Acrocirridae) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 465–477. 10.1017/S0025315407054501 [DOI]
Salazar-Vallejo SI, Zhadan AE. (2007) Revision of Buskiella McIntosh, 1885 (including Flota Hartman, 1967), and description of its trifid organ (Polychaeta: Flotidae). Invertebrate Zoology 4: 65–82. 10.15298/invertzool.04.1.06 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI, Buzhinskaja G. (2011) Revision of Diplocirrus Haase, 1915, including Bradiella Rullier, 1965, and Diversibranchius Buzhinskaja, 1993 (Polychaeta, Flabelligeridae). ZooKeys 106: 1–45. 10.3897/zookeys.106.795 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo S, Buzhinskaja G. (2013) Six new deep-water sternaspid species (Annelida, Sternaspidae) from the Pacific Ocean. ZooKeys 348: 1–27. 10.3897/zookeys.348.5449 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Salazar-Vallejo SI, Angel de León J, Carrera-Parra LF. (2019a) Phylogeny of Microphthalminae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971, and revision of Hesionella Hartman, 1939, and Struwela Hartmann-Schröder, 1959 (Annelida, Errantia). PeerJ 7: e7723 [1–35]. 10.7717/peerj.7723 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Salazar-Vallejo SI, Zhadan AE, Rizzo AE. (2019b) Revision of Fauveliopsidae Hartman, 1971 (Annelida, Sedentaria). Zootaxa 4637: 1–67. 10.11646/zootaxa.4637.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
San Martín G. (2005) Exogoninae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia with the description of a new genus and twenty-two new species. Records of the Australian Museum 57: 39–152. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1438 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
San Martín G, SAguado MT. (2019. [Online]) Family Syllidae Grube. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Santos SL. (1977) A new species of Travisia (Polychaeta, Opheliidae) from Tampa Bay, Florida. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 89: 559–564. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34554019 [Google Scholar]
Sardá-Borroy R. (1987) Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the region of the Gibraltar Strait with description of Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp. n. Zoologica Scripta 16(1): 47–50. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1987.tb00051.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Sato-Okoshi W, Okoshi K, Fujiwara Y. (2015) A new species of Protodrilus (Annelida: Protodrilidae), covering bone surfaces bright red, in whale-fall ecosystems in the northwest Pacific. Biological Bulletin 229: 209–219. 10.1086/BBLv229n2p209 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Savigny J-C. (1822) Système des annélides, principalement de celles des côtes de l’Égypte et de la Syrie, offrant les caractères tant distinctifs que naturels des Ordres, Familles et Genres, avec la Description des Espèces. Description de l’Égypte ou Recueil des Observations et des Recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l’Expédition de l’Armée Française, publié par les Ordres de sa Majesté l’Empereur Napoléon le Grand, Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1: 1–128. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41329897 [Google Scholar]
Schmarda LK. (1861) Neue Wirbellose Thiere: Beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Erster Band, Zweite Hälfte. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 66 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.14426 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Schüller M. (2008) New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 – Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae. Zootaxa 1705: 51–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.1705.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Schüller M, Hutchings PA. (2012) New species of Terebellides (Polychaeta: Trichobranchidae) indicate long-distance dispersal between western South Atlantic deep-sea basins. Zootaxa 3254: 1–31. 10.11646/zootaxa.3254.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Schulze A, Boyle MJ, Kawauchi GY. (2019) Sipuncula. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 177–201. 10.1515/9783110291582-006 [DOI]
Schulze A, Maiorova A, Timm LE, Rice ME. (2012) Sipunculan larvae and “cosmopolitan” species. Integrative and Comparative Biology 52: 497–510. 10.1093/icb/ics082 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Sedgwick A. (1898) A Student’s Textbook of Zoology. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd., London, 600 pp. [Google Scholar]
Selenka E. (1885) Report on the Gephyrea collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger, London. 10.5962/bhl.title.6513 [DOI]
Selenka E, de Man JG, Bülow C. (1883) Die Sipunculiden, eine systematische Monographie. Semper Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen 2, 4: 1–131.
Sendall K, Salazar-Vallejo S. (2013) Revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae). ZooKeys 286: 1–74. 10.3897/zookeys.286.4438 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Sigovini M, Keppel E, Tagliapietra D. (2016) Open Nomenclature in the biodiversity era. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7: 1217–1225. 10.1111/2041-210X.12594 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Sikorski AV, Jirkov IA, Tzetlin AB. (1988) The genus Laonice (Polychaeta, Spionidae) in the Arctic Ocean: weighing the taxonomic characters and species composition. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 67: 826–838. [Google Scholar]
Solis-Weiss V. (1993) Grassleia hydrothermalis, a new genus and species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the hydrothermal vents off the Oregon coast (U.S.A.), at Gorda Ridge. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106: 661–665. [Google Scholar]
Southern R. (1913) Gephyrea of the coasts of Ireland. Scientific Investigations. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Fisheries Branch 1912, 46 pp. [Google Scholar]
Southward EC. (1962) A new species of Galathealinum (Pogonophora) from the Canadian Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 40: 385–389. 10.1139/z62-035 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Southward EC. (2000) Class Pogonophora. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia: Volume 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 331–351.
Stephen AC, Edmonds SJ. (1972) The Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Stiller J, Rousset V, Pleijel F, Chevaldonné P, Vrijenhoek RC, Rouse GW. (2013) Phylogeny, biogeography and systematics of hydrothermal vent and methane seep Amphisamytha (Ampharetidae, Annelida), with descriptions of three new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 11(1): 35–65. 10.1080/14772000.2013.772925 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Stiller J, Tilic E, Rousset V, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. (2020) Spaghetti to a tree: a robust phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) based on transcriptomes, molecular and morphological data. Biology 9(4): e73. 10.3390/biology9040073 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Strelzov VE. (1973) Polychaete worms of the family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909 (Polychaeta, Sedentaria). Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 170 pp. http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/books/streltsov1973_paraonidae.pdf [Google Scholar]
Struck TH, Halanych KM. (2010) Origins of holopelagic Typhloscolecidae and Lopadorhynchidae within Phyllodocide (Phyllodocida, Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 39: 269–275. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00418.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Summers M, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. (2015) Whale falls, multiple colonisations of the deep, and the phylogeny of Hesionidae (Annelida). Invertebrate Systematics 29: 105–123. 10.1071/IS14055 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Thiel D, Purschke G, Boggemann M. (2011) Abyssal Fauveliopsidae (Annelida) from the South East Atlantic. Journal of Natural History 45(15–16): 923–937. 10.1080/00222933.2010.540046 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Tovar-Hernández MA. (2008) Phylogeny of Chone Kröyer, 1856 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and related genera. Journal of Natural History 42: 2193–2226. 10.1080/00222930802254714 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Tovar-Hernández MA, Yáñez-Rivera B, Giangrande A, Gambi MC. (2012) Notes on the species of Perkinsiana (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Antarctica with the description of P. brigittae sp. nov. Zootaxa 3485: 56–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.3485.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Uchida H. (2004) Hesionidae (Annelida, Polichaeta [sic]) from Japan. I. Kuroshio Biosphere 1: 27–92. [Google Scholar]
UNESCO (2009) Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) – Biogeographic Classification. Paris, UNESCO, IOC Technical Series No. 84.
Verrill AE. (1873) XVIII. Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report on the condition of the sea fisheries of the south coast of New England 1: 295–778. 10.5962/bhl.title.11688 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
von Nordheim H. (1989) Six new species of Protodrilus (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Europe and New Zealand, with a concise presentation of the genus. Zoologica Scripta 18: 245–268. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00450.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Walker-Smith GK, Wilson RS. (2003) Goniadidae (Polychaeta) – A DELTA database of genera, and Australian species. In: Wilson RS, Hutchings PA, Glasby CJ (Eds) Polychaetes: An Interactive Identification Guide. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Watling L, Guinotte J, Clark MR, Smith CR. (2013) A proposed biogeography of the deep ocean floor. Progress in Oceanography 111: 91–112. 10.1016/j.pocean.2012.11.003 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Watson Russell C. (1991) Strepternos didymopyton Watson Russell in Bhaud and Cazaux, 1987 (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae) from experimental wooden panels in deep waters of the western Atlantic. Ophelia Supplement 5: 283–294. [Google Scholar]
Watson C. (2001) New genus and species of Chrysopetalidae (Polychaeta) from hydrothermal vents (south-western Pacific). The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 17: 57–66. [Google Scholar]
Watson C. (2020. [Online]) Chrysopetalidae Ehlers, 1864. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
Watson C. (in prep.) Cryptic species complex Chrysopetalum multisetosa (sensu Hartmannn-Schröder, 1981) (Chrysopetalidae: Chrysopetalinae: Annelida) comprises six new species: three new species, pan-Australia, littoral depths; three new species, Bass Strait to New Zealand, shelf to slope depths (100–1000 m).
Watson C, Chivers AJ, Narayanaswamy BE, Lamont P, Turnewitsch R. (2014) Chrysopetalidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) from the Senghor Seamount, north-east Atlantic: taxa with deep-sea affinities and morphological adaptations. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 311–325. 10.24199/j.mmv.2014.71.24 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Watson C, Carvajal I, Sergeeva NG, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. (2016) Free-living, calamyzin chrysopetalids (Annelida) from methane seeps, anoxic basins and whale falls. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 700–719. 10.1111/zoj.12390 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Webster HE, Benedict JE. (1887) The AnnelidaChaetopoda from Eastport, Maine. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries 13: 707–758. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15839855 [Google Scholar]
Wehe T. (2007) Revision of the scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditidae) occurring in the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Part II. Sigalionidae. Fauna of Arabia 23: 41–124. [Google Scholar]
Weigert A, Golombek A, Gerth M, Schwarz F, Struck TH, Bleidorn C. (2016) Evolution of mitochondrial gene order in Annelida. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 196–206. 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Weigert A, Helm C, Meyer M, Nickel B, Arendt D, Hausdorf B, Santos SR, Halanych KM, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Struck TH. (2014) Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using transcriptomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31: 1391–1401. 10.1093/molbev/msu080 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Wesenberg-Lund E. (1948) Maldanidae (Polychaeta) from west Greenland waters. Meddelelser om Grønland 134(9): 1–58. [Google Scholar]
Wiklund H, Neal L, Glover AG, Drennan R, Rabone M, Dahlgren TG. (2019) Abyssal fauna of polymetallic nodule exploration areas, eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Annelida: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Travisiidae. ZooKeys 883: 1–82. 10.3897/zookeys.883.36193 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Wiklund H, Nygren A, Pleijel F, Sundberg P. (2005) Phylogeny of Aphroditiformia (Polychaeta) based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 494–502. 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Williams T. (1852) Report on the British Annelida. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1851: 159–272. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13846822 [Google Scholar]
Williams A, Althaus F, MacIntosh H, Loo M, Gowlett-Holmes K, Tanner JE, Sorokin SJ, Green M. (2018) Characterising the invertebrate megafaunal assemblages of a deep-sea (200–3000 m) frontier region for oil and gas exploration: the Great Australian Bight, Australia. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 157–158: 78–91. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.07.015 [DOI]
Wilson RS. (1984) Neanthes (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from Victoria with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 96: 209–226. [Google Scholar]
Wilson RS. (1990) Prionospio and Paraprionospio (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum Victoria 50: 243–274. 10.24199/j.mmv.1990.50.02 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Wilson RS. (2000) Family Glyceridae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia: Volume 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 127–129.
Wong E, Hutchings P. (2015) New records of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia and the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4019: 733–744. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.25 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Worsaae K, Nygren A, Rouse GW, Giribet G, Persson J, Sundberg P, Pleijel F. (2005) Phylogenetic position of Nerillidae and Aberranta (Polychaeta, Annelida), analysed by direct optimization of combined molecular and morphological data. Zoologica Scripta 34: 313–328. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00190.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Yokoyama H. (2007) A revision of the genus Paraprionospio Caullery (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 253–284. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Zanol J, Hutchings PA, Fauchald K. (2020) Eunicesensu latu (Annelida: Eunicidae) from Australia: description of seven new species and comments on previously reported species of the genera Eunice, Leodice and Nicidion. Zootaxa 4748: 1–43. 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zardus JD, Etter RJ, Chase MR, Rex MA, Boyle EE. (2006) Bathymetric and geographic population structure in the Pan-Atlantic deep-sea bivalve Deminuculaatacellana (Schenck, 1939). Molecular Ecology 15: 639–651. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02832.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zenkevitch LA. (1958) The deep sea echiurids of the north-western part of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 27: 192–203. [Google Scholar]
Zhang J, Hutchings P. (2019) A revision of Australian Pectinariidae (Polychaeta), with new species and new records. Zootaxa 4611: 1–70. 10.11646/zootaxa.4611.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zhang J, Hutchings P, Kupriyanova E. (2019) A revision of the genus Petta (PolychaetaPectinariidae), with two new species from the abyss of south-eastern Australia, and comments on the phylogeny of the family. Zootaxa 4614: 303–333. 10.11646/zootaxa.4614.2.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zhang J, Hutchings P, Burghardt I, Kupriyanova E. (2020) Two new species of Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyss of eastern Australia. Zootaxa 4821(3): 487–510. 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.3.4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zibrowius H. (1973) Revision of some Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from abyssal depths in the Atlantic and Pacific, collected by the “Challenger” and Prince of Monaco Expedition. Bulletin of British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 24: 427–439. [Google Scholar]
Zrzavý J, Říha P, Piálek L, Janouškovec J. (2009) Phylogeny of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa): total evidence analysis of morphology and six genes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: e189. 10.1186/1471-2148-9-189 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material 1

Annelid identifications from IN2017_V03_Darwin Core format

Data type

occurrences

Explanation note

species occurrences along with museum registration numbers.

zookeys-1020-001-s001.xlsx^{(294.4KB, xlsx)}

Supplementary material 2

Spionidae characters

Karin Meißner

Data type

morphological

Explanation note

Comparison of morphological characters of Prionospio species from IN2017_V03.

zookeys-1020-001-s002.xlsx^{(10.6KB, xlsx)}

[B1] Aguirrezabalaga F, Ceberio A. (2006) Flabelligena gascognensis sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Acrocirridae), a new species from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic). Scientia Marina 70: 14–147. 10.3989/scimar.2006.70s1141 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B2] Aguirrezabalaga F, Gil J. (2009) Paraonidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic) with the description of eight new species. Scientia Marina 73: 631–666. 10.3989/scimar.2009.73n4631 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B3] Aguirrezabalaga F, Parapar J. (2014) Deep-sea Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from Capbreton Canyon (north-east Atlantic) with the description of a new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94(5): 947–967. 10.1017/S0025315413001422 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B4] Alalykina IL. (2018) Composition of deep-sea polychaetes from the SokhoBio expedition with a description of a new species of Labioleanira (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Sea of Okhotsk. Deep Sea Research Part II – Topical Studies in Oceanography 154: 140–158. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.04.004 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B5] Alalykina IL. (2020) Polychaeta: a review on the deep-sea benthic polychaetes along the NW Pacific. In: Saeedi H, Brandt A (Eds) Biogeographic Atlas of the Deep NW Pacific Fauna. Advanced Books. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, 527 pp. 10.3897/ab.e51315 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B6] Alderslade P, Althaus F, McEnnulty F, Gowlett-Holmes K, Williams A. (2014) Australia’s deep-water octocoral fauna: historical account and checklist, distributions and regional affinities of recent collections. Zootaxa 3796(3): 435–452. 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.3.2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B7] Allen JA, Sanders HL. (1996) The zoogeography, diversity and origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the epilogue. Progress in Oceanography 38: 95–153. 10.1016/S0079-6611(96)00011-0 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B8] Althaus F, Williams A, Alderslade P, Schlacher TA. (2017) Conservation of marine biodiversity on a very large deep continental margin: how representative is a very large offshore reserve network for deep-water octocorals? Diversity and Distributions 23(1): 90–103. 10.1111/ddi.12501 [DOI]

[B9] Alvestad T, Budaeva N. (2015) Neosabellides lizae, a new species of Ampharetidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019(1): 61–69. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B10] Annenkova NP. (1934) Paraoniden der Meeren des Fernen Osten der USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 3(8–9): 656–658. [Google Scholar]

[B11] Arwidsson I. (1911) Die Maldaniden. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903 Stockholm Zoologie II, Band 6, Lieferung 6, 44 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.6756 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B12] Audouin JV, Milne Edwards H. (1833) [Part 5.] Classification des Annélides et description de celles qui habitent les côtes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. sér. 1, 30: 411–425. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6096524

[B13] Augener H. (1912) Beitrag zur Kenntnis verschiedener Anneliden und Bemerkungen über die nordischen Nephthys-Arten und deren epitoken Formen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 78A: 162–212. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13317436

[B14] Augener H. (1913) Polychaeta I. Errantia. 65–304. In: Michaelsen W, Hartmeyer R. (Eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens.Ergebnisse der Hamburger Südwest-Australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 65–304.

[B15] Augener H. (1914) Polychaeta II: Sedentaria. In: Michaelsen W, Hartmeyer R (Eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, ed., volume 5. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 72 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B16] Augener H. (1918) Polychaeta. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas 2(2): 67–625. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7172280 [Google Scholar]

[B17] Augener H. (1927) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914–16. 38. Polychaeten von Südost- und Süd-Australien. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Köbenhavn 83: 71–275. [Google Scholar]

[B18] Averincev VG. (1978) The polychaetous annelids of the Aphroditiformia of the shelf and upper bathyal of Australian and New Zealand region and of Macquarie Island (on the base data of 16^th cruise of R/V Dmitri Mendeleev). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 113: 51–72. [Google Scholar]

[B19] Bailey DM, Collins MA, Gordon JDM, Zuur AF, Priede IG. (2009) Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the northeast Atlantic: a deeper reaching effect of fisheries? Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences 276(1664): 1965–1969. 10.1098/rspb.2009.0098 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B20] Bakken T. (2002) A new species of Neanthes (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 59(2): 327–331. 10.24199/j.mmv.2002.59.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B21] Banse K. (1969) Acrocirridae n. fam. (PolychaetaSedentaria). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(10): 2595–2620. 10.1139/f69-253 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B22] Barnich R, Fiege D. (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. 10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B23] Barnich R, Fiege D. (2010) On the distinction of Harmothoe globifera (G.O. Sars, 1873) and some other easily confused polynoids in the NE Atlantic, with the description of a new species of Acanthicolepis Norman in McIntosh, 1900 (Polychaeta, Polynoidae). Zootaxa 2525: 1–18. 10.11646/zootaxa.2525.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B24] Barroso R, De Paiva PC, Nogueira JM, Fukuda MV. (2017) Deep sea Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4221(4): 401–430. 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B25] Bastida-Zavala JR. (2008) Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1–61. [Google Scholar]

[B26] Benham WB. (1915) Report on the Polychaeta obtained by the F.I.S. ‘Endeavour’ on the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, Part 1. Biological Results of the Fisheries Expedition F.I.S. “Endeavour” 1909–14, Volume 3(4): 171–237. [H.C. Dannevig, Sydney] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/953505

[B27] Benham WB. (1916) Report on the Polychaeta obtained by the F.I.S. “Endeavour’’ on the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Part II. Fisheries: Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. ‘’Endeavour’’, 1909–1914 4(2): 127–162. [plates XLVI–XLVIII] [H.C. Dannevig, Sydney] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5916746

[B28] Benham WB. (1921) Polychaeta. Australian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914, Scientific Reports, Series C. Zoology and Botany 6(3): 1–128. 10.5962/bhl.title.16201 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B29] Benham WB. (1927) Polychaeta [Terra Nova]. British Antarctic ‘Terra Nova’ Expedition Natural History Reports. Zoology 7(2): 47–182. [Google Scholar]

[B30] Bergström E. (1914) Zur Systematik der Polychaetenfamilie der Phyllodociden. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala 3: 37–224. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36924250 [Google Scholar]

[B31] Berthold AA. (1827) Latreille’s Natürliche Familien des Thierreichs. Aus dem Franzoesischen, mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen.Verlage Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar, 227–228. 10.5962/bhl.title.11652 [DOI]

[B32] Blainville HMD de. (1818) Mémoire sur la classe des Sétipodes, partie des Vers à sang rouge de M. Cuvier, et des Annélides de M. de Lamarck. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomatique de Paris 1818: 78–85. [Google Scholar]

[B33] Bick A. (2020) Fabriciidae Rioja, 1923. In: Westheide W, Purschke G, Böggemann M. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology.A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Annelida: Polychaetes, Volume 3 Sedentaria 111, Errantia 1. De Gruyter, Osnabrück, 1–33. https://www.degruyter.com/view/Zoology/bp_029147-6_86 [April 4, 2019]

[B34] Blake JA. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R/V Anton Bruun, R/V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(4): 1131–1162. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34607646 [Google Scholar]

[B35] Blake JA. (1985) Polychaeta from the vicinity of deep-sea geothermal vents in the eastern Pacific. I: Euphrosinidae, Phyllodocidae, Hesionidae, Nereididae, Glyceridae, Dorvilleidae, Orbiniidae and Maldanidae. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 6: 67–101. https://bit.ly/31jOeWn [Google Scholar]

[B36] Blake JA. (1995) Family Pholoidae Kinberg, 1858. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel.5 – The Annelida Part 2. Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Syllidae and scale-bearing families), Amphinomida, and Eunicida. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 175–188.

[B37] Blake JA. (1996a) Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel.6 – The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 27–70.

[B38] Blake JA. (1996b) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel.6 – The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 81–223.

[B39] Blake JA. (1997) Family Phyllodocidae Örsted, 1843. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel.The Annelida Part 2. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniidae). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 109–178.

[B40] Blake JA. (2000) Family Oweniidae Rioja, 1917. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel (Vol.7). The Annelida Part 4. Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae to Sternaspidae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 97–127.

[B41] Blake JA. (2006) New species and records of deep-water Cirratulidae (Polychaeta) from off Northern California. Scientia Marina 70 (Supplement 3): 45–57. 10.3989/scimar.2006.70s345 [DOI]

[B42] Blake JA. (2015) New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma. Zootaxa 4033(1): 57–93. 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B43] Blake JA. (2016) Kirkegaardia (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae), new name for Monticellina Laubier, preoccupied in the Rhabdocoela, together with new records and descriptions of eight previously known and sixteen new species from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Zootaxa 4166(1): 1–93. 10.11646/zootaxa.4166.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B44] Blake JA. (2017) PolychaetaOrbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa 4218: 1–145. 10.11646/zootaxa.4218.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B45] Blake JA. (2018) Bitentaculate Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected chiefly during cruises of the R/V Anton Bruun, USNS Eltanin, R/V Hero, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, and R/V Polarstern from the Southern Ocean, Antarctica, and off Western South America. Zootaxa 4537: 1–130. 10.11646/zootaxa.4537.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B46] Blake JA. (2019a) New species of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from abyssal depths of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, North Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4629(2): 151–187. 10.11646/zootaxa.4629.2.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B47] Blake JA. (2019b) Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 281–308.

[B48] Blake JA. (2019c) Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 312–349. 10.1515/9783110291681-010 [DOI]

[B49] Blake JA. (2020) New species and records of deep-water Orbiniidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific continental slope, abyssal Pacific Ocean, and the South China Sea. Zootaxa 4730(1): 1–61. 10.11646/zootaxa.4730.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B50] Blake JA, Kudenov JD. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the Museum Victoria 39: 171–280. 10.24199/j.mmv.1978.39.11 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B51] Blake JA, Maciolek NJ, Ota AY, Williams IP. (2009) Long-term benthic infaunal monitoring at a deep-ocean dredged material disposal site off Northern California. Deep-Sea Research II, 56: 1775–1803. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.021 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B52] Blake JA, Maciolek NJ. (2019a) Opheliidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 285–302. 10.1515/9783110291681-008 [DOI]

[B53] Blake JA, Maciolek NJ. (2019b) Travisiidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971, New Family Status. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 302–311. 10.1515/9783110291681-009 [DOI]

[B54] Blake JA, Maciolek NJ, Meißner K. (2019) Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 103 pp. 10.1515/9783110291681-001 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B55] Blake JA, Magalhães W. (2019) Cirratulidae Ryckholt, 1851. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 339–397.

[B56] Bleidorn C, Helm C. (2019) Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 251–268.

[B57] Bock S. (1942) On the structure and affinities of “Thalassema” lankesteri Herdman and the classification of the group Echiuroidea. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, Sjätte följden – Series B 2(6): 1–94. [Google Scholar]

[B58] Böggemann M. (2002) Revision of the Glyceridae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 555: 1–249. http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/list/series/abh_senck [Google Scholar]

[B59] Böggemann M. (2005) Revision of the Goniadidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 39: 1–354. [Google Scholar]

[B60] Böggemann M. (2009) Polychaetes (Annelida) of the abyssal SE Atlantic. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 9(4): 251–428. [Google Scholar]

[B61] Böggemann M. (2014a. [Online]) Glyceridae Grube, 1850. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B62] Böggemann M. (2014b. [Online]) Goniadidae Kinberg, 1865. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B63] Böggemann M. (2015) Glyceriformia Fauchald, 1977 (Annelida: “Polychaeta”) from Lizard Island (Australia, Queensland) and adjacent areas. Zootaxa 4019(1): 70–97. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.7 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B64] Böggemann M, Wilson RS. (2003) Glyceridae (Polychaeta) – A DELTA database of genera, and Australian species. In: Wilson RS, Hutchings PA, Glasby CJ (Eds) Polychaetes: An Interactive Identification Guide. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

[B65] Böggemann M, Purschke G. (2005) Abyssal benthic Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Angola Basin. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 221–226. 10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.006 [DOI]

[B66] Bonifácio P, Lavesque N, Bachelet G, Parapar J. (2015) Anobothrus amourouxi sp. nov., a new species of Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic Ocean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95(5): 961–969. 10.1017/S0025315414002094 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B67] Bonifácio P, Menot L. (2019. [online first 2018]) New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185(3): 555–635. [published online 14 November 2018; printed publication 27 February 2019] 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063 [DOI]

[B68] Borda E, Kudenov JD, Bienhold C, Rouse GW. (2012) Towards a revised Amphinomidae (Annelida, Amphinomida): description and affinities of a new genus and species from the Nile deep‐sea Fan, Mediterranean Sea. Zoologica Scripta 41: 307–325. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00529.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B69] Borda E, Kudenov JD, Chevaldonne P, Blake JA, Desbruyères D, Fabri M-C, Hourdez S, Pleijel F, Shank TM, Wilson NG, Schulze A, Rouse GW. (2013) Cryptic species of Archinome (Annelida: Amphinomida) from vents and seeps. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280(1770): 20131876. 10.1098/rspb.2013.1876 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B70] Brasier MJ, Harle J, Wiklund H, Jeffreys RM, Linse K, Ruhl HA, Glover AG. (2017) Distributional patterns of polychaetes across the West Antarctic based on DNA barcoding and particle tracking analyses. Frontiers in Marine Science 4: e356. 10.3389/fmars.2017.00356 [DOI]

[B71] Brasier MJ, Wiklund H, Neal L, Jeffreys R, Linse K, Ruhl H, Glover AG. (2016) DNA barcoding uncovers cryptic diversity in 50% of deep-sea Antarctic polychaetes. Royal Society Open Science 3: e160432. 10.1098/rsos.160432 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B72] Brenke N. (2005) An epibenthic sledge for operations on marine soft bottom and bedrock. Marine Technology Society Journal 39(2): 10–21. 10.4031/002533205787444015 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B73] Brown A, Thatje S. (2014) Explaining bathymetric diversity patterns in marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes: physiological contributions to adaptation of life at depth. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 89(2): 406–426. 10.1111/brv.12061 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B74] Capa M. (2007) Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of apomorphic sabellids (Sabellidae: Polychaeta) from Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 21: 537–567. 10.1071/IS07002 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B75] Capa M, Aguado MT, Bakken T. (2016) Phylogenetic hypothesis of Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867 (Annelida) and its position within Phyllodocida. Cladistics 32: 335–350. 10.1111/cla.12134 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B76] Capa M, Bakken T. (2015) Revision of the Australian Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) including the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4000(2): 227–267. 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.2.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B77] Capa M, Bakken T, Meißner K, Nygren A. (2018) Three, two, one! Revision of the long-bodied sphaerodorids (Sphaerodoridae, Annelida) and synonymization of Ephesiella, Ephesiopsis and Sphaerodorum. PeerJ 6: e5783. 10.7717/peerj.5783 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B78] Capa M, Bakken T, Purschke G. (2014. [Online]). Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B79] Capa M, Hutchings P, Aguado MT, Bott N. (2010) Phylogeny of Sabellidae (Annelida) and relationships with other taxa inferred from morphology and multiple genes. Cladistics 26: 449–469. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00341.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B80] Capa M, Murray A. (2015) Integrative taxonomy of Parasabella and Sabellomma (Sabellidae: Annelida) from Australia: description of new species, indication of cryptic diversity, translocation of some species out of their natural distribution range. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 764–811. 10.1111/zoj.12308 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B81] Capa M, Parapar J, Hutchings P. (2012) Phylogenetic analyses of Oweniidae (Polychaeta) and taxonomic revision of Australian fauna reveals relationships and undocumented diversity within this enigmatic group of marine worms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 236–278. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00850.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B82] Capa M, Nishi E, Katsuhiko T, Katsunori F. (2013) First record of a Bispira species (Sabellidae: Polychaeta) from a hydrothermal vent. Marine Biodiversity Records 6: 1–6. 10.1017/S1755267213000468 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B83] Capa M, Parapar J, Hutchings P. (2019a) Oweniidae Rioja, 1917. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 91–112. 10.1515/9783110291582-004 [DOI]

[B84] Capa M, Giangrande A, Nogueira JMM, Tovar-Hernández M. (2019b) Sabellidae. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 164–212.

[B85] Capa M, Nygren A, Parapar J, Bakken T, Meißner K, Moreira J. (2019c) Systematic re-structure and new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) after morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the North East Atlantic fauna. ZooKeys 845: 1–97. 10.3897/zookeys.845.32428 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B86] Carr CM, Hardy SM, Brown TM, Macdonald TA, Hebert PDN. (2011) A Tri-Oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22232. 10.1371/journal.pone.0022232 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B87] Carrera-Parra LF. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861 (Annelida: Polychaeta). Zootaxa 1332: 1–36. 10.11646/zootaxa.1332.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B88] Carus JV. (1863) Vermes. In: Peters WCH, Carus JV, Gerstäcker CEA. (Eds) Handbuch der Zoologie.Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 422–484. 10.5962/bhl.title.1399 [DOI]

[B89] Carney RS. (2005) Zonation of deep biota on continental margins. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 43: 211–278. 10.1201/9781420037449.ch6 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B90] Caullery M. (1914) Sur les Siboglinidae, type nouveau d’invertébrés receuillis par l’expédition du Siboga. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 158: 2014–2017. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7159983 [Google Scholar]

[B91] Cerruti A. (1909) Contributo all’anatomia: biologia e sistematica delle Paraonidae (Levinsenidae) con particolare riguardo alle specie del golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 19(3): 459–512. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47419517 [Google Scholar]

[B92] Chamberlin RV. (1919) The AnnelidaPolychaeta [Albatross Expeditions]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 48: 1–514. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ia/memoirsofmuseumo4801harv [Google Scholar]

[B93] Claparède É, Mecznikow E. (1869) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chaetopoden. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 19: 163–205. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45006862 [Google Scholar]

[B94] Cutler EB. (1977) The bathyal and abyssal Sipuncula. Galathea Report 14: 135–156. 10.11646/zootaxa.525.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B95] Cutler EB. (1994) The Sipuncula. Their systematics, biology and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 453 pp. 10.7591/9781501723643 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B96] Dahlgren TG, Lundberg J, Pleijel F, Sundberg P. (2002) Morphological and molecular evidence of the phylogeny of Nereidiform polychaetes (Annelida). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 38(4): 249–254. 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384150.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B97] Day JH. (1963) The polychaete fauna of South Africa. Part 8: New species and records from grab samples and dredgings. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Series Zoology 10(7): 381–445. 10.5962/bhl.part.20530 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B98] Day JH. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish DJ, Fauchald K. (Eds) Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr.Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 217–243.

[B99] Day JH, Hutchings PA. (1979) An annotated check-list of Australian and New Zealand Polychaeta, Archiannelida and Myzostomida. Records of the Australian Museum 32: 80–161. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.32.1979.203 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B100] Desbruyères D, Segonzac M. (1997) Handbook of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna. IFRÉMER, Brest, 279 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B101] Detinova NN. (1982) Deep-water Maldanidae (Polychaeta) of the Pacific Ocean 1. The genus Maldanella. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 117: 63–75. [Google Scholar]

[B102] Dixon-Bridges K, Gladstone W, Hutchings PA. (2014) One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872(5): 513–540. 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B103] Dnestrovskaya NY, Jirkov IA. (2010) Micronephthys (Polychaeta: Nephtyidae) of Northern Europe and Arctic. Invertebrate Zoology 7(2): 107–121. 10.15298/invertzool.07.2.03 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B104] Dnestrovskaya NY, Jirkov IA. (2019) Redescription of Micronephthys longicornis (Perejaslavtseva, 1891) (Annelida: Nephtyidae). Zootaxa 4550(3): 391–400. 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.3.6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B105] Drennan R, Wiklund H, Rouse GW, Georgieva MN, Wu X, Kobayashi G, Yoshino K, Glover AG. (2019) Taxonomy and phylogeny of mud owls (Annelida: Sternaspidae), including a new synonymy and new records from the Southern Ocean, North East Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean: challenges in morphological delimitation. Marine Biodiversity 49: 2659–2697. 10.1007/s12526-019-00998-0 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B106] Ebbe B, Purschke G. (2021) Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Volume 3: Sedentaria III, Errantia I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 50–65.

[B107] Edmonds SJ. (1987) Echiurans of Australia (Echiura). Records of the South Australian Museum 32: 119–138. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40781430 [Google Scholar]

[B108] Ehlers E. (1864) Die Borstenwürmer, nach systematischen und anatomischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 748 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.2081 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B109] Ehlers E. (1874) Annulata nova vel minus cognita in Expeditione ‘Porcupine’ capta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 13: 292–298. 10.1080/00222937408680863 [DOI]

[B110] Ehlers E. (1901) Die Polychaeten des magellanischen und chilenischen Strandes. Ein faunistischer Versuch. Festschrift zur Feier des Hundertfünfzigjährigen Bestehens der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 232 pp. http://www.annelida.net/docs/Ehlers1901_PolychaetenMagellanischenChilenischenStrandes.pdf [Google Scholar]

[B111] Ehlers E. (1904) Neuseeländische Anneliden. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. Neue Folge 3(1): 1–80. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46755553 [Google Scholar]

[B112] Ehlers E. (1913) Die Polychaeten-Sammlungen der deutschen Südpolar-Expedition, 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des innern herausgegeben von Erich von Drygalski Leiter Expedition 13(4): 397–598. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2139283

[B113] Eibye-Jacobsen D. (1991) A revision of Eumida Malmgren, 1865 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae). Steenstrupia 17: 81–140. [Google Scholar]

[B114] Eibye-Jacobsen D, Aungtonya C, Gonzalez BC. (2020. [Online]). Sigalionidae Kinberg, 1856. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B115] Eilertsen MH, Kongsrud JA, Alvestad T, Stiller J, Rouse GW, Rapp HT. (2017) Do ampharetids take sedimented steps between vents and seeps? Phylogeny and habitat-use of Ampharetidae (Annelida Terebelliformia) in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17(1): e222. 10.1186/s12862-017-1065-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B116] Eilertsen MH, Georgieva MN, Kongsrud JA, Linse K, Wiklund H, Glover AG, Rapp HT. (2018) Genetic connectivity from the Arctic to the Antarctic: Sclerolinum contortum and Nicomache lokii (Annelida) are both widespread in reducing environments. Scientific Reports 8: e4810. 10.1038/s41598-018-23076-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B117] Ekins M, Erpenbeck D, Hooper J. (2020) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa 4774: 1–159. 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B118] Ekman S. (1953) Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 417 pp. 10.2307/1439946 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B119] Etter RJ, Rex MA. (1990) Population differentiation decreases with depth in deep-sea gastropods. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 37(8): 1251–1261. 10.1016/0198-0149(90)90041-S [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B120] Farrelly CA, Ahyong ST. (2019) Deepwater decapod, stomatopod and lophogastrid Crustacea from Eastern Australia and the Great Australian Bight collected in 2015–2017: preliminary identifications of 191 species. Museum Victoria Science Reports 21: 1–97. 10.24199/j.mvsr.2019.21 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B121] Fauchald K. (1963) Nephtyidae (Polychaeta) from Norwegian waters. Sarsia 13: 1–32. 10.1080/00364827.1963.10409514 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B122] Fauchald K. (1972) Benthic polychaetous annelids from deep water off western Mexico and adjacent areas in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 7: 1–575. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6207 [Google Scholar]

[B123] Fauchald K. (1974) Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from world-wide areas. Journal of Natural History 8(3): 257–289. 10.1080/00222937400770241 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B124] Fauchald K, Hancock DR. (1981) Deep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 11: 1–73. http://hdl.handle.net/10088/3445 [Google Scholar]

[B125] Fauchald K, Jumars P. (1979) The diet of worms: A study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology – an Annual Review 17: 193–284. [Google Scholar]

[B126] Filippova A, Purschke G, Tzetlin AB, Müller MCM. (2010) Musculature in polychaetes: comparison of Myrianida prolifera (Syllidae) and Sphaerodoropsis sp. (Sphaerodoridae). Invertebrate Biology 129: 184–198. 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00191.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B127] Fischer W. (1919) Gephyreen der Südwestküste Australiens. Zoologischer Anzeiger 50: 277–285. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29993777 [Google Scholar]

[B128] Fitzhugh K. (1990) A revision of the fabriciin genus Augeneriella Banse, 1957 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 24: 195–218. 10.1080/00222939000770131 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B129] Fitzhugh K. (1992) On the systematic position of Monroika africana (Monro) (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae) and a description of a new fabriciin genus and species from Australia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105(1): 116–131. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35607285 [Google Scholar]

[B130] Fitzhugh K. (1996) New fanworm species (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae) in the genus Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh. Journal of Natural History 30: 1267–1286. 10.1080/00222939600771211 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B131] Fitzhugh K. (2001) A new deep-water genus and species of Fabriciinae fanworm (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Antarctica. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 491: 1–8. [Google Scholar]

[B132] Fitzhugh K. (2002) New species of Fabricinuda Fitzhugh and Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae), with an emendation of Pseudofabriciola australiensis (Hartmann-Schröder). Journal of Natural History 36: 893–925. 10.1080/00222930110034580 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B133] Fitzhugh K, Wolf PS. (1990) Gross morphology of the brain of pilargid polychaetes: taxonomic and systematic implications. American Museum Novitates 2992: 1–16. http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5090 [Google Scholar]

[B134] France SC, Kocher TD. (1996) Geographic and bathymetric patterns of mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence divergence among deep-sea amphipods, Eurythenes gryllus. Marine Biology 126: 633–643. 10.1007/BF00351330 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B135] Gage JD, Tyler PA. (1991) Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 504 pp. 10.1017/CBO9781139163637 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B136] Georgieva MN, Wiklund H, Bell JB, Eilertsen MH, Mills RA, Little CTS, Adrian AG. (2015) A chemosynthetic weed: the tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum is a bipolar, cosmopolitan species. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: e280. 10.1186/s12862-015-0559-y [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B137] Georgieva MN, Gunton LM, Wiklund H, Watson C, Ramos DA, Glover AG. (in prep) The annelid community associated with a natural deep-sea whale fall from Australia’s east coast.

[B138] Glasby CJ. (1993) Family revision and cladistic analysis of the Nereidoidea (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida). Invertebrate Taxonomy 7: 1551–1573. 10.1071/IT9931551 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B139] Glasby CJ. (2000a) Family Orbiniidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia (Vol. 4A). Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 79–82. https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-4a

[B140] Glasby CJ. (2000b) Family Paraonidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 82–84. https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-4a

[B141] Glazier AE, Etter RJ. (2014) Cryptic speciation along a bathymetric gradient. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 897–913. 10.1111/bij.12389 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B142] Glover AG, Smith CR, Paterson GLJ, Wilson GDF, Hawkins L, Sheader M. (2002) Polychaete species diversity in the central Pacific abyss: local and regional patterns, and relationships with productivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 240: 157–170. 10.3354/meps240157 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B143] Glover AG, Smith CR. (2003) The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30(3): 219–241. 10.1017/S0376892903000225 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B144] Glover AG, Dahlgren TG, Wiklund H, Mohrbeck I, Smith CR. (2016) An end-to-end DNA taxonomy methodology for benthic biodiversity survey in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific abyss. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 4(1): 1–2. 10.3390/jmse4010002 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B145] Goffredi SK, Johnson SB, Vrijenhoek RC. (2007) Genetic diversity and potential function of microbial symbionts associated with newly discovered species of Osedax polychaete worms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(7): 2314–2323. 10.1128/AEM.01986-06 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B146] Gonzalez BC, Martínez A, Borda E, Iliffe T, Eibye-Jacobsen D, Worsaae K. (2018) Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia. Cladistics 34: 225–259. 10.1111/cla.12202 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B147] Greaves E, Meißner K, Wilson R. (2011) New Laonice species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from western and northern Australia. Zootaxa 2903: 1–20. 10.11646/zootaxa.2903.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B148] Grube AE. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 16(1): 249–364. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6958350 [Google Scholar]

[B149] Grube AE. (1862) Noch ein Wort über die Capitellen und ihre Stelle im Systeme der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 28(1): 366–378. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7160797 [Google Scholar]

[B150] Grube AE. (1868) Naturwissenschaftliche Section mit einigen Sipunkuloiden bekannt und sprach namentlich über Loxosiphon, Cloeosiphon, und einige Phascolosomen. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur 45: 47–49. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46568003 [Google Scholar]

[B151] Grube AE. (1870) Bemerkungen über die familie der Glycereen. Jahresbericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur Breslau 47: 56–68. https://archive.org/details/jahresberichtder4718schl/page/n7/mode/2up [Google Scholar]

[B152] Grube AE. (1873) Über ein paar neue Anneliden aus der Familie der Spiodeen. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur 50: 57–58. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38491131 [Google Scholar]

[B153] Grube AE. (1877) Anneliden – Ausbeute S.M.S. Gazelle. Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 509–554. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35723828

[B154] Gunton LM, Kupriyanova EK, Alvestad T. (2020) Two new deep-water species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Australian continental margin. Records of the Australian Museum 72(4): 101–121. 10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1763 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B155] Hanley JR, Burke M. (1991) A new genus and species of scaleworm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the Cascade Plateau, Tasman Sea. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 8(1): 97–102. [Google Scholar]

[B156] Hartman O. (1942) A review of the types of polychaetous annelids at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Yale University 8(1): 1–98. [Google Scholar]

[B157] Hartman O. (1945) The marine annelids of North Carolina. Duke University Marine Station Bulletin 2: 1–54. [Google Scholar]

[B158] Hartman O. (1959) Catalogue of the Polychaetous Annelids of the World. Parts 1 and 2. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper. 23: 1–628. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll82/id/19573/ [Google Scholar]

[B159] Hartman O. (1960) Systematic account of some marine invertebrate animals from the deep basins off southern California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 22: 69–216. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4682240 [Google Scholar]

[B160] Hartman O. (1964) PolychaetaErrantia of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 3: 1–131. 10.1002/iroh.19660510124 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B161] Hartman O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation 28: 1–378. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll82/id/20299/ [Google Scholar]

[B162] Hartman O. (1966a) New records of some little known Australian Polychaetous annelids. Records of the Australian Museum 26: 361–365. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.26.1966.685 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B163] Hartman O. (1966b) PolychaetaMyzostomidae and Sedentaria of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 7: 1–158. 10.1029/AR007 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B164] Hartman O. (1967a) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 2: 1–387. [Google Scholar]

[B165] Hartman O. (1967b) Annelida, Polychaeta, Archiannelida (Vol. 10). McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 461–465.

[B166] Hartman O. (1969) Atlas of the sedentariate polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 812 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B167] Hartman O. (1971) Abyssal polychaetous annelids from the Mozambique Basin off southeast Africa, with a compendium of abyssal polychaetous annelids from world-wide areas. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(10): 1407–1428. 10.1139/f71-219 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B168] Hartman O. (1978) Polychaeta from the Weddell Sea quadrant, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 26(4): 125–223. 10.1029/AR026p0125 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B169] Hartman O, Fauchald K. (1971) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic Areas. Part II. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 6: 1–327. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/3458 [Google Scholar]

[B170] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1959) Zur Ökologie der Polychaeten des Mangrove‐Estero‐Gebietes von El Salvador. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna 1(2): 69–183. 10.1080/01650525909380612 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B171] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1965) Zur Kenntnis des Sublitorals der chilenischen Küste unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. II Die Polychaeten des Sublitorals. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut. 62 supplement: 59–305 [231–233].

[B172] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1971) Annelida, Borstenwürmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise 58, 594 pp. 10.1086/407180 [DOI]

[B173] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1975) Polychaeten der Iberischen Tiefsee, gesammelt auf der 3. Reise der Meteor im Jahre 1966. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 72: 47–73. [Google Scholar]

[B174] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1979) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestküste Australiens (zwischen Derby im Norden und Port Hedland im Süden). Teil 2. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 76: 77–218.

[B175] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1980) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestküste Australiens (zwischen Port Samson im Norden und Exmouth im Süden). Teil 4. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 77: 41–110.

[B176] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1981) Polychaeten der tropisch-subtropischen Westküste Australiens (zwischen Exmouth im Norden und Cervantes im Süden). Teil 6. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden (Teil 6 und Teil 7).Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 78: 19–96.

[B177] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1982) Die Polychaeten der subtropischen-antiborealen Westküste Australiens (zwischen Cervantes im Norden und Cape Naturaliste im Süden). Teil 8. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden (Teil 6 und Teil 7).Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 79: 51–118.

[B178] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1983) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südwestküste Australiens (zwischen Dunsborough im Norden und Denmark im Süden). Teil 9. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 80: 123–167.

[B179] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1986) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südküste Australiens (zwischen Wallaroo im Westen und Port MacDonnell im Osten). Teil 12. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 83: 31–70.

[B180] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1987) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Küste von Victoria (Australien) (Zwischen Warrnambool im Westen und Port Welshpool im Osten). Teil 13. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 84: 27–66.

[B181] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1991) Die Polychaeten der subtropisch-tropischen bis tropischen Ostküste Australiens zwischen Maclean (New South Wales) und Gladstone (Queensland) sowie von Heron Island (Grosses Barriere-Riff). Teil 16. In: Hartmann-Schröder G, Hartmann G. (Eds) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden.Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 88: 17–71.

[B182] Hartmann-Schröder G. (1993) Die Polychaeten der “Polarstern” – Reise ANTX/1b zur Antarktischen Halbinsel und Isla de los Estados (Feuerland, Argentinien) 1991. Teil 1: Polynoidae bis Iphitimidae. Mitteilungen aus den Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 90: 127–150. [Google Scholar]

[B183] Hartmann-Schröder G, Parker SA. (1995) Four new species of the family Opheliidae (Polychaeta) from southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum 28(1): 1–12. https://archive.org/details/RecordsSouthAus28Sout/page/1/mode/2up [Google Scholar]

[B184] Hartmann-Schröder G, Rosenfeldt P. (1988) Die Polychaeten der “Polarstern” – Reise ANT III/2 in die Antarktis 1984. Teil 1: Euphrosinidae bis Chaetopteridae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 85: 25–72. [Google Scholar]

[B185] Hartmann-Schröder G, Rosenfeldt P. (1989) Die Polychaeten der “Polarstern” – Reise 68/1 nach Elephant Island (Antarktis) 1985. Teil 2: Cirratulidae bis Serpulidae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 86: 65–106. [Google Scholar]

[B186] Hartmann-Schröder G, Rosenfeldt P. (1991) Die Polychaeten der “Walter Herwig” – Reise ANT III/2 in die Antarktis 1984. Teil 2: Acrocirridae bis Serpulidae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 88: 73–96. [Google Scholar]

[B187] Haswell WA. (1886) Observations on some Australian Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 10: 733–756. 10.5962/bhl.part.17962 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B188] Haswell WA. (1892) Observations on the Chloraemidae, with special reference to certain Australian forms. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Series 2, 6: 329–356. 10.5962/bhl.part.29896 [DOI]

[B189] Hatschek B. (1888) Lehrbuch der Zoologie, eine morphologische Übersicht des Thierreiches zur Einführung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft. Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 144 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.1381 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B190] Hausen H. (2005) Chaetae and chaetogenesis in polychaetes (Annelida). In: Purschke G, Bartolomaeus T. (Eds) Morphology, Molecules, Evolution and Phylogeny in Polychaeta and Related Taxa, Vol.535/536, Hydrobiologia, 199–225.

[B191] Hausen H. (2005) Chaetae and chaetogenesis in polychaetes (Annelida). In: Purschke G, Bartolomaeus T. (Eds) Morphology, Molecules, Evolution and Phylogeny in Polychaeta and Related Taxa, Vol.535/536, Hydrobiologia, 199–225. 10.1007/1-4020-3240-4_4 [DOI]

[B192] Heap AD, Harris PT. (2008) Geomorphology of the Australian margin and adjacent seafloor. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55(4): 555–585. 10.1080/08120090801888669 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B193] Herring P. (2010) The Biology of the Deep Ocean. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 314 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B194] Hessler RR, Jumars PA. (1974) Abyssal community analysis from replicate box cores in central north Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 21(3): 185–209. 10.1016/0011-7471(74)90058-8 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B195] Hocknull SA, Glasby CJ. (2009) Diversity and ecology of Pilargidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arafura Sea, northern Australia. Zoosymposia 2: 537–550. 10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.37 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B196] Higgs ND, Attrill MJ. (2015) Biases in biodiversity: wide-ranging species are discovered first in the deep sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 2: 1–8. 10.3389/fmars.2015.00061 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B197] Hilbig B. (1997) Family Nereididae Johnston, 1845. In: Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH. (Eds) The Annelida Part 2 Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniidae).Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, 291–316.

[B198] Holthe T. (2000) Bathyal and abyssal Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) (sedentary species II). Galathea Report 18: 57–68. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.613.2272&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Google Scholar]

[B199] Horst R. (1903) New species of the Euphrosyne from the Siboga Expedition, with a table of the species hitherto known. Notes from the Leyden Museum 23: 213–222. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9658066 [Google Scholar]

[B200] Horst R. (1910) On the genus Chloeia with some new species from the Malay Archipelago, partly collected by the Siboga Expedition. Notes from the Leyden Museum 32: 169–175. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13217595 [Google Scholar]

[B201] Horst R. (1923) On three remarkable AnnelidaPolychaeta. Zoologische Mededeelingen Leiden 7: 221–224. https://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/150120 [Google Scholar]

[B202] Hove ten HA, Zibrowius H. (1986) Laminatubus alvini gen. et sp. n. and Protis hydrothermica sp. n. (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) from the bathyal hydrothermal vent communities in the eastern Pacific. Zoologica Scripta 15(1): 21–31. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00205.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B203] Huang D, Fitzhugh K, Rouse GW. (2011) Inference of phylogenetic relationships within Fabriciidae (Sabellidae, Annelida) using molecular and morphological data. Cladistics 27: 356–379. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00343.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B204] Hutchings P, Reid A. (1991) The Nereididae (Polychaeta) from Australia-Leonnates, Platynereis and Solomononereis. Records of the Australian Museum 43(1): 47–62. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.43.1991.40 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B205] Hutchings P. (1998) Biodiversity and functioning of polychaetes in benthic sediments. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 1133–1145. 10.1023/A:1008871430178 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B206] Hutchings PA. (2000a) Family Acoetidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 112–115. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf

[B207] Hutchings PA. (2000b) Family Capitellidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 67–72. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf

[B208] Hutchings PA. (2000c) Family Opheliidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 99–103. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf

[B209] Hutchings PA. (2000d) Family Polynoidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia. Volume 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 152–157. https://environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d603deda-71f4-4647-a3a8-0fe7945f5f32/files/4a-polychaetes-01-polychaeta-02.pdf

[B210] Hutchings PA. (2007) New species of Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae from the deep sea. Galathea Report 21: 75–90. [Google Scholar]

[B211] Hutchings PA, DeDeckker P, Geddes MC. (1981) A new species of Manayunkia (Polychaeta) from ephemeral lakes near the Coorang, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 105(1): 25–28. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41071515 [Google Scholar]

[B212] Hutchings P, Rainer S. (1979) The polychaete fauna of Careel Bay, Pittwater, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Natural History 13: 745–796. 10.1080/00222937900770561 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B213] Hutchings PA, McRae J. (1993) The Aphroditidae (Polychaeta) from Australia, together with a redescription of the Aphroditidae collected during the Siboga Expedition. Records of the Australian Museum 45(3): 279–363. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.45.1993.24 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B214] Hutchings P, McRae J, Murray A. (in prep.) The Pholoidae and selected genera of the Sigalionidae (Annelida) from Australia. Zootaxa.

[B215] Hutchings P, Murray A. (1984) Taxonomy of polychaetes from Hawkesbury River and the southern estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 3: 1–119. 10.3853/j.0812-7387.3.1984.101 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B216] Hutchings P, Peart R. (2002) A review of the genera of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) together with a description of the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 54: 99–127. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1356 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B217] Hutchings P, Capa M, Peart R. (2012) Revision of the Australian Sabellariidae (Polychaeta) and description of eight new species. Zootaxa 3306: 1–60. 10.11646/zootaxa.3306.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B218] Hutchings P, Carrerette O, Nogueira JMM. (2021) Pectinariidae de Quatrefages, 1866. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Volume 3: Sedentaria III, Errantia I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 68–137.

[B219] Imajima M. (1973) Paraonidae (Polychaeta) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 16(2): 253–292. [Google Scholar]

[B220] Imajima M. (1991) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. VII. The genus Spiophanes. Bulletin of National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A 17: 115–137. [Google Scholar]

[B221] Imajima M. (1999) Onuphidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan, excluding the genus Onuphis. National Science Museum Monographs 16: 1–115. [Google Scholar]

[B222] Imajima M. (2001) Deep-sea benthic polychaetous annelids of Tosa Bay, southwestern Japan. National Science Museum Monographs 20: 31–100. [Google Scholar]

[B223] Imajima M. (2009) Deep-sea benthic polychaetes off Pacific Coast of the northern Honshu, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs 39: 39–192. https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/publication/monograph/v39.html [Google Scholar]

[B224] Janssen A, Stuckas H, Vink A, Arbizu PM. (2019) Biogeography and population structure of predominant macrofaunal taxa (Annelida and Isopoda) in abyssal polymetallic nodule fields: implications for conservation and management. Marine Biodiversity 49: 2641–2658. 10.1007/s12526-019-00997-1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B225] Jenkins CJ. (1984) Erosion and Deposition at Abyssal Depths in the Tasman Sea. A Seismic Stratigraphic Study of the Bottom-current Patterns. Ocean Science Institute, University of Sydney. Report 4.

[B226] Johnston G. (1846) An index to the British Annelides. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1(16): 433–462. 10.1080/037454809495980 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B227] Johnston G. (1865) A catalogue of the British non-parasitical worms in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum. Taylor & Francis, London, 366 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.12291 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B228] Johnston TH, Tiegs OW. (1919) Pseudobonellia, a new echiuroid from the Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 44: 213–239. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3765309 [Google Scholar]

[B229] Johnston TH, Tiegs OW. (1920) A new species of Bonellia from Port Jackson. Records of the Australian Museum 13(2): 73–76. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.13.1920.856 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B230] Jumars PA, Dorgan KM, Lindsay SM. (2015) Diet of worms emended: An update of polychaete feeding guilds. Annual Review of Marine Science 7(1): 497–520. 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-020007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B231] Kawauchi GY, Sharma PP, Giribet G. (2012) Sipunculan phylogeny based on six genes, with a new classification and the descriptions of two new families. Zoologica Scripta 41(2): 186–210. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00507.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B232] Kinberg JGH. (1856) Nya slägten och arter af Annelider, Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhhandlingar Stockholm 12(9–10): 381–388. [read 1855, printed 1856] https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15970133 [Google Scholar]

[B233] Kinberg JGH. (1865) Annulata nova. [Continuatio.]. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm 22(2): 167–179. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32339443 [Google Scholar]

[B234] Kirkegaard JB. (1956) Benthic Polychaeta from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 63–78. [Google Scholar]

[B235] Kirkegaard JB. (1994) The biogeography of some abyssal polychaetes. Mémoires Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle 162: 471–477. https://archive.org/details/memoiresdumuseu162muse/page/470/mode/2up [Google Scholar]

[B236] Kirkegaard JB. (1995) Bathyal and abyssal polychaetes (errant species). Galathea Report 17: 7–56. [Google Scholar]

[B237] Kirkegaard JB. (1996) Bathyal and abyssal polychaetes (sedentary species I). Galathea Report 17: 57–77. [Google Scholar]

[B238] Kirtley DW. (1994) A review and taxonomic revision of the family Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865 (Annelida; Polychaeta). Sabecon Press Science Series 1: 1–223. [Google Scholar]

[B239] Knox GA, Cameron DB. (1998) The Marine fauna of the Ross Sea: Polychaeta. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 108: 1–125. http://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/Memoir%20108_Marine%20Fauna%20of%20Ross%20Sea_Polychaeta%20-%201998.pdf [Google Scholar]

[B240] Kolbasova G, Kosobokova K, Neretina T. (2020) Bathy- and mesopelagic annelida from the Arctic Ocean: Description of new, redescription of known and notes on some “cosmopolitan” species. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 165: 103327. 10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103327 [DOI]

[B241] Kongsrud JA, Bakken T, Oug E. (2011) Deep-water species of the genus Ophelina (Annelida, Opheliidae) in the Nordic Seas, with description of Ophelina brattegardi sp. nov. Italian Journal of Zoology 78(sup1): 95–111. 10.1080/11250003.2011.606658 [DOI]

[B242] Kongsrud JA, Budaeva N, Barnich R, Oug E, Bakken T. (2013) Benthic polychaetes from the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the Azores and the Reykjanes Ridge. Marine Biology Research 9: 516–546. 10.1080/17451000.2012.749997 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B243] Kucheruk NV. (1977) On the specific composition and distribution of the deep-sea genus Paraonuphis [sic for Paronuphis] (Polychaeta, Eunicidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 108: 44–51. [Google Scholar]

[B244] Kudenov JD. (1991) A new family and genus of the order Amphinomida (Polychaeta) from the Galapagos hydrothermal vents. Ophelia, supplement 5 (Systematics, Biology and Morphology of World Polychaeta): 111–120.

[B245] Kudenov JD. (1993) Amphinomidae and Euphrosinidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) principally from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, and Subantarctic regions. Antarctic Research Series, Ser. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XXII 58: 93–150. 10.1029/AR058p0093 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B246] Kudenov JD. (1976) Polychaeta from Southeastern Australia 1. Acrocirridae Banse, 1969, from Victoria and New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 30(9): 137–149. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.30.1976.395 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B247] Kupriyanova EK. (1993a) Deep-water Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench: 1. Genus Hyalopomatus. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 72: 145–152. [Google Scholar]

[B248] Kupriyanova EK. (1993b) Deep-water Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. 2. Genera Bathyditrupa, Bathyvermilia, and Protis. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 72(3): 21–28. [Google Scholar]

[B249] Kupriyanova EK. (1993c) A new species, Metavermilia arctica (Polychaeta, Serpulidae), from the Arctic Ocean. Sarsia 78(2): 155–157. 10.1080/00364827.1993.10413532 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B250] Kupriyanova EK, Rouse GW. (2008) Yet another example of paraphyly in Annelida: molecular evidence that Sabellidae contains Serpulidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 1174–1181. 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.025 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B251] Kupriyanova EK, Ippolitov AP. (2015) Deep-sea serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) in tetragonal tubes: on a tube convergence path from the Mesozoic to Recent. Zootaxa 4044: 151–200. 10.11646/zootaxa.4044.2.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B252] Kupriyanova EK, Bailey-Brock J, Nishi E. (2011) New records of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected by R/V “Vityaz” from bathyal and abyssal depths of the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 2871: 43–60. 10.11646/zootaxa.2871.1.3 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B253] Kupriyanova EK, Nishi E, Kawato M, Fujiwara T. (2010) New records of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from hydrothermal vents of North Fiji, Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 2389: 57–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.2389.1.3 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B254] Kupriyanova EK, Vinn O, Taylor PD, Schopf JW, Kudryavtsev AB, Bailey-Brock J. (2014) Serpulids living deep: calcareous tubeworms beyond the abyss. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 90: 91–104. 10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.006 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B255] Lacaze-Duthiers H. (1858) Recherches sur la Bonellie (Bonellia viridis) (1). Annales des Sciences Naturelles 10: 49–110 [plates 1–4]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13469606

[B256] Lamarck JB de. (1818) Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s’y rapportent; précédés d’une Introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l`Animal, sa distinction du végétal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l’Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Deterville, Paris, 612 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46337 [Google Scholar]

[B257] Langeneck J, Barbieri M, Maltagliati F, Castelli A. (2019a) Molecular phylogeny of Paraonidae (Annelida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 136: 1–13. 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.023 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B258] Langeneck J, Busoni G, Aliani S, Lardicci C, Castelli A. (2019b) Distribution and diversity of polychaetes along a bathyal escarpment in the western Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research, Part I 144: 85–94. 10.1016/j.dsr.2019.01.006 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B259] Langerhans P. (1880) Die Wurmfauna Madeiras. 11. Zeitschrift für Wissenschafiliche Zoologie 33: 271–316. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45632727 [Google Scholar]

[B260] Latreille PA. (1825) Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposé succinctement et dans un ordre analytique avec l’indication de leurs genres. J B. Baillière, Paris, 570 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.16094 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B261] Laubier L. (1967) Sur quelques Aricidea (Polychètes, Paraonidae) de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu, Série A 18(1): 99–132. https://wwwphp.obs-banyuls.fr/Viemilieu/index.php/archives.html [Google Scholar]

[B262] Laubier L. (1975) Lacydonia laureci sp. n., annelide polychete nouvelle de l’étage abyssal de Méditerranée orientale. Vie et Milieu, Série A 25(1): 75–82. https://wwwphp.obs-banyuls.fr/Viemilieu/index.php/archives.html [Google Scholar]

[B263] Laubier L, Ramos J. (1974) Paraonidae (Polychètes sédentaires) de Méditerranée. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 3e Série 168 (Zoologie 113): 1097–1148. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1973/publication-5122.pdf

[B264] Lechapt JP, Kirtley DW. (1996) Bathysabellaria spinifera (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae), a new species from deep water off New Caledonia, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 109: 560–574. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34645167 [Google Scholar]

[B265] Lechapt JP. (1997) Two new species of Hyalinoecia (Polychaeta, Onuphidae) from the deep zones off New Caledonia (southwest Pacific Ocean). Bulletin of Marine Science 60(2): 306–312. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1997/00000060/00000002/art00012 [Google Scholar]

[B266] Lemer S, Kawauchi GY, Andrade SCS, González VL, Boyle MJ, Giribet G. (2015) Re-evaluating the phylogeny of Sipuncula through transcriptomics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 174–183. 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.019 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B267] de Leon-Gonzalez JA. (1998) Spionidae and Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the western coast of Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 62(1): 7–16. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1998/00000062/00000001/art00002 [Google Scholar]

[B268] Levenstein RY. (1970) New and rare species of the abyssal genus Fauveliopsis McIntosh (Polychaeta, Annelida) and the peculiarities of its distribution. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 88: 227–235. [Google Scholar]

[B269] Levenstein RY. (1978) Annelida (Polychaeta) from the deep waters of the Pacific region of Antarctic. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 113: 73–87. [Google Scholar]

[B270] Lewis M. (2010) The CSIRO 4 m beam trawl. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 033 (CMAR CSIRO: Hobart). http://www.cmar.csiro.au/publications/cmarseries/Internal%20Report_BeamTrawl.pdf

[B271] Light WJH. (1991) Systematic revision of the genera of the polychaete subfamily Maldaninae Arwidsson. Ophelia, Supplement 5: 133–146. [Google Scholar]

[B272] Lützen J. (1961) Sur une nouvelle espèce de polychète Sphaerodoridium commensalis n. g., n. sp. (PolychaetaErrantia, famille des Sphaerodoridae) vivant en commensal de Terebellides stroemii Sars. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 2: 409–416. 10.21411/CBM.A.635247C6 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B273] MacIntosh H, Althaus F, Williams A, Tanner JE, Alderslade P, Ahyong ST, Bax N, Criscione F, Crowther AL, Farrelly CA, Finn JK, Goudie L, Gowlett-Holmes K, Hosie AM, Kupriyanova E, Mah C, McCallum AW, Merrin KL, Miskelly A, Mitchell ML, Molodtsova T, Murray A, O’Hara TD, O’Loughlin PM, Paxton H, Reid AL, Sorokin SJ, Staples D, Walker-Smith G, Whitfield E, Wilson RS. (2018) Invertebrate diversity in the deep Great Australian Bight (200–5000 m). Marine Biodiversity Records 11(1): e23. 10.1186/s41200-018-0158-x [DOI]

[B274] Maciolek NJ. (1981) A new genus and species of Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the North and South Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94: 228–239. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34608079 [Google Scholar]

[B275] Maciolek NJ. (2020) Anguillosyllis (Annelida: Syllidae) from multiple deep-water locations in the northern and southern hemispheres. Zootaxa 4793: 1–73. 10.11646/zootaxa.4793.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B276] Mackie ASY. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia 72: 1–28. 10.1080/00364827.1987.10419701 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B277] Magalhães WF, Blake JA. (2019) Capitellidae Grube, 1862. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 2: Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 349–403. 10.1515/9783110291681-011 [DOI]

[B278] Magalhães WF, Rizzo AE, Bailey-Brock JH. (2019) Opheliidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the western Pacific islands, including five new species. Zootaxa 4555(2): 209–234. 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.2.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B279] Malm AW. (1874) Annulata i hafvet utmed Sveriges westkust och omkring Göteborg. Göteborgs Königlich vetenskaps – och vitterhetssamhälles handlingar. [Zoologiska observationer. VII.]. Göteborgs Königlich vetenskaps – och vitterhetssamhälles handlingar 14: 67–105. [Google Scholar]

[B280] Malmgren AJ. (1866) Nordiska Hafs-Annulater. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, Stockholm 22(5): 355–410. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32339631 [Google Scholar]

[B281] Malmgren AJ. (1867) Annulata Polychaeta Spetsbergiæ, Grœnlandiæ, Islandiæ et Scandinaviæ hactenus cognita. Öfversigt af Kungliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandligar 24: 127–235. [in Swedish] 10.5962/bhl.title.13358 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B282] Marcus J, Hourdez S. (2002) A new species of scale-worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115(2): 341–349. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35518704 [Google Scholar]

[B283] Marenzeller E von. (1879) Südjapanische Anneliden. I. (Amphinomea, Aphroditea, Lycoridea, Phyllodocea, Hesionea, Syllidea, Eunicea, Glycerea, Sternaspidea, Chaetopterea, Cirratulea, Amphictenea). Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 41(2): 109–154 [plates I–VI]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7215498

[B284] Martinez A, Domenico MD, Rouse GW, Worsaae K. (2015) Phylogeny and systematics of Protodrilidae (Annelida) inferred with total evidence analyses. Cladistics 31: 250–276. 10.1111/cla.12089 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B285] Martínez A, Worsaae K, Núñez J. (2019) Acrocirridae Banse, 1968. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 422–439.

[B286] McClain CR, Hardy SM. (2010) The dynamics of biogeographic ranges in the deep sea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 3533–3546. 10.1098/rspb.2010.1057 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B287] McCowin MF, Rowden AA, Rouse GW. (2019) A new record of Lamellibrachia columna (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from cold seeps off New Zealand, and an assessment of its presence in the western Pacific Ocean. Marine Biodiversity Records 12(1): e10. 10.1186/s41200-019-0169-2 [DOI]

[B288] McEnnulty FR, Gowlett-Holmes KL, Williams A, Althaus F, Fromont J, Poore GCB, O’Hara TD, Marsh L, Kott P, Slack-Smith S, Alderslade P, Kitahara MV. (2011) The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 80: 1–191. 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.80.2011.001-191 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B289] McIntosh WC. (1879) On the Annelida obtained during the Cruise of H.M.S. ‘Valorous’ to Davis Strait in 1875. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second Series: Zoology 1(7): 499–511 [plate LXV]. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1878.tb00663b.x [DOI]

[B290] McIntosh WC. (1885) Report on the AnnelidaPolychaeta collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology 12: 1–554. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50688426 [Google Scholar]

[B291] McIntosh WC. (1877) Annelida. In: Jeffreys JG. (Ed.) Preliminary report of the biological results of a cruise in H.M.S. “Valorous” to Davis Strait in 1875.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 25: 215–222. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43410688

[B292] McIntosh WC. (1900) A monograph of the British Annelids. Polychaeta. Amphinomidae to Sigalionidae. Royal Society London 1(2): 215–442. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38577949 [Google Scholar]

[B293] McIntosh WC. (1908) Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1(8): 373–387. 10.1080/00222930808692422 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B294] McIntosh WC. (1922) Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, 44: 1. On new and rare Polychaeta, Gephyrea, etc., from various regions; 2. Recent additions to the British marine Polychaeta (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9 9(49): 1–30. 10.1080/00222932208632638 [DOI]

[B295] Meißner K, Hutchings PA. (2003) Spiophanes species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Eastern Australia – with descriptions of new species, new records and an emended generic diagnosis. Records of the Australian Museum 55: 117–140. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1379 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B296] Meißner K. (2005) Revision of the genus Spiophanes (Polychaeta, Spionidae): with new synonymies, new records and descriptions of new species. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 81: 3–66. 10.1002/mmnz.200310001 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B297] Méndez N. (2006) Deep-water polychaetes (Annelida) from the southeastern gulf of California, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54(3): 773–785. 10.15517/rbt.v54i3.12776 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B298] Mengerink KJ, Van Dover CL, Ardron J, Baker M, Escobar-Briones E, Gjerde K, Koslow JA, Ramirez-Llodra E, Lara-Lopez A, Squires D, Sutton T, Sweetman AK, Levin LA. (2014) A call for deep-ocean stewardship. Science 344(6185): 696–698. 10.1126/science.1251458 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B299] Meyer C, Westheide W. (1997) Boguea panwaensis, a new species from Thailand: the first member of the Bogueinae (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) to be found outside northeast America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110(2): 203–220. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35458229 [Google Scholar]

[B300] Miura T, Laubier L. (1989) Nautilina calyptogenicola, a new genus and species of parasitic polychaete on a vesicomyid bivalve from the Japan Trench, representative of a new family Nautilinidae. Zoological Science 6: 387–390. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40504548 [Google Scholar]

[B301] Moreira J, Parapar J. (2017) New data on the Opheliidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia): five new species of the genus Armandia Filippi, 1861. Zootaxa 4290(3): 483–502. 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B302] Monro CCA. (1930) Polychaete worms. Discovery Reports, Cambridge 2: 1–222. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15904801 [Google Scholar]

[B303] Müller F. (1858) Einiges über die Annelidenfauna der Insel Santa Catharina an der brasilianischen Küste. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin. 24(1): 211–220. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7460059 [Google Scholar]

[B304] Murina G-WW. (1978) New and rare echiurids of the family Bonelliidae. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 113: 107–119. [Google Scholar]

[B305] Murray A, Hutchings P. (in prep.) Revision of species of Acoetidae (Annelida) from the Australasian region.

[B306] Murray A, Wong E, Hutchings P. (2015) Nephtyidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019(1): 414–436. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.16 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B307] Neal L, Barnich R, Wiklund H, Glover AG. (2012) A new genus and species of Polynoidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Pine Island Bay, Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean – a region of high taxonomic novelty. Zootaxa 3542: 80–88. 10.11646/zootaxa.3542.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B308] Neal L, Linse K, Brasier MJ, Sherlock E, Glover AG. (2018) Comparative marine biodiversity and depth zonation in the Southern Ocean: evidence from a new large polychaete dataset from Scotia and Amundsen seas. Marine Biodiversity 48: 581–601. 10.1007/s12526-017-0735-y [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B309] Neal L, Paterson GLJ, Blockley D, Scott B, Sherlock E, Huque C, Glover AG. (2020) Biodiversity data and new species descriptions of polychaetes from offshore waters of the Falkland Islands, an area undergoing hydrocarbon exploration. ZooKeys 938: 1–86. 10.3897/zookeys.938.49349 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B310] Neave MJ, Glasby CJ. (2013) New species of Ophelina (Annelida: Opheliidae: Ophelininae) from northern Australia. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 13: 331–347. 10.1007/s13127-013-0130-x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B311] Nogueira JMM, Fitzhugh K, Hutchings P. (2013) The continuing challenge of phylogenetic relationships in Terebelliformia (Annelida: Polychaeta). Invertebrate Systematics 27(2): 186–238. 10.1071/IS12062 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B312] Norlinder E, Nygren A, Wiklund H, Pleijel F. (2012) Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65: 490–500. 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B313] O’Hara TD. (2008) Bioregionalisation of the waters around Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands using brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia. https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/brittlestars-lord-howe.pdf

[B314] O’Hara TD, Rowden AA, Bax NJ. (2011) A Southern Hemisphere bathyal fauna is distributed in latitudinal bands. Current Biology 21: 226–230. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B315] O'Hara TD, England PR, Gunasekera RM, Naughton KM. (2014) Limited phylogeographic structure for five bathyal ophiuroids at continental scales. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 84: 18–28. 10.1016/j.dsr.2013.09.009 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B316] O’Hara T. (2017) IN2017_V03 Voyage Summary. https://www.cmar.csiro.au/data/trawler/survey_details.cfm?survey=IN2017%5FV03

[B317] O’Hara T. (2019) The Eastern Australian Marine Parks: Biodiversity, assemblage structure, diversity and origin. Report to Parks Australia from the National Environmental Science Program Marine Biodiversity Hub. Museums Victoria. https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/document/eastern-australian-marine-parks-biodiversity-assemblage-structure-diversity-and-origin

[B318] O’Hara TD, Williams A, Althaus F, Ross AS, Bax NJ. (2020a) Regional‐scale patterns of deep seafloor biodiversity for conservation assessment. Diversity and Distributions 26: 479–494. 10.1111/ddi.13034 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B319] O’Hara TD, Williams A, Woolley SNC, Nau AW, Bax NJ. (2020b) Deep-sea temperate-tropical faunal transition across uniform environmental gradients. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 161: 103283. 10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103283 [DOI]

[B320] O’Hara TD, Williams A, Ahyong ST, Alderslade P, Alvestad T, Bray D, Burghardt I, Budaeva N, Criscione F, Crowther AL, Ekins M, Eléaume M, Farrelly CA, Finn JK, Georgieva MN, Graham A, Gomon M, Gowlett-Holmes L, Gunton LM, Hallan A, Hosie AM, Hutchings P, Kise H, Köhler F, Konsgrud JA, Kupriyanova E, Lu CC, Mackenzie M, Mah C, MacIntosh H, Merrin KL, Miskelly A, Mitchell ML, Moore K, Murray A, O’Loughlin PM, Paxton H, Pogonoski JJ, Staples D, Watson JE, Wilson RS, Zhang J, Bax NJ. (2020c) The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia. Marine Biodiversity Records 13: e11. 10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1 [DOI]

[B321] Örsted AS. (1842) Udtog af en Beskrivelse af Grönlands Annulata dorsibranchiata. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Köbenhavn 4: 109–127. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2322860 [Google Scholar]

[B322] Örsted AS. (1843) Annulatorum danicorum conspectus. I. Maricolae, Hafniae Copenhagen: Sumtibus Librariae Wahlianae, 52 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11849 [Google Scholar]

[B323] Otto AG. (1820) De Sternaspide thalassemoideo et Siphostomate diplochaito vermibus duobus marinis. [Epistola Gratulatoria quam ad celebrandum diem laetissimum VI Marti MDCCCXX (etc, etc)]. Vratislaviae, 16 pp. [2 plates] https://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=177296 [Google Scholar]

[B324] Parapar J, Besteiro C, Moreira J. (2004) Familia Pilargidae Saint-Joseph, 1899. In: Ramos MA. (Ed.) Fauna Iberica Vol.25. AnnelidaPolychaeta I. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, 267–293. http://www.fauna-iberica.mncn.csic.es/english/publicaciones/fi25.php

[B325] Parapar J, Moreira J, Helgason GV. (2011) Distribution and diversity of the Opheliidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) on the continental shelf and slope of Iceland, with a review of the genus Ophelina in northeast Atlantic waters and description of two new species. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 11: 83–105. 10.1007/s13127-011-0046-2 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B326] Parapar J, Moreira J. (2015) Six new species of the genus Armandia Filippi, 1861 (Polychaeta, Opheliidae) from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Zootaxa 4019: 577–603. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.19 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B327] Paterson GLJ, Glover AG. (2000) A new species of Sigambra (Polychaeta, Pilargidae) from the abyssal plains of the NE Atlantic. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Zoology) 66: 167–170. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41005372 [Google Scholar]

[B328] Paterson GLJ, Glover AG, Barrio Froján CRS, Whitaker A, Budaeva N, Chimonides J, Doner S. (2009) A census of abyssal polychaetes. Deep Research Part II: Tropical Studies Oceanography 56: 1739–1746. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.018 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B329] Paterson GLJ, Neal L, Altamira I, Soto EH, Smith CR, Menot L, Billett DSM, Cunha MR, Marchais-Laguionie C, Glover AG. (2016) New Prionospio and Aurospio species from the deep-sea (Annelida: Polychaeta). Zootaxa 4092: 1–32. 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B330] Paul C, Halanych KM, Tiedemann R, Bleidorn C. (2010) Molecules reject an opheliid affinity for Travisia (Annelida). Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 507–512. 10.1080/14772000.2010.517810 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B331] Paxton H. (1974) Contribution to the study of the Australian Nephtyidae (Polychaeta). Records of the Australian Museum 29: 197–208. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.29.1974.226 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B332] Paxton H. (1986) Generic revision and relationships of the family Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Records of the Australian Museum 38: 1–74. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.38.1986.175 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B333] Paxton H. (2000) Family Onuphidae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia: Volume 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 99–104. https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-4a

[B334] Paxton H, Davey A. (2010) A new species of Ophryotrocha (Annelida: Dorvilleidae) associated with fish farming at Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia. Zootaxa 2509: 53–61. 10.11646/zootaxa.2509.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B335] Paxton H, Budaeva N. (2013) Paradiopatra (Annelida: Onuphidae) from eastern Australian waters, with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 3686(2): 140–164. 10.11646/zootaxa.3686.2.2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B336] Pettibone MH. (1956) Some polychaete worms of the families Hesionidae, Syllidae and Nereidae from the east coast of North America, West Indies, and Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46: 281–294. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39693975 [Google Scholar]

[B337] Pettibone MH. (1962) New species of polychaete worms (Spionidae: Spiophanes) from the east and west coast of North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 77–88. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34571529 [Google Scholar]

[B338] Pettibone MH. (1966) Revision of the Pilargidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), including descriptions of new species, and redescription of the pelagic Podarmus ploa Chamberlain (Polynoidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 118: 155–207. 10.5479/si.00963801.118-3525.155 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B339] Pettibone MH. (1967) Some bathyal polynoids from central and northeastern Pacific (Polychaeta: Polynoids). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 121: 1–15. 10.5479/si.00963801.121-3575.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B340] Pettibone MH. (1970) Two new genera of Sigalionidae (Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83: 365–386. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/3407 [Google Scholar]

[B341] Pettibone MH. (1976) Revision of the genus Macellicephala McIntosh and the subfamily Macellicephalinae Hartmann-Schröder (Polychaeta: Polynoidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 229: 1–71. 10.5479/si.00810282.229 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B342] Pettibone MH. (1985) Polychaete worms from a cave in the Bahamas and from experimental wood panels in deep water of the North Atlantic (Polynoidae, Macellicephalinae, Harmothoinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 98: 127–149. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34648400 [Google Scholar]

[B343] Pettibone MH. (1989) Polynoidae and Sigalionidae (Polychaeta) from the Guaymas Basin, with descriptions of two new species, and additional records from hydrothermal vents of the Galapagos Rift, 21°N, and seep-sites in the Gulf of Mexico (Florida and Lousiana). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102: 154–168. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34606745 [Google Scholar]

[B344] Pettibone MH. (1992) Contribution to the Polychaete Family Pholoidae Kinberg. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 532: 1–24. 10.5479/si.00810282.532 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B345] Pixell HLM. (1913) Polychaeta of the families Serpulidae and Sabellidae, collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 49: 347–358. 10.1017/S0080456800003987 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B346] Pleijel F. (2001) Revision of Amphiduros Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Hesionidae, Gyptini). Ophelia 54: 15–27. 10.1080/00785326.2001.10409453 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B347] Pleijel F, Rouse GW, Ruta C, Wiklund H, Nygren A. (2008) Vrijenhoekia balaenophila, a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off California. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 625–634. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00360.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B348] Pleijel F, Rouse GW, Sundkvist T, Nygren A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptini, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 471–494. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00819.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B349] Poore GCB, Just J, Cohen B. (1994) Composition and diversity of CrustaceaIsopoda of the southeastern Australian continental slope. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 41: 677–693. 10.1016/0967-0637(94)90049-3 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B350] Poore GCB, Avery L, Błażewicz-Paszkowycz M, Browne J, Bruce NL, Gerken S, Glasby C, Greaves E, McCallum AW, Staples D, Syme A, Taylor J, Walker-Smith G, Warne M, Watson C, Williams A, Wilson RS, Woolley S. (2015) Invertebrate diversity of the unexplored marine western margin of Australia: taxonomy and implications for global biodiversity. Marine Biodiversity 45: 271–286. 10.1007/s12526-014-0255-y [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B351] Ponder W, Hutchings P, Chapman R. (2002) Overview of the conservation of Australian marine invertebrates. A Report for Environment Australia. Australian Museum, Sydney. http://malsocaus.org/marine_invert/

[B352] Przeslawski R, Glasby CJ, Nichol S. (2018) Polychaetes (Annelida) of the Oceanic Shoals region, northern Australia: considering small macrofauna in marine management. Marine and Freshwater Research 70: 307–321. 10.1071/MF18060 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B353] Quatrefages A de. (1866) Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris 1, 588 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.122818 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B354] Rafinesque CS. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme, 224 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.106607 [DOI]

[B355] Rainer SF, Hutchings PA. (1977) Nephtyidae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 31: 307–347. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.31.1977.216 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B356] Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, Escobar E, Levin LA, Menot L, Rowden AA, Smith CR, Van Dover CL. (2011) Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS ONE 6: e22588. 10.1371/journal.pone.0022588 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B357] Ramos D. (2019) Diversity and connectivity of deep-sea Annelids off the Eastern Australian coast: a preliminary assessment. Master’s thesis. Imperial College, London.

[B358] Ravara A, Rizzo AE, Lana P. (2017a. [Online]) Family Nephtyidae Grube, 1850. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B359] Ravara A, Ramos D, Teixeira MAL, Costa FO, Cunha MR. (2017b) Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the order Phyllodocida (Annelida, Polychaeta) in deep-sea habitats around the Iberian margin. Deep Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography 137: 207–231. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.008 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B360] Ravara A, Cunha MR, Pleijel F. (2010a) Nephtyidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from southern Europe. Zootaxa 2682: 1–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.2682.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B361] Ravara A, Wiklund H, Cunha MR, Pleijel F. (2010b) Phylogenetic relationships within Nephtyidae (Polychaeta: Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 39: 394–405. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00424.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B362] Ravara A, Cunha MR. (2016) Two new species of scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from deep-sea habitats in the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic). Zootaxa 4097: 442–450. 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.12 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B363] Read G, Fauchald K [Eds] (2020) World Polychaeta database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=920 [on 2020–04–15]

[B364] Reimers H. (1933) Morphologie der Polychaetengattung Sphaerodorum. Monographie. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 64: 41–110. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8980#/summary [Google Scholar]

[B365] Reuscher M, Fiege D, Wehe T. (2009) Four new species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Pacific hot vents and cold seeps, with a key and synoptic table of characters for all genera. Zootaxa 2191: 1–40. [Google Scholar]

[B366] Reyss D. (1971) Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne Polymède. II. – Polychètes Aphroditidae de profondeur en Méditerranée. Remarques systématiques et biogéographiques. Vie et Milieu, Série A 22: 243–258. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1971/publication-5029.pdf [Google Scholar]

[B367] Rex MA, Etter RJ. (2010) Deep-Sea Biodiversity: Pattern and Scale. Harvard University Press, 354 pp.

[B368] Rintoul S, Feng M, Hardman-Mountford N, Raes E. (2017) Australia’s ocean currents. In: Mapston BD. (Ed.) Oceans: Science and Solutions for Australia.CSIRO, 13–24. http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/87597?index=1

[B369] Rioja E. (1917) Datos para le conocimiento de la fauna de Anélidos Poliquetos del Cantábrico. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Serie Zoológica 29: 1–111. [Google Scholar]

[B370] Rioja E. (1923) Estudio sistemático de las Especies Ibéricas del suborden Sabelliformia. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 48: 5–144. [Google Scholar]

[B371] Rizzo AE, Amaral ACZ. (2004) Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman and Fauchald) (Polychaeta, Goniadidae): new combination. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21: 937–942. 10.1590/S0101-81752004000400031 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B372] Rizzo AE, Magalhães WF, Santos CSG. (2016) Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914 (Polychaeta) in the South Atlantic: morphology, three new species and five new records. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96: 1265–1285. 10.1017/S0025315415001381 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B373] Rizzo AE, Magalhães WF. (2019. [Online]) Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B374] Rouse GW, Fauchald K. (1997) Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta 26: 139–204. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00412.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B375] Rouse GW, Pleijel F. (2001) Polychaetes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 354 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B376] Ruderman L. (1911) Recherches sur Ephesia gracilis Rathke, Annélide polychète de la famille des sphaerodorides; morphologie, anatomie, histology. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 24: 1–96. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/39992#/summary [Google Scholar]

[B377] Ruff RE, Brown B. (1989) A new species of Euchone (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from the northwest Atlantic with comments on ontogenetic variability. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102: 753–760. https://archive.org/details/biostor-74631 [Google Scholar]

[B378] Ryckholt P de. (1851) Mélanges paléontologiques. Part 1. Memoires Couronnes et Memoires des Savants Etrangers de l’Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 24: 1–176. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2718124 [Google Scholar]

[B379] Saint-Joseph AA de. (1894) Les Annélides polychètes des côtes de Dinard. Troisième Partie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, Série 7, 17: 1–395. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35662416

[B380] Saint-Joseph AA de. (1899) Note sur une nouvelle famille d’Annélides Polychètes. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 5: 41–42. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5029420 [Google Scholar]

[B381] Saiz Salinas JI, Bustamante M, Tajadura J. (2018) A census of deep-water sipunculans (Sipuncula). Marine Biodiversity 48: 449–464. 10.1007/s12526-016-0568-0 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B382] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2008) Revision of Poeobius meseres Heath, 1930 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 49: 191–120. 10.21411/CBM.A.6FB6F3A2 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B383] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2011a) Revision of Piromis Kinberg, 1867 and Pycnoderma Grube, 1877 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 2819: 1–50. 10.11646/zootaxa.2819.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B384] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2011b) Revision of Stylarioides delle Chiaje, 1831 (Annelida: Flabelligeridae). Italian Journal of Zoology 78: 163–200. 10.1080/11250003.2011.606985 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B385] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2012a) Revision of Semiodera Chamberlin, 1919 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 3562: 1–62. 10.11646/zootaxa.3562.1.1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B386] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2012b) Revision of Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Flabelligeridae). Zoosystema 34: 453–519. 10.5252/z2012n3a1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B387] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2012c) Revision of Flabelligera Sars, 1829 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 3203: 1–64. 10.11646/zootaxa.3203.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B388] Salazar-Vallejo SI. (2017) Revision of Brada Stimpson, 1853, and Bradabyssa Hartman, 1967 (Annelida, Flabelligeridae). Zootaxa 4343: 1–98. 10.11646/zootaxa.4343.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B389] Salazar-Vallejo SI, Orensanz JM. (2006) Pleijelius longae n. gen, n. sp., a remarkable deep water polychaete from the Northwestern Atlantic (Polychaeta: Hesionidae). Scientia Marina 70: 157–166. 10.3989/scimar.2006.70s3157 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B390] Salazar-Vallejo SI, Gillet P. (2007) Revision of Chauvinelia, redescriptions of Flabelliseta incrusta, and Helmetophorus rankini, and their recognition as acrocirrids (Polychaeta: Acrocirridae) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 465–477. 10.1017/S0025315407054501 [DOI]

[B391] Salazar-Vallejo SI, Zhadan AE. (2007) Revision of Buskiella McIntosh, 1885 (including Flota Hartman, 1967), and description of its trifid organ (Polychaeta: Flotidae). Invertebrate Zoology 4: 65–82. 10.15298/invertzool.04.1.06 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B392] Salazar-Vallejo SI, Buzhinskaja G. (2011) Revision of Diplocirrus Haase, 1915, including Bradiella Rullier, 1965, and Diversibranchius Buzhinskaja, 1993 (Polychaeta, Flabelligeridae). ZooKeys 106: 1–45. 10.3897/zookeys.106.795 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B393] Salazar-Vallejo S, Buzhinskaja G. (2013) Six new deep-water sternaspid species (Annelida, Sternaspidae) from the Pacific Ocean. ZooKeys 348: 1–27. 10.3897/zookeys.348.5449 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B394] Salazar-Vallejo SI, Angel de León J, Carrera-Parra LF. (2019a) Phylogeny of Microphthalminae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971, and revision of Hesionella Hartman, 1939, and Struwela Hartmann-Schröder, 1959 (Annelida, Errantia). PeerJ 7: e7723 [1–35]. 10.7717/peerj.7723 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B395] Salazar-Vallejo SI, Zhadan AE, Rizzo AE. (2019b) Revision of Fauveliopsidae Hartman, 1971 (Annelida, Sedentaria). Zootaxa 4637: 1–67. 10.11646/zootaxa.4637.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B396] San Martín G. (2005) Exogoninae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia with the description of a new genus and twenty-two new species. Records of the Australian Museum 57: 39–152. 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1438 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B397] San Martín G, SAguado MT. (2019. [Online]) Family Syllidae Grube. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B398] Santos SL. (1977) A new species of Travisia (Polychaeta, Opheliidae) from Tampa Bay, Florida. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 89: 559–564. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34554019 [Google Scholar]

[B399] Sardá-Borroy R. (1987) Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the region of the Gibraltar Strait with description of Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp. n. Zoologica Scripta 16(1): 47–50. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1987.tb00051.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B400] Sato-Okoshi W, Okoshi K, Fujiwara Y. (2015) A new species of Protodrilus (Annelida: Protodrilidae), covering bone surfaces bright red, in whale-fall ecosystems in the northwest Pacific. Biological Bulletin 229: 209–219. 10.1086/BBLv229n2p209 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B401] Savigny J-C. (1822) Système des annélides, principalement de celles des côtes de l’Égypte et de la Syrie, offrant les caractères tant distinctifs que naturels des Ordres, Familles et Genres, avec la Description des Espèces. Description de l’Égypte ou Recueil des Observations et des Recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l’Expédition de l’Armée Française, publié par les Ordres de sa Majesté l’Empereur Napoléon le Grand, Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1: 1–128. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41329897 [Google Scholar]

[B402] Schmarda LK. (1861) Neue Wirbellose Thiere: Beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Erster Band, Zweite Hälfte. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 66 pp. 10.5962/bhl.title.14426 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B403] Schüller M. (2008) New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 – Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae. Zootaxa 1705: 51–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.1705.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B404] Schüller M, Hutchings PA. (2012) New species of Terebellides (Polychaeta: Trichobranchidae) indicate long-distance dispersal between western South Atlantic deep-sea basins. Zootaxa 3254: 1–31. 10.11646/zootaxa.3254.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B405] Schulze A, Boyle MJ, Kawauchi GY. (2019) Sipuncula. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 177–201. 10.1515/9783110291582-006 [DOI]

[B406] Schulze A, Maiorova A, Timm LE, Rice ME. (2012) Sipunculan larvae and “cosmopolitan” species. Integrative and Comparative Biology 52: 497–510. 10.1093/icb/ics082 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B407] Sedgwick A. (1898) A Student’s Textbook of Zoology. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd., London, 600 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B408] Selenka E. (1885) Report on the Gephyrea collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger, London. 10.5962/bhl.title.6513 [DOI]

[B409] Selenka E, de Man JG, Bülow C. (1883) Die Sipunculiden, eine systematische Monographie. Semper Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen 2, 4: 1–131.

[B410] Sendall K, Salazar-Vallejo S. (2013) Revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae). ZooKeys 286: 1–74. 10.3897/zookeys.286.4438 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B411] Sigovini M, Keppel E, Tagliapietra D. (2016) Open Nomenclature in the biodiversity era. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7: 1217–1225. 10.1111/2041-210X.12594 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B412] Sikorski AV, Jirkov IA, Tzetlin AB. (1988) The genus Laonice (Polychaeta, Spionidae) in the Arctic Ocean: weighing the taxonomic characters and species composition. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 67: 826–838. [Google Scholar]

[B413] Solis-Weiss V. (1993) Grassleia hydrothermalis, a new genus and species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the hydrothermal vents off the Oregon coast (U.S.A.), at Gorda Ridge. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106: 661–665. [Google Scholar]

[B414] Southern R. (1913) Gephyrea of the coasts of Ireland. Scientific Investigations. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Fisheries Branch 1912, 46 pp. [Google Scholar]

[B415] Southward EC. (1962) A new species of Galathealinum (Pogonophora) from the Canadian Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 40: 385–389. 10.1139/z62-035 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B416] Southward EC. (2000) Class Pogonophora. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia: Volume 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 331–351.

[B417] Stephen AC, Edmonds SJ. (1972) The Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.

[B418] Stiller J, Rousset V, Pleijel F, Chevaldonné P, Vrijenhoek RC, Rouse GW. (2013) Phylogeny, biogeography and systematics of hydrothermal vent and methane seep Amphisamytha (Ampharetidae, Annelida), with descriptions of three new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 11(1): 35–65. 10.1080/14772000.2013.772925 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B419] Stiller J, Tilic E, Rousset V, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. (2020) Spaghetti to a tree: a robust phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) based on transcriptomes, molecular and morphological data. Biology 9(4): e73. 10.3390/biology9040073 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[B420] Strelzov VE. (1973) Polychaete worms of the family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909 (Polychaeta, Sedentaria). Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 170 pp. http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/books/streltsov1973_paraonidae.pdf [Google Scholar]

[B421] Struck TH, Halanych KM. (2010) Origins of holopelagic Typhloscolecidae and Lopadorhynchidae within Phyllodocide (Phyllodocida, Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 39: 269–275. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00418.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B422] Summers M, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. (2015) Whale falls, multiple colonisations of the deep, and the phylogeny of Hesionidae (Annelida). Invertebrate Systematics 29: 105–123. 10.1071/IS14055 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B423] Thiel D, Purschke G, Boggemann M. (2011) Abyssal Fauveliopsidae (Annelida) from the South East Atlantic. Journal of Natural History 45(15–16): 923–937. 10.1080/00222933.2010.540046 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B424] Tovar-Hernández MA. (2008) Phylogeny of Chone Kröyer, 1856 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and related genera. Journal of Natural History 42: 2193–2226. 10.1080/00222930802254714 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B425] Tovar-Hernández MA, Yáñez-Rivera B, Giangrande A, Gambi MC. (2012) Notes on the species of Perkinsiana (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Antarctica with the description of P. brigittae sp. nov. Zootaxa 3485: 56–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.3485.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B426] Uchida H. (2004) Hesionidae (Annelida, Polichaeta [sic]) from Japan. I. Kuroshio Biosphere 1: 27–92. [Google Scholar]

[B427] UNESCO (2009) Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) – Biogeographic Classification. Paris, UNESCO, IOC Technical Series No. 84.

[B428] Verrill AE. (1873) XVIII. Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report on the condition of the sea fisheries of the south coast of New England 1: 295–778. 10.5962/bhl.title.11688 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B429] von Nordheim H. (1989) Six new species of Protodrilus (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Europe and New Zealand, with a concise presentation of the genus. Zoologica Scripta 18: 245–268. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00450.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B430] Walker-Smith GK, Wilson RS. (2003) Goniadidae (Polychaeta) – A DELTA database of genera, and Australian species. In: Wilson RS, Hutchings PA, Glasby CJ (Eds) Polychaetes: An Interactive Identification Guide. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

[B431] Watling L, Guinotte J, Clark MR, Smith CR. (2013) A proposed biogeography of the deep ocean floor. Progress in Oceanography 111: 91–112. 10.1016/j.pocean.2012.11.003 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B432] Watson Russell C. (1991) Strepternos didymopyton Watson Russell in Bhaud and Cazaux, 1987 (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae) from experimental wooden panels in deep waters of the western Atlantic. Ophelia Supplement 5: 283–294. [Google Scholar]

[B433] Watson C. (2001) New genus and species of Chrysopetalidae (Polychaeta) from hydrothermal vents (south-western Pacific). The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 17: 57–66. [Google Scholar]

[B434] Watson C. (2020. [Online]) Chrysopetalidae Ehlers, 1864. In: Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, a Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.

[B435] Watson C. (in prep.) Cryptic species complex Chrysopetalum multisetosa (sensu Hartmannn-Schröder, 1981) (Chrysopetalidae: Chrysopetalinae: Annelida) comprises six new species: three new species, pan-Australia, littoral depths; three new species, Bass Strait to New Zealand, shelf to slope depths (100–1000 m).

[B436] Watson C, Chivers AJ, Narayanaswamy BE, Lamont P, Turnewitsch R. (2014) Chrysopetalidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) from the Senghor Seamount, north-east Atlantic: taxa with deep-sea affinities and morphological adaptations. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 311–325. 10.24199/j.mmv.2014.71.24 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B437] Watson C, Carvajal I, Sergeeva NG, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. (2016) Free-living, calamyzin chrysopetalids (Annelida) from methane seeps, anoxic basins and whale falls. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 700–719. 10.1111/zoj.12390 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B438] Webster HE, Benedict JE. (1887) The AnnelidaChaetopoda from Eastport, Maine. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries 13: 707–758. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15839855 [Google Scholar]

[B439] Wehe T. (2007) Revision of the scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditidae) occurring in the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Part II. Sigalionidae. Fauna of Arabia 23: 41–124. [Google Scholar]

[B440] Weigert A, Golombek A, Gerth M, Schwarz F, Struck TH, Bleidorn C. (2016) Evolution of mitochondrial gene order in Annelida. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 196–206. 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B441] Weigert A, Helm C, Meyer M, Nickel B, Arendt D, Hausdorf B, Santos SR, Halanych KM, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Struck TH. (2014) Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using transcriptomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31: 1391–1401. 10.1093/molbev/msu080 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B442] Wesenberg-Lund E. (1948) Maldanidae (Polychaeta) from west Greenland waters. Meddelelser om Grønland 134(9): 1–58. [Google Scholar]

[B443] Wiklund H, Neal L, Glover AG, Drennan R, Rabone M, Dahlgren TG. (2019) Abyssal fauna of polymetallic nodule exploration areas, eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Annelida: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Travisiidae. ZooKeys 883: 1–82. 10.3897/zookeys.883.36193 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B444] Wiklund H, Nygren A, Pleijel F, Sundberg P. (2005) Phylogeny of Aphroditiformia (Polychaeta) based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 494–502. 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B445] Williams T. (1852) Report on the British Annelida. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1851: 159–272. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13846822 [Google Scholar]

[B446] Williams A, Althaus F, MacIntosh H, Loo M, Gowlett-Holmes K, Tanner JE, Sorokin SJ, Green M. (2018) Characterising the invertebrate megafaunal assemblages of a deep-sea (200–3000 m) frontier region for oil and gas exploration: the Great Australian Bight, Australia. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 157–158: 78–91. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.07.015 [DOI]

[B447] Wilson RS. (1984) Neanthes (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from Victoria with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 96: 209–226. [Google Scholar]

[B448] Wilson RS. (1990) Prionospio and Paraprionospio (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum Victoria 50: 243–274. 10.24199/j.mmv.1990.50.02 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B449] Wilson RS. (2000) Family Glyceridae. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ. (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis.Fauna of Australia: Volume 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 127–129.

[B450] Wong E, Hutchings P. (2015) New records of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia and the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4019: 733–744. 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.25 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B451] Worsaae K, Nygren A, Rouse GW, Giribet G, Persson J, Sundberg P, Pleijel F. (2005) Phylogenetic position of Nerillidae and Aberranta (Polychaeta, Annelida), analysed by direct optimization of combined molecular and morphological data. Zoologica Scripta 34: 313–328. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00190.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B452] Yokoyama H. (2007) A revision of the genus Paraprionospio Caullery (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 253–284. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B453] Zanol J, Hutchings PA, Fauchald K. (2020) Eunicesensu latu (Annelida: Eunicidae) from Australia: description of seven new species and comments on previously reported species of the genera Eunice, Leodice and Nicidion. Zootaxa 4748: 1–43. 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B454] Zardus JD, Etter RJ, Chase MR, Rex MA, Boyle EE. (2006) Bathymetric and geographic population structure in the Pan-Atlantic deep-sea bivalve Deminuculaatacellana (Schenck, 1939). Molecular Ecology 15: 639–651. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02832.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B455] Zenkevitch LA. (1958) The deep sea echiurids of the north-western part of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii AN SSR 27: 192–203. [Google Scholar]

[B456] Zhang J, Hutchings P. (2019) A revision of Australian Pectinariidae (Polychaeta), with new species and new records. Zootaxa 4611: 1–70. 10.11646/zootaxa.4611.1.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B457] Zhang J, Hutchings P, Kupriyanova E. (2019) A revision of the genus Petta (PolychaetaPectinariidae), with two new species from the abyss of south-eastern Australia, and comments on the phylogeny of the family. Zootaxa 4614: 303–333. 10.11646/zootaxa.4614.2.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B458] Zhang J, Hutchings P, Burghardt I, Kupriyanova E. (2020) Two new species of Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyss of eastern Australia. Zootaxa 4821(3): 487–510. 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.3.4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B459] Zibrowius H. (1973) Revision of some Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from abyssal depths in the Atlantic and Pacific, collected by the “Challenger” and Prince of Monaco Expedition. Bulletin of British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 24: 427–439. [Google Scholar]

[B460] Zrzavý J, Říha P, Piálek L, Janouškovec J. (2009) Phylogeny of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa): total evidence analysis of morphology and six genes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: e189. 10.1186/1471-2148-9-189 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

PERMALINK

Annelids of the eastern Australian abyss collected by the 2017 RV ‘Investigator’ voyage

Laetitia M Gunton

Elena K Kupriyanova

Tom Alvestad

Lynda Avery

James A Blake

Olga Biriukova

Markus Böggemann

Polina Borisova

Nataliya Budaeva

Ingo Burghardt

Maria Capa

Magdalena N Georgieva

Christopher J Glasby

Pan-Wen Hsueh

Pat Hutchings

Naoto Jimi

Jon A Kongsrud

Joachim Langeneck

Karin Meißner

Anna Murray

Mark Nikolic

Hannelore Paxton

Dino Ramos

Anja Schulze

Robert Sobczyk

Charlotte Watson

Helena Wiklund

Robin S Wilson

Anna Zhadan

Jinghuai Zhang

Abstract

Introduction

Table 1.

Materials and methods

Sampling area

Field collection and processing

Figure 1.

Table 2.

Laboratory identification of annelids

Results

Taxonomic overview

Family Acoetidae Kinberg, 1856

Panthalis

Figure 2.

Diagnosis.

Remarks.

Records.

Family Acrocirridae Banse, 1969

Chauvinelia

Figure 3.

Diagnosis.

Records.

Flabelligella

Records.

Flabelligena

Diagnosis.

Records.

Flabelligena

Diagnosis.

Records.

Flabelligena

Diagnosis.

Records.

Flabelligena

Diagnosis.

Records.

Flabelligena spp.

Records.

Swima

Records.

Acrocirridae

Diagnosis.

Records.

Acrocirridae

Diagnosis.

Records.

Acrocirridae

Diagnosis.