Abstract
Background
Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV) is standardly treated using a complex operation, a pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), to remove the tumor. However, dicision-making in AAV clinical treatment remains difficult due to the broad range of AAV types, outcomes, and responses to special chemotherapeutics. Thus, this study aimed to explore clinicopathological prognostic factors associated with overall survival, as well as post-chemotherapeutic effects related to curative resection of AAV.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed data for clinicopathological outcome of 47 patients diagnosed with AAV that had underwent a PD. Overall survival probabilities were obtained using the Kaplan–Meier estimate method and a Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
Forty-five patients underwent LPD (laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy) and two patients underwent PD. The patient group was composed of 31 males (66%) and 16 females (34%) with a mean age of 65(34–91)years. We selected 45 patients for long-term survival analysis. One- and three-year overall survival rates after resection were 97.6% and 58.9% respectively. The median survival was 37.7 months for the intestinal-type and 26.9 months in pancreatobiliary-type ampullary tumors. Serum carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 greater than 37 U/ml (HR 0.140, P = 0.007), perineural invasion (HR 0.141, P = 0.003), and classification as pancreatobiliary-type (HR 6.633, P = 0.006) were independently associated with poor survival. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) greater than 5 µg/ml (P = 0.031), serum CA 19-9 greater than 37 U/ml (P = 0.002), tumor sizes greater than 2.5cm (P=0.002), and positive perineural invasion (P=0.003) were all associated with a poor prognosis in the histopathological subgroup. Serum CA 19-9 greater than 37 U/ml (P=0.002) and positive perineural invasion (P=0.001) were significantly associated with poor survival in of patients with intestinal-type ampullary tumors. Serum CEA greater than 5 µg/ml (P=0.013) and tumor sizes greater than 2.5cm (P=0.002) were significantly associated with poor survival in patients with pancreatobiliary-type ampullary tumors.
Conclusions
Pancreatobiliary-type ampullary tumors were associated with poor survival. Serum CA 19-9 in the intestinal-type and CEA in the pancreatobiliary-type were significantly associated with poor survival. Ajuvant chemotherapy could not predict the survival of AAV patients.
Keywords: adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, pancreatobiliary type, intestinal type, chemotherapy, CA199, carcinoembryonic antigen
Introduction
The ampulla of Vater comprises the major papilla, a common channel connecting the distal bile duct and main pancreatic duct to the duodenum. Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV) is the second most common malignancy of the periampullary region, which is treated using curative-intent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) (1). Histopathologic studies have further characterized ampullary carcinoma as intestinal- or pancreaticobiliary-type based on the epithelium of origin. Intestinal-ampullary adenocarcinomas originate from the intestinal epithelium overlying the ampulla, whereas pancreaticobiliary-ampullary adenocarcinomas originate from the epithelium of the distal bile duct and distal pancreatic duct (2). Previous assessments have suggested that the prognosis of AAV is mainly correlated to the histopathologic differentiation of the two known types. However, decision-making remains hampered in clinical treatment due to the broad range of outcomes of different the AAV types and responses to chemotherapeutics post PD (3). To address the issue in AAV treatment, the present study aimed to explore better clinicopathological prognostic factors associated with overall survival, as well as post-chemotherapeutic effects related to curative resection of AAV.
Patients and Methods
Patients
We retrospectively reviewed data for the clinicopathological outcome of 47 patients diagnosed with AAV who underwent a PD between March 2015 and December 2019 from Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital. The hospital ethics committee gave approval for this data acquisition. All patients who underwent a curative-intent PD were enrolled in the study, however, we excluded patients with stage IV disease at diagnosis. Notably, 45 patients underwent laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD), whereas two patients had been subjected to PD. Genderwise, there were 31 males (66%) and 16 females (34%), with a mean age of 65 (34–91) years and mean BMI of 22.24 (16.53–29.41) kg/m2.
Histopathological Evaluation and Immunohistochemistry
Two histopathology specialists independently verified AAV diagnoses and their histopathological types. Classification criteria for intestinal- or pancreatobiliary-type AAV were conducted as described by Kimura et al. (2) and using molecular markers defined by Chang et al. (3). All immunohistochemistry analysis was performed on 4 µm thick serial sections of resected patient tissue. Expression of Caudal homeobox gene transcription factor 2 (CDX2), cytocheratin (CK)20, CK7, and apomucins (MUC2, MUC1, MUC5a) were verified in the validation cohorts. The intestinal-type AAV is, in most cases, known to express CDX2, CK20, MUC2 ( Figure 1 ), whereas the pancreatobiliary-type AAV is determined by positive immunostaining for MUC1, MUC5a, and CK7 ( Figure 2 ). Staging was performed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC, 8th edition) (4).
Figure 1.
Identification of the intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV): Representative images of patient tissue, HE (A). Immunostaining for the intestinal-type markers CDX2 (B), MUC2 (C), and CK20 (D). Magnification: 100x.
Figure 2.
Identification of the pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV): Representative images of patient tissue, HE (A). Immunostaining for the pancreaticobiliary-type markers Ck7 (B), MUC1 (C), and MUC5a (D). Magnification: 100x.
Statistical Analysis
SPSS v.22.0 and GraphPad Prism 8 software were used for statistical analyses. The Student’s t-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test were used to analyze categorical variables, as appropriate. Overall survival probabilities were obtained using the Kaplan–Meier estimate method, and comparisons were conducted using the log-rank test. Risk factors with a p-value less than 0.05 in univariate models were tested in a Cox proportional hazards model. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Seven patients had a postoperative hemorrhage, and four patients underwent reoperation. Two patients were characterized by delayed gastric emptying, and two patients died perioperatively. The median length of postoperative stay was 15 (8-66) days. A summary of other clinical characteristics and morbidity of patients are summarized in Table 1 .
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data (N=47).
| Variables | |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 31 (66%) |
| Female | 16 (34%) |
| Age (years) | 65.30 ± 10.60 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.24 ± 2.71 |
| Complications | |
| Yes | 28 (59.6%) |
| No | 19 (40.4%) |
| Jaundice | |
| Yes | 20 (42.6%) |
| No | 27 (57.4%) |
| CEA | |
| >5 ug/ml | 11 (23.4%) |
| ≤5 ug/ml | 36 (76.6%) |
| CA199 | |
| >37 U/ml | 21 (44.7%) |
| ≤37 U/ml | 26 (55.3%) |
| Operation | |
| LPD | 45 (95.7%) |
| OPD | 2(4.3%) |
| Clavien-Dindo | |
| I | 11 (23.4%) |
| II | 3 (6.3%) |
| IV | 7 (15%) |
| V | 2 (4.3%) |
| LOS (days) | 22.94 ± 15.84 |
The mean tumor size was 2.58 (1–8.5) cm. Patient disease was classified based on the degree of differentiation: 13 low, 27 moderate, and 7 high. The proportion of patients with tumor sizes T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 19.1%, 48.9%, 25.5%, and 6.4% respectively. We revealed 11 (23.4%) patients with regional lymph node metastases, 20 (42.6%) patients with perineural infiltration, and 13 (27.7%) patients with vascular involvement. We identified the histopathologic subtypes of the 47 cases of carcinoma as 53.2% intestinal and 46.8% pancreatobiliary.
Since two patients died perioperatively, only 45 patients were enrolled for long-term survival analysis. By the end of the study, the median follow-up period was 31.6 months. At that time, 13 patients died, and we lost contact with 1 patient. Of note, one and three-years overall survival rates after resection were 97.6% and 58.9% respectively. The median survival was 37.7 months in the intestinal-type and 26.9 months in the pancreatobiliary-type ( Figure 3 ). Furthermore, 19 (42.2%) patients received postoperative, adjuvant chemotherapy. Oxaliplatin and capecitabine were administered as first-line chemotherapy for most of the patients; the remaining patients received a gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival analysis of the pancreatobiliary- and intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV).
Through univariate analysis, we identified predictors of overall survival ( Table 2 ). The cut-off value of serum CA 19-9 and CEA was determined according to the standard upper value. The cut-off value of tumor size was the median size of 2.5 cm. Notably, 5 prognostic factors were statistically significant, including jaundice (P=0.013), serum CA 19-9 > 37 U/ml (P=0.004), tumor sizes > 2.5 cm (P=0.017), positive perineural invasion (P=0.002), and classification as pancreatobiliary-type (P=0.046). Postoperative chemotherapy was not significantly associated with long-term survival (P=0.207). Using multivariable survival analysis, we revealed that serum CA 19-9 > 37 U/ml (HR 0.140, P=0.007), positive perineural invasion (HR 0.141, P=0.003), and the pancreatobiliary-type AAV (HR 6.633, P=0.006) were independently associated with poor survival.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis and multivariable survival analysis (N = 45).
| Variables | P value | HR | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
| Sex | 0.626 | ||||
| Male | 29 | ||||
| Female | 16 | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.628 | ||||
| <60 | 15 | ||||
| ≥60 | 30 | ||||
| BMI | 0.228 | ||||
| ≤18.5 | 3 | ||||
| 18.5–24.99 | 35 | ||||
| >25 | 7 | ||||
| Jaundice | 0.013 | 0.117 | |||
| Yes | 19 | ||||
| No | 26 | ||||
| CEA | 0.073 | ||||
| >5 ug/ml | 11 | ||||
| ≤5 ug/ml | 34 | ||||
| CA199 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.140 | 0.034–0.578 | |
| >37 U/ml | 21 | ||||
| ≤37 U/ml | 24 | ||||
| Size | 0.017 | 0.025 | |||
| ≤2.5 cm | 29 | ||||
| >2.5 cm | 16 | ||||
| Degree of differentiation | 0.248 | ||||
| Poor | 12 | ||||
| Moderate | 26 | ||||
| Well | 7 | ||||
| Perineural infiltration | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.141 | 0.039–0.508 | |
| Yes | 20 | ||||
| No | 25 | ||||
| Vascular involvement | 0.789 | ||||
| Yes | 12 | ||||
| No | 33 | ||||
| Stage | 0.065 | ||||
| I-II | 34 | ||||
| III | 11 | ||||
| Subtypes | 0.046 | 0.006 | 6.633 | 1.735–25.362 | |
| Intestinal | 27 | ||||
| Pancreatobiliary | 18 | ||||
| Chemotherapy | 0.207 | ||||
| Yes | 19 | ||||
| No | 26 | ||||
To validate the different prognoses of intestinal- and pancreatobiliary-type AAV, we independently evaluated prognostic factors in the subtypes of AAV. Interestingly, serum CEA > 5 µg/ml (P=0.031), serum CA 19-9 > 37 U/ml (P=0.002), tumor sizes > 2.5cm (P=0.002), and positive perineural invasion (P=0.003) were all associated with a poor prognosis in the histopathological subgroup of intestinal- and pancreatobiliary-type ( Table 3 ). Furthermore, the outcomes for the intestinal- and pancreaticobiliary-type were similar with respect to gender, age, tumor size, differentiation, stage, vascular invasion, and perineural invasion.
Table 3.
Prognostic factors in the two subtypes of AAV patients (N = 45).
| Variables | Intestinal | Pancreatobiliary | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.401 | ||
| Male | 20 (74.1%) | 9 (50%) | |
| Female | 7 (25.9%) | 9 (50%) | |
| Age (years) | 0.724 | ||
| <60 | 7 (25.9%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
| ≥60 | 20 (74.1%) | 10 (55.6%) | |
| Jaundice | 0.121 | ||
| Yes | 10 (37%) | 9 (50%) | |
| No | 17 (63%) | 9 (50%) | |
| CEA | 0.031 | ||
| >5 ug/ml | 7 (25.9%) | 4 (22.2%) | |
| ≤5 ug/ml | 20 (74.1%) | 14 (77.8%) | |
| CA199 | 0.002 | ||
| >37 U/ml | 11 (40.7%) | 10 (55.6%) | |
| ≤37 U/ml | 16 (59.3%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
| Size | 0.002 | ||
| ≤2.5cm | 17(63%) | 12(66.7%) | |
| >2.5cm | 10(37%) | 6 (33.3%) | |
| Degree of differentiation | 0.273 | ||
| Poor | 6 (22.2%) | 6 (33.3%) | |
| Moderate | 17 (63%) | 9 (34.6%) | |
| Well | 4 (14.8%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
| Perineural infiltration | 0.003 | ||
| Yes | 13 (48.1%) | 7 (38.9%) | |
| No | 14 (51.9%) | 11 (61.1%) | |
| Vascular involvement | 0.736 | ||
| Yes | 9 (33.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
| No | 18 (66.7%) | 15 (83.3%) | |
| Stage 0 |
0.204 | ||
| I-II | 20 (74.1%) | 14 (77.8%) | |
| III | 7 (25.9%) | 4 (22.2%) |
All the impact factors mentioned above had been introduced into each subgroup. Notably, CA 19-9 > 37 U/ml (P=0.002) and positive perineural invasion (P=0.001) were significantly associated with poor survival of patients with the intestinal-type ampullary tumors ( Table 4 ). Additionally, serum CEA > 5 µg/ml (P=0.013) and tumor sizes > 2.5 cm (P=0.002) were significantly associated with poor survival in the pancreatobiliary-type ampullary tumors.
Table 4.
Prognostic factors in the two AAV subtypes.
| Variables | Intestinal | Pancreatobiliary |
|---|---|---|
| CEA | ||
| >5 µg/ml | 7 (25.9%) | 4 (22.2%) |
| ≤5 µg/ml | 20 (74.1%) | 14 (74.8%) |
| P-value | 0.369 | 0.013 |
| CA199 | ||
| >37 U/ml | 11 (40.7%) | 10 (55.6%) |
| ≤37 U/ml | 16 (59.3%) | 8 (44.4%) |
| P-value | 0.011 | 0.089 |
| Size | ||
| ≤2.5 cm | 17 (63%) | 12 (66.7%) |
| >2.5 cm | 10 (37%) | 6 (33.3%) |
| P-value | 0.125 | 0.000 |
| Perineural infiltration | ||
| Yes | 13 (48.1%) | 7 (38.9%) |
| No | 14 (51.9%) | 11 (61.1%) |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.318 |
Discussion
Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV) is a rare cancer. It accounts for 6% and 0.2% of periampullary and gastrointestinal cancers respectively. A pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is the standard curative treatment of ampulla adenocarcinoma, which has an intermediate overall survival between duodenal and pancreatic or distal bile duct cancer. Existing reports have revealed a 5-year survival rate ranging from 33% to 68%. The present study reviewed 45 patients that underwent a LPD and two patients that underwent a PD. Two patients died perioperatively, and one and three-years overall survival rates after resection were 97.6% and 58.9% respectively.
A wealth of studies (5, 6) have focused on the prognosis of ampullary adenocarcinoma. Different parameters, including depth of invasion (T stage), lymph node metastasis, poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion have been revealed as prognostic factors for poor survival. Using univariate analysis, we found that total bilirubin, high serum CA 19-9, large tumor size, perineural invasion, and classification as the pancreatobiliary-type impacted the overall survival. In addition, the multivariate model demonstrated that high serum CA 19-9, perineural invasion, and the pancreatobiliary-types were independently associated with poor survival, a finding that concurs with previous reports (6–8). For instance, Vilhordo and colleagues (9) discovered the four prognostic factors of lymph node metastasis number, lymph node ratio (LNR), lymphovascularization, and differentiation grade of invasion. Numerous reports (10, 11) have also reported that the histological type is associated with overall survival, implicating poor prognosis for the pancreaticobiliary-type, as observed in our cohort.
Of note, AAV may originate from any of the three converge epithelia (duodenal, pancreatic, or biliary). Recent assessments have identified two distinct histological types of adenocarcinoma according to their original epithelium: intestinal and pancreatobiliary. Herein, the pathological subtypes of the 47 carcinomas were identified as the intestinal (53.2%) and pancreatobiliary types (46.8%). Elsewhere, Kim et al. found that pancreaticobiliary tumors were associated with a higher T stage, an advanced stage, and more significant risks of lymph node metastasis and perineural invasion. This could be a possible explanation as to why the prognosis for the pancreatobiliary-type is poorer (10). However, in the present study, the outcomes for the intestinal- and pancreaticobiliary-types were similar with respect to sex, age, jaundice, CEA, CA 19-9, tumor size, stage, differentiation, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, and stage, even with the poor prognosis of the pancreatobiliary-type. This finding is consistent with a few previously reported observations (7, 10, 12). Regarding survival analysis, serum CEA, serum CA 19-9, tumor sizes, and perineural invasion were all associated with a poor prognosis in the pathologic subgroup.
Furthermore, serum CA 19-9 and perineural invasion were significantly associated with poor survival in the intestinal-type ampullary tumors. Concurrently, serum CEA and tumor size were significantly associated with poor survival in the pancreatobiliary-type ampullary tumors. Interestingly, serum CA 19-9 in the intestinal-type and CEA in the pancreatobiliary-type were significantly associated with poor survival.
The role of adjuvant chemotherapy remains unknown for ampullary, distal bile duct and periampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas. In the ESPAC; study (13), 428 patients with ampullary adenocarcinomas were randomized to adjuvant chemotherapy (143 5-FU, 141 Gemcitabine) and 88 to observation. Notably, adjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with a significant survival benefit. However, multivariable analysis adjustment for prognostic variables demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly associated with a survival benefit. Although histological subtypes of ampullary adenocarcinoma have been identified, the interaction between the subtype and response to therapy is implicit. Interestingly, Ecker et al. (14) performed a multinational, retrospective cohort study in 12 institutions where patients with the pancreatobiliary subtype frequently received gemcitabine-based regimens, whereas patients with the intestinal subtype received more varied treatments (fluorouracil, 50.0%; gemcitabine, 44.1%). They reported no association between adjuvant therapy and overall survival, regardless of histological subtype. In this present study, 19 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, but this did not predict the survival of patients with AAV.
There were some limitations to our present study. First, the study is in retrospective with a nonrandomized design; therefore, we could not interpret the associations as causative. Second, we could not explore 5-year survival rates because of short follow-up periods. Third, further analysis of the risk factors associated with chemotherapy in different types was impossible because of a small sample size.
In summary, this work found that serum CA 19-9 > 37 u/ml, positive perineural invasion, and classification as the pancreatobiliary type were prognostic factors independently associated with poor survival of AAV. Serum CA 19-9 > 37 U/ml and positive perineural invasion were significantly associated with poor survival in the intestinal-type ampullary tumors, whereas serum CEA > 5 µg/ml and tumor sizes > 2.5cm were significantly associated with poor survival in the pancreatobiliary-type ampullary tumors. Ajuvant chemotherapy, however, could not predict the survival of AAV patients. Future clinical studies aimed at evaluating adjuvant therapy for AAV should stratify the different subtypes to explore the potential benefit of treatment independently.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: YM and TX. Data curation: TX, XW, and YX. Formal analysis: TX. Investigation: XW, CL, and QZ. Methodology: TX, YC, and YZ. Resources: YM. Software: TX and WJ. Supervision: YM. Writing—original draft: TX, XW, and YM. Writing—review and editing: YM and, TX. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.