Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular Human Reproduction logoLink to Molecular Human Reproduction
. 2021 Feb 18;27(3):gaab012. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gaab012

Histone demethylase KDM4A overexpression improved the efficiency of corrected human tripronuclear zygote development

Hai-Ying Zhu 1,#, Xiang-Jin Kang 1,#, Long Jin 1, Pu-Yao Zhang 2, Han Wu 3, Tao Tan 4, Yang Yu 2,✉, Yong Fan 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7939728  PMID: 33599278

Abstract

Human zygotes are difficult to obtain for research because of limited resources and ethical debates. Corrected human tripronuclear (ch3PN) zygotes obtained by removal of the extra pronucleus from abnormally fertilized tripronuclear (3PN) zygotes are considered an alternative resource for basic scientific research. In the present study, eight-cell and blastocyst formation efficiency were significantly lower in both 3PN and ch3PN embryos than in normal fertilized (2PN) embryos, while histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) levels were much higher. It was speculated that the aberrant H3K9me3 level detected in ch3PN embryos may be related to low developmental competence. Microinjection of 1000 ng/µl lysine-specific demethylase 4A (KDM4A) mRNA effectively reduced the H3K9me3 level and significantly increased the developmental competence of ch3PN embryos. The quality of ch3PN zygotes improved as the grading criteria, cell number and pluripotent expression significantly increased in response to KDM4A mRNA injection. Developmental genes related to zygotic genome activation (ZGA) were also upregulated. These results indicate that KDM4A activates the transcription of the ZGA program by enhancing the expression of related genes, promoting epigenetic modifications and regulating the developmental potential of ch3PN embryos. The present study will facilitate future studies of ch3PN embryos and could provide additional options for infertile couples.

Keywords: KDM4A, corrected human tripronuclear (ch3PN), H3K9me3, zygotic genome activation (ZGA), embryo development

Introduction

Viable human embryos are difficult to obtain for basic scientific research owing to limited sources and ethical constraints (Ehrich et al., 2011). Tripronuclear (3PN) zygotes occur at a rate of 2–5% after conventional IVF (Pieters et al., 1992; Porter et al., 2003; Rosenbusch, 2009). These zygotes commonly form because two sperm enter one oocyte, which could eventually end in abortion, hydatidiform mole and polyploid teratismus; these zygotes are considered unsuitable for clinical transfer and are discarded in clinics (Plachot and Crozet, 1992). Therefore, 3PN zygotes can serve as an alternative source for understanding the mechanisms of human embryo development and analysis of normal euploid human embryonic stem cell lines. Several studies have attempted to restore the diploid status of 3PN zygotes by microsurgical removal of the extra pronucleus (Rawlins et al., 1988; Gordon et al., 1989; Malter and Cohen, 1989; Palermo et al., 1994; Ivakhnenko et al., 2000; Escriba et al., 2006; Gu et al., 2009). The birth of a healthy boy after transferring three embryos that developed from microsurgically corrected human 3PN (ch3PN) zygotes has also been reported (Kattera and Chen, 2003). These results demonstrate that a ch3PN zygote can be reliably corrected by removing the specific extra pronucleus followed by development into a genetically normal embryo. However, ch3PN embryos reaching the blastocyst stage are not comparable to normal fertilized embryos; thus, the use of ch3PN zygotes is limited (Chen et al., 2010; Fan et al., 2013; Fan et al., 2014). If more ch3PN embryos can reach the blastocyst stage, the utilization efficiency of ch3PN embryos that had been destined to be discarded would be improved, with favorable ethical implications. However, few efforts have been made to improve the developmental capacity of ch3PN embryos. Only one study has shown that adding the growth factor combination epidermal growth factor (Egf), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf-1) to the culture system improved the development efficiency of ch3PN embryos (Fan et al., 2014), but the mechanism(s) underlying the obstacle of ch3PN development remains unknown.

Histone modification is a major factor contributing to the successful development of fertilized embryos, which can affect zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and transcription factor binding ability to ultimately affect gene expression (Swygert and Peterson, 2014; Benveniste et al., 2014). Among these modifications, histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) is associated with heterochromatin and gene transcriptional repression during embryonic fate change (Becker et al., 2016), whereas histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) marks embryonic genome activation and blastocyst cell lineage segregation (Ruthenburg et al., 2007). Lysine-specific demethylase 4A (Kdm4A) demethylates H3K9me3 at promoters marked by H3K4me3 and is crucial for normal preimplantation development and ZGA after fertilization (Sankar et al., 2020). The loss of Kdm4A causes aberrant H3K9me3 that spreads across broad domains of H3K4me3, resulting in insufficient transcriptional activation of genes during ZGA (Sankar et al., 2020). Overexpression of human KDM4A reduces the high levels of H3K9me3 enriched in the reprogramming resistance region (RRR), facilitates ZGA and consequently improves the development of embryos such that they reach the blastocyst stage, as has been shown for human somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos (Chung et al., 2015). Similarly, KDM4D can correct high H3K9me3 levels and improve the developmental capacity of mouse and macaque cloned embryos (Matoba et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2018). Although KDM4A has been applied to the study of embryo development in different species and has resulted in obvious effects, its function in the embryonic development of ch3PN has not been reported. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of KDM4A mRNA injection on the developmental competence and embryo quality of ch3PN embryos. Moreover, the associated histone modifications and expression of related genes activated by ZGA were evaluated in these zygotes to explore the potential mechanism of action of KDM4A in injected ch3PN embryos.

Materials and Methods

Ethics statement

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and the Peking University Third Hospital (Approval ID: 20190000105). Patients in this study knew and understood that fertilized zygotes would be used and would be voluntarily discarded after signing an informed consent form.

Reagents and chemicals

Unless otherwise noted, all chemicals and reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Collection of 3PN embryos and removal of excess prokaryotes by micromanipulation

Zygotes were from the infertile couples who underwent IVF-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in our reproductive center between June 2018 and October 2020. The patients were treated with IVF owing to the presence of female oviduct factors. In total, 172 polyspermic zygotes were collected from 38 patients in this study. Fertilization was observed 16–18 h after insemination under a thermostatic inverted microscope. Zygotes with three pronuclei, two polar bodies, regular morphology and a complete zona pellucida were selected. The 3PN zygotes were transferred to a small (30 µl) drop of modified HTF medium (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA, USA) containing 7.5 µg/ml cytochalasin B (C6762, Sigma). The male pronucleus was excised; the additional male pronucleus was identified according to the previously established standard (Kattera and Chen, 2003). The criteria for identifying male pronuclei included the following: the presence of a prokaryotic sperm tail, a pronucleus size larger than that of the female pronucleus and a greater distance (relative to the female pronuclei) from the second polar body. For the reconstructed diploid fertilized egg, a pronucleus located farther away from the polar body was clearly identified through the eyepiece. With the help of a piezoelectric device (P150, Prime Tech, Japan), a holding pipette and a needle with an internal diameter of 10–12 µm were used to make a hole in the transparent membrane, and the needle was used to remove the pronucleus from the oocyte. ch3PN zygotes were then transferred to G1.5 media (Vitrolife, Gothenburg, Sweden).

mRNA microinjection operation and embryo culture

The transcription of KDM4A was performed according to the instructions of the HiScribe™ T7 Quick High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit (NEB, E2050S). Then, the mRNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After confirming the integrity of the mRNA by performing electrophoresis, aliquots were stored at −80°C until use. KDM4A mRNA was diluted with RNA-free water to 200 or 1000 ng/µl, and RNA-free water was injected into the embryos of the ch3PN group for control. The mixture was thoroughly mixed and centrifuged at 12 000g for 1 min. Ch3PN fertilized eggs were transferred to microinjection dishes and prepared as droplets for RNA microinjection. RNA was injected into the cytoplasm at ∼1–2 pl per embryo. After injection, the embryos were washed three times with G1.5 embryo culture solution. The first cleavage of the zygote was observed at 27–28 h after fertilization, and the development of embryos was observed at 48 h (D2), 72 h (D3) and 120 h (D5); if the number of dividing cells was ≥2, then they were defined as early-cleavage embryos. For D3, the embryos were transferred to balanced G2.5 media (Vitrolife) and incubated overnight for further culture. All embryos were maintained in a humidified incubator at 37°C, 5% CO2 and 5% O2.

Embryo grading

The ch3PN embryos were graded according to previously established criteria for evaluating eight-cell embryos and blastocysts (Dokras et al., 1993; Xia, 1997). Embryo grading criteria were as follows: for 8G1, there was a uniform blastomere with intact zona pellucida and no fragments; 8G2 had a slightly nonuniform blastomere and <5% fragments; 8G3: blastomere was as for 8G2 with intact zona pellucida and ranged from 5% to 20% fragments; 8G4: blastomere being viable and >50% fragments. The blastocyst grade was as follows: on D5, if the blastocyst cavity was large, the inner cell mass (ICM) cells were closely arranged, and the number of cells was large, then they were BG1; when the volume of the blastocyst cavity expanded to 50–80% and when the ICM had a small amount of cells that loosely accumulated on D5, then they were classified as BG2; and if the blastocyst cavity accounted for <50% of the volume and the ICM had almost no cells on D5, then they were classified as BG3.

Immunofluorescence staining

The embryos were washed three times in PBS-polyvinyl alcohol (1%, wt/vol), fixed with PBS-paraformaldehyde (4%, wt/vol) for 45 min and then permeabilized with PBS/1% Triton X-100 at 37°C for 30 min. The permeabilized embryos were blocked by incubation in PBS/2% bovine serum albumin (wt/vol) for 1 h. Thereafter, the embryos were incubated with a rabbit polyclonal primary antibody against recombinant octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) (1:500; sc-5279, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) (1:200; ab76541, Abcam, Inc.), GATA-binding protein 6 (GATA6) (1:200; #5851, Abcam, Inc.), H3K9me3 (1:200; ab8580, Abcam, Inc.) or H3K4me3 (1; 200; ab8898, Abcam, Inc.) overnight at 4°C. An anti-rabbit IgG fragment (1:500; #8899, #4412, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) or anti-mouse IgG fragment (1:500; #8890, #4408, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) was then incubated together with the embryos for 1 h at room temperature. After washing three times in PBS, the DNA was counterstained with 10 µg/ml DAPI for 10 min.

The stained embryos were then mounted under a coverslip together with antifading mounting media (P36982, Thermo Fisher, Inc.) to delay photobleaching. The experiment was repeated at least three times, with two or three embryos analyzed per experiment. A 488 nm fluorescein isothiocyanate was used to visualize signals with a fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Nikon NIS element software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) was used to capture and quantify the images.

Quantitative real-time PCR

Total RNA was isolated from ch3PN embryos injected with or without KDM4A (10 embryos per sample) using a Dynabeads mRNA Direct Kit (Life Technologies AS, Oslo, Norway) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. First-strand cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of mRNA using an oligo (dT) 12–18 primer and a SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Real-time PCR amplification was conducted with a QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR kit (Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland) on a RotorGene 2000 real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Each real-time PCR mixture consisted of 1 µl of cDNA, 10 µl of SYBR, 0.5 µl of ROX, 7.5 µl of nuclease-free water and 0.5 µl of the appropriate forward and reverse primers (Table I), for a total volume of 20 µl. All tests were conducted in triplicate. Relative gene expression data were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method.

Table I.

List of primers used for real-time PCR in this study.

Gene name Primer sequences (5′–3′) Accession number
Developmental pluripotency associated 2 (Dppa2) F: TGAGGTTCGTGTTTGTGCCTGC XM_030245923.1
R: CCATCAAGTGGTTTTTTCTTTTGC
Developmental pluripotency associated 4 (Dppa4) F: TTTGCTTCAGGGTTTCATCC XM_011250780.3
R: ATCCTCTGCAGCTCCATGTT
Myc F: AAAGGCTGGAACCCTTGTTT XM_030243266.1
R: GCACCTTGCCTTCAATGAGT
Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing 4 (Zscan4) F: TCGCTACCGTCGTGACTTCGC NM_009741.5
R: GCATCCCAGCCTCCGTTATCC
Upstream-binding transcription factor like 1 (Ubtfl1) F: CACTCTCAGGAGAGCATTCCA XM_021185540.2
R: CCCAGCATTTCCAGTCTTTG
THO complex 5 (Thoc5) F: CCAGGAGAATGGCAAGAATGAA XM_021207183.2
R: AGGAAGGTAAAGAGCGGGTGAG
Paired pox 5 (Pax5) F: CCAGCCTTTCTACCCAATGT XM_029478250.1
R: ATAGGGCGTCCTTTAGCAGA
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) F: AAGCCAAGCTCTGTTCAGCAA XM_017312617.2
R: GAAGGCAATCGTTCTTCTCACT
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) F: CAGGTTGTCTCCTGCGACTTCA NM_001289726.1
R: GTGGGTGGTCCAGGGTTTCTTA
Open in a new tab

F, forward primer; R, reverse primer.

Statistical analysis

Each experiment was repeated more than three times. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Univariate ANOVA was used for data analysis, and SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software was used for Duncan’s multiple range test. The average fluorescence intensity of each nucleus was quantified using Nikon NIS element software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Removal of one extra pronucleus cannot rescue the developmental competence of 3PN zygotes

ch3PN embryos were derived from 3PN embryos by microsurgical removal of one extra pronucleus (Fig. 1A). The evaluation of developmental competence showed that the cleavage efficiency at the two-cell stage did not differ between two pronuclei (2PN, n = 24) IVF human zygotes and the 3PN (n = 39) and ch3PN (n = 44) embryos (85.37 ± 11.01% vs. 80.06 ± 12.87% and 82.21 ± 9.77%, respectively, P > 0.05). However, abnormal cleavage began at the eight-cell stage, which corresponded to the major wave of ZGA in normal embryogenesis in humans (Jukam et al., 2017). Obviously, the 3PN and ch3PN embryos in the eight-cell stage had more fragments, and most of the blastomeres showed significant degeneration before forming blastocysts (Fig. 1B). The eight-cell (44.49 ± 12.79% vs. 41.39 ± 5.67% and 82.48 ± 10.68%, respectively, P < 0.05) and blastocyst (58.78 ± 8.93% vs. 6.22 ± 6.02% and 5.58 ± 3.65%, respectively, P < 0.05) formation efficiencies were significantly lower in both the 3PN and ch3PN embryos than in the 2PN group (Fig. 1C). This demonstrated that enucleation of one pronucleus from 3PN is essential but not entirely sufficient for overcoming the developmental block of 3PN embryos.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

Developmental competence of 2PN, 3PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos. (A) ch3PN derivation from the removal of one pronucleus from a 3PN zygote and KDM4A mRNA injection. 200× magnification. (B) Developmental process of 2PN, 3PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos. Scale bar = 100 µm. (C) Developmental efficiency at the eight-cell and blastocyst stages of 2PN, 3PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos. Each experiment was repeated at least three times with 24–46 oocytes. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Univariate ANOVA was used for data analysis, and SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used for Duncan’s multiple range test. The values indicated by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). 2PN, two pronuclei IVF human zygote; 3PN, tripronuclear zygotes; ch3PN, removal of one pronucleus from a 3PN zygote; ch3PN-K, ch3PN injection with KDM4A; KDM4A, lysine-specific demethylase 4A.

H3K9me3 and H3K4me3 were present at high levels in ch3PN embryos

The global H3K9me3 and H3K4me3 levels were determined in 2PN and ch3PN embryos. At the eight-cell stage, both the H3K9me3 and H3K4me3 levels of the ch3PN embryos were significantly higher than those in the 2PN embryos (Figs. 2A and B and 3A and B). At the blastocyst stage, there was a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity of H3K9me3 in ch3PN compared to 2PN embryos (Fig. 2C and D), while no statistically significant differences were found in the average fluorescence intensity of H3K4me3 between the 2PN and ch3PN groups (Fig. 3C and D).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Global H3K9me3 levels in eight-cell and blastocyst embryos. (A) Histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) staining (green) in 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at the eight-cell stage. (B) Proportion of fluorescence intensity of H3K9me3 staining in 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at the eight-cell stages. (C) H3K9me3 staining (green) in 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at blastocyst stage. (D) Proportion of fluorescence intensity of H3K9me3 staining in 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at blastocyst stages. Each sample was counterstained with Hoechst 33342 to visualize the DNA (blue). Scale bar = 50 µm. Each experiment was repeated at least three times with at least 24 oocytes. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Univariate ANOVA was used for data analysis, and SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used for Duncan’s multiple range test. The values with different superscripts within groups are significantly different (P < 0.05). The experiments were repeated three times, with n = 2–3 per group.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Global H3K4me3 levels in eight-cell and blastocyst embryos. (A) H3K4me3 staining (green) in 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at the eight-cell stage. (B) Proportion of fluorescence intensity of H3K4me3 staining in 2PN (n = 5), ch3PN (n = 5) and ch3PN-K (n = 5) embryos at the eight-cell stages. (C) H3K4me3 staining (green) in 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at blastocyst stage. (D) Proportion of fluorescence intensity of H3K4me3 staining in 2PN (n=5), ch3PN (n = 5) and ch3PN-K (n = 5) embryos at blastocyst stages. Each sample was counterstained with Hoechst 33342 to visualize the DNA (blue). Scale bar = 50 µm. Each experiment was repeated at least three times with at least 24 oocytes. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Univariate ANOVA was used for data analysis, and SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used for Duncan’s multiple range test. The values with different superscripts within groups are significantly different (P < 0.05). The experiments were repeated three times, with n = 2–3 per group.

Human KDM4A mRNA injection improved the developmental competence of ch3PN embryos

ch3PN human embryos were injected with 200 (n = 41) or 1000 (n = 46) ng/µl KDM4A (ch3PN-K group) or with RNA-free water (ch3PN group, n = 44). There were no significant differences in the cleavage rate between the 200 and 1000 ng/µl ch3PN-K and the ch3PN groups (80.00 ± 16.21% and 81.28 ± 7.58% vs. 82.21 ± 9.77%, respectively, P > 0.05). The percentage of embryos developing to the eight-cell stage was higher in the 1000 ng/µl ch3PN-K group than in the 200 ng/µl ch3PN-K or ch3PN group (69.28 ± 5.02% vs. 46.97 ± 6.08% and 41.39 ± 5.67%, respectively, P < 0.05). The proportion of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher in the 1000 ng/µl ch3PN-K group than in the 200 ng/µl ch3PN-K and ch3PN groups (18.16 ± 6.08% vs. 6.29 ± 3.90% and 5.58 ± 3.65%, respectively, P < 0.05). However, the development capacity of the ch3PN-K embryos still did not reach the efficiency of the 2PN embryos (Fig. 1C).

KDM4A mRNA injection significantly improved the status of histone H3K9me3 but not H3K4me3 in ch3PN human embryos

To provide a mechanism for the improved developmental capacity of ch3PN human embryos after KDM4A mRNA injection, the levels of H3K9me3 and H3K4me3 were measured. At the eight-cell stage, the fluorescence intensity of H3K9me3 staining was greatly reduced in the embryos injected with KDM4A, which was comparable to that of the 2PN embryos (Fig. 2A and B). At the blastocyst stage, although the fluorescence intensity of H3K9me3 staining in the ch3PN-K group was notably lower than that in the ch3PN group, it was still higher than that in the 2PN blastocytes (Fig. 2C and D). For the other epigenetic marker (H3K4me3), the level of H3K4me3 was statistically lower in the 2PN embryos than in the ch3PN embryos and the level of H3K4me3 was slightly lower in the ch3PN-K embryos than in the ch3PN embryos at the eight-cell stage (Fig. 3A and B), but it did not significantly differ between the 2PN, ch3PN and ch3PN-K groups at the blastocyst stage (Fig. 3C and D).

Overexpression of KDM4A enhanced the quality and developmental pluripotency of human ch3PN embryos

To verify the effects of KDM4A mRNA injection on the quality of ch3PN embryos, the embryos at the eight-cell stage on D3 and at the blastocyst stage on D5 were evaluated using established clinical criteria (Dokras et al., 1993; Xia, 1997). The total cell number of the blastocysts was also evaluated. For eight-cell stage embryos, the proportion of 8G1 embryos increased in the ch3PN-K group (Fig. 4A) (P < 0.05), but the proportion of 8G2 embryos did not increase in the ch3PN-K group compared with the ch3PN group (P > 0.05). The blastocyst grades improved following injection of KDM4A, and the number of high-grade blastocysts (BG1 and BG2) increased in the ch3PN-K group (P < 0.05, Fig. 4B). The blastocyst cell number was measured in the ch3PN-K and ch3PN groups on D6 after fertilization: the results showed that the total cell number significantly increased in the ch3PN-K group compared with the ch3PN group (P < 0.05, Fig. 4E).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Open in a new tab

Developmental potential of ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos. (A) Quality grading of eight-cell stage resulting from ch3PN and ch3PN-K zygotes. (B) Quality grading of blastocysts resulting from ch3PN and ch3PN-K zygotes. (C) Staining of OCT4 (red), GATA6 (green) and CDX2 (green) at the blastocyst stage. (D) Proportion of fluorescence intensity of OCT4, GATA6 and CDX2 staining in the ch3PN and ch3PN-K groups at the blastocyst stage. The experiments were repeated three times, with n = 2–3 per group. (E) Comparison of the total cell numbers in ch3PN blastocysts injected with or without KDM4A. The experiments were repeated three times, with n = 2–3 per group. Statistical analyses were performed with Student’s t-test. The values with different superscripts within groups are significantly different (P < 0.05). OCT4; recombinant octamer-binding transcription factor 4; CDX2, caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2; GATA6, GATA-binding protein 6.

To determine the effect of KDM4A overexpression on the developmental pluripotency of ch3PN blastocysts, immunofluorescence staining was performed for the ICM-specific marker molecules Oct4 and Gata6 and for the trophectoderm (TE) marker molecule Cdx2 at the blastocyst stage. The fluorescence intensity of OCT4 and CDX2 staining was significantly higher in ch3PN-K embryos than in ch3PN embryos, indicating that KDM4A mRNA injection enhanced the developmental potential of human ch3PN embryos. However, the fluorescence intensity of GATA6 was similar between the ch3PN-K and ch3PN embryos (Fig. 4C and D).

KDM4A mRNA injection increased the expression of ZGA-related genes

To identify candidate genes that were repressed by H3K9me3 and that may be responsible for the poor development of ch3PN embryos, genes previously shown to be significantly upregulated and involved in transcriptional regulation during ZGA were assessed. Based on the quantitative RT-PCR results, the developmental pluripotency-associated genes developmental pluripotency associated 2 (Dppa2) and 4 (Dppa4) and Myc were significantly increased in ch3PN-K embryos compared with ch3PN embryos. Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing 4 (Zscan4), upstream-binding transcription factor like 1 (Ubtfl1) and THO complex 5 (Thoc5), which are known to be required for normal preimplantation development, were also significantly higher in the ch3PN-K embryos than in ch3PN embryos (P < 0.05, Fig. 5). However, the relative expression of Paired Box 5 (Pax5) and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) was similar in the ch3PN-K and ch3PN embryos. Thus, KDM4A mRNA injection corrected the developmentally important genes of ch3PN during ZGA.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Open in a new tab

Relative mRNA levels of ZGA-related genes. The relative mRNA expression of the ZGA-related genes developmental pluripotency associated 2 (Dppa2) and 4 (Dppa4) Myc, paired pox 5 (Pax5), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing 4 (Zscan4), upstream-binding transcription factor like 1 (Ubtfl1) and THO complex 5 (Thoc5) was evaluated in ch3PN and ch3PN-K embryos at the eight-cell stage by quantitative RT-PCR. Statistical analyses were performed with Student’s t-test. a,bThe values with different superscripts within groups are significantly different (P<0.05).

Discussion

Human embryos are difficult to obtain for research because of limited resources and ethical debates (Ehrich et al., 2011). Ch3PN zygotes from abnormally fertilized 3PN zygotes that are destined to be discarded in IVF cycles, are considered an alternative resource for basic scientific research (Rawlins et al., 1988; Gordon et al., 1989; Malter and Cohen, 1989; Palermo et al., 1994; Ivakhnenko et al., 2000; Escriba et al., 2006; Gu et al., 2009; Kattera and Chen, 2003). In our study, the blastocyst development efficiency was not improved by removal of a male pronucleus (Fig. 1C), which was consistent with the results of previous reports (Chen et al., 2010; Fan et al., 2013, 2014). Other studies have shown that the rate of blastocyst formation from corrected zygotes was increased (Jin et al., 2015; Liao et al., 2016). This different developmental competence may be attributed to different micromanipulation and culture systems. However, the results of all these studies were consistent with the developmental competence of ch3PN embryos but this was not comparable to the results of normal fertilized embryos. Previous studies of ch3PN embryos showed that adding the small-molecule compound Egf-Bdnf-Igf-1 to the culture system improved the development efficiency of ch3PN embryos (Fan et al., 2014). This suggested that the developmental limitations of ch3PN can be corrected by different approaches.

Aberrant changes in histone modification are thought to be one of the main epigenetic marks that impede the development of abnormal embryos, particularly during the ZGA process (Zhang et al., 2016; Zheng et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018). Previous reports have also indicated that removal of a male pronucleus from 3PN human zygotes cannot correct for DNA methylation or H3K9me3 patterns (Chen et al., 2010). In the present study, the H3K9me3 and H3K4me3 levels were much higher in the ch3PN and 3PN embryos than in the IVF embryos at the eight-cell stage, while only H3K9me3, but not H3K4me3, was detected at high levels in the ch3PN embryos at the blastocyst stage (Figs. 2 and 3). We speculated that the aberrant H3K9me3 level detected in the ch3PN embryos may be related to the low developmental competence. This suggests that the normal development of an embryo requires not only a correct diploid genome but also normal histone modification, which regulates the expression of developmental genes during ZGA. The injection of KDM4A mRNA effectively decreased the level of H3K9me3 modification and increased the blastocyst formation rate in ch3PN embryos, similar to that found in other species (Chung et al., 2015; Weng et al., 2020). In mice, injection of KDM4D decreased the H3K9me3 level and eventually increased the developmental competence of cloned embryos (Matoba et al., 2014). In human SCNT embryos, KDM4A mRNA effectively decreased H3K9me3 levels and facilitated ZGA of RRRs (Chung et al., 2015). In macaque monkey studies, injection of KDM4D mRNA and treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, greatly improved blastocyst development and the pregnancy rate of transplanted SCNT embryos in surrogate monkeys, ultimately yielding two healthy babies (Liu et al., 2018). In fact, we attempted to use KDM4A and KDM4D mRNA to reduce H3K9me3 levels in ch3PN embryos, but H3K9me3 modification was still detected at high levels after KDM4D overexpression (data not shown), although KDM4D had an apparent effect in mouse and macaque embryos (Matoba et al., 2014; Chung et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2018). A high level of H3K9me3 is present in the RRRs of nuclear-transfer embryos during ZGA, and removal of H3K9me3 markedly upregulates RRRs and at least partly facilitates ZGA (Chung et al., 2015). For H3K4me3, a slightly decreased level at the eight-cell stage was corrected by KDM4A mRNA injection, although KDM4A is not a demethylase inhibitor that targets H3K4me3 sites (Fig. 3). Previous reports have suggested that Kdm4A-mediated H3K9me3 demethylation and broad domains of H3K4me3 regulate the transcriptional activation of genes, endogenous retroviral elements and chimeric transcripts initiated from long terminal repeats during ZGA (Sankar et al., 2020). This regulation may play a role in H3K9me3 and H3K4me3 mediation in ch3PN embryos injected with KDM4A at the eight-cell stage.

Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of human embryos indicated massive gene expression in eight-cell embryos compared to four-cell embryos (Yan et al., 2013). These genes were enriched for transcriptional regulation, ribosomal biogenesis and RNA processing, suggesting that these genes may play an important role in transcriptional activation during ZGA. According to previous data, all the genes detected in this study, which included Dppa2, Dppa4, Myc, Zscan4, Pax5, Grb2, Ubtfl1 and Thoc5, were expressed at high levels at the eight-cell stage (Yan et al., 2013). Moreover, RRRs with high H3K9me3 levels exist in embryos and repression of H3K9me3 at the ZGA stage regulates gene expression patterns and facilitates embryonic development (Chung et al., 2015). Among genes whose expression was significantly dysregulated by H3K9me3, Ubtfl1 and Thoc5 are known to be required for normal preimplantation development (Yamada et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013). Ubtfl1 and Thoc5 were significantly upregulated by KDM4A mRNA injection in eight-cell stage human SCNT embryos, while consistent upregulation was obtained in ch3PN embryos with KDM4A mRNA injection during ZGA (Chung et al., 2015). The developmental pluripotency-associated genes, such as Dppa2, Dppa4 and Myc, and the ZGA-related gene Zscan4 were repressed by H3K9me3 in monkey SCNT embryos (Liu et al., 2018), and Kdm4 injection at least partly corrected the abnormal expression by removal of H3K9me3.

In previous studies, the lower quality of polyspermic zygotes has been shown to result in lower blastocyst formation efficiency and low blastocyst quality (Kawamura et al., 2012). Therefore, improvements in embryo competence can contribute to an increase in embryo quality. Embryo quality was assessed based on embryo grading criteria, cell number and pluripotent expression. The KDM4A mRNA injection significantly improved most grades of eight-cell embryos and blastocysts of the ch3PN embryos (Fig. 4A and B). The other criterion that reflected quality was the cell number of blastocysts. Blastocoel formation is a normal developmental period in which sufficient numbers of cells are generated. In this study, increased blastocyst cell numbers were observed in ch3PN embryos with KDM4A, suggesting that they would probably be successful at forming blastocoels, thereby promoting further embryo development, such as that needed to derive human embryonic stem cells. Successful embryonic development is dependent on the proper expression of specific genes, including Oct4 and Cdx2, which are closely associated with pluripotency and early embryonic development (Yan et al., 2013; Theunissen and Jaenisch, 2017). Oct4 is necessary for the maintenance of pluripotency of ICM cells and Cdx2 promotes TE fate, cell-autonomously (Nichols et al., 1998; Ralston and Rossant, 2008). The developmental potential of ch3PN blastocysts overexpressing KDM4A was determined, and the results showed that blastocysts overexpressing KDM4A significantly expressed OCT4 and CDX2 (Fig. 4C and D). These results indicated that embryo KDM4A mRNA injection promoted not only developmental efficiency but also embryo quality in the ch3PN embryos. However, the fluorescence intensity of the primitive endoderm (PE)-specific transcription factor Gata6 was similar between the ch3PN-K and ch3PN embryos (Fig. 4C and D). ICM cells express either the epiblast (EPI) specific transcription factor Nanog or Gata6, displaying a mutually exclusive mosaic distribution before the establishment of the PE layer by the late blastocyst stage (Chazaud et al., 2006). Probably because the embryos we tested were in the early blastocyst stage (D5), the change in Gata6 was not detected.

In summary, H3K9me3 acted as an epigenetic barrier in human ch3PN embryos, and microinjection of KDM4A mRNA effectively reduced the H3K9me3 level and ultimately increased the developmental efficiency of ch3PN embryos. The quality of ch3PN zygotes improved as the grading criteria, cell number and pluripotent expression significantly improved in response to KDM4A mRNA injection. ZGA-related developmental genes were also upregulated. Because various aberrant epigenetic mechanisms may exist during ch3PN embryo development, the use of combinations of small-molecule inhibitors is recommended in future studies.

Data availability

The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Authors’ Roles

Y.F., Y.Y. and H.-Y.Z. conceived and designed the research. H.-Y.Z., X.-J.K., L.J., P.-Y.Z., H.W. and T.T. conducted the experiments. H.-Y.Z. and X.-J.K. contributed to data interpretation, drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0110804, 2018YFC1003203 and 2016YFC1000601), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81901483, 81871162, 81771580 and 81971381), the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project (201803010048 and 201904010024), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019A1515110858 and 2019A1515010755) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (2019M662856).

Conflict of Interest

The authors have nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Becker JS, Nicetto D, Zaret KS.  H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin: barrier to cell fate changes. Trends Genet  2016;32:29–41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Benveniste D, Sonntag HJ, Sanguinetti G, Sproul D.  Transcription factor binding predicts histone modifications in human cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A  2014;111:13367–13372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Chazaud C, Yamanaka Y, Pawson T, Rossant J.  Early lineage segregation between epiblast and primitive endoderm in mouse blastocysts through the Grb2–MAPK pathway. Dev Cell  2006;10:615–624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chen X, Fan Y, Long X, Sun X.  Similar DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation patterns in tripronuclear and corrected bipronuclear human zygotes. J Reprod Dev  2010;56:324–329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chung YG, Matoba S, Liu Y, Eum JH, Lu F, Jiang W, Lee JE, Sepilian V, Cha KY, Lee DR  et al.  Histone demethylase expression enhances human somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency and promotes derivation of pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell  2015;17:758–766. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dokras A, Sargent IL, Barlow DH.  Human blastocyst grading: an indicator of developmental potential?  Hum Reprod  1993;8:2119–2127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ehrich K, Farsides B, Williams C, Scott R.  Constructing an ethical framework for embryo donation to research: is it time for a restricted consent policy?  Hum Fertil  2011;14:115–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Escriba MJ, Martin J, Rubio C, Valbuena D, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Simon C.  Heteroparental blastocyst production from microsurgically corrected tripronucleated human embryos. Fertil Steril  2006;86:1601–1607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fan Y, Li R, Huang J, Yu Y, Qiao J.  Diploid, but not haploid, human embryonic stem cells can be derived from microsurgically repaired tripronuclear human zygotes. Cell Cycle  2013;12:302–311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fan Y, Li R, Huang J, Zhao HC, Ding T, Sun X, Yu Y, Qiao J.  Improved efficiency of microsurgical enucleated tripronuclear zygotes development and embryonic stem cell derivation by supplementing epidermal growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Stem Cells Dev  2014;23:563–575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gordon JW, Grunfeld L, Garrisi GJ, Navot D, Laufer N.  Successful microsurgical removal of a pronucleus from tripronuclear human zygotes. Fertil Steril  1989;52:367–372. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gu YF, Lin G, Lu CF, Lu GX.  Analysis of the first mitotic spindles in human in vitro fertilized tripronuclear zygotes after pronuclear removal. Reprod Biomed Online  2009;19:745–754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ivakhnenko V, Cieslak J, Verlinsky Y.  A microsurgical technique for enucleation of multipronuclear human zygotes. Hum Reprod  2000;15:911–916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jin HX, Dai SJ, Song WY, Yao GD, Shi SL, Sun YP.  Embryo developmental potential of microsurgically corrected human three-pronuclear zygotes. Syst Biol Reprod Med  2015;61:96–102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Jukam D, Shariati SAM, Skotheim JM.  Zygotic genome activation in vertebrates. Dev Cell  2017;42:316–332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kattera S, Chen C.  Normal birth after microsurgical enucleation of tripronuclear human zygotes: case report. Hum Reprod  2003;18:1319–1322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kawamura K, Chen Y, Shu Y, Cheng Y, Qiao J, Behr B, Pera RA, Hsueh AJ.  Promotion of human early embryonic development and blastocyst outgrowth in vitro using autocrine/paracrine growth factors. PLoS One  2012;7:e49328.. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Liao HQ, OuYang Q, Zhang SP, Cheng DH, Lu GX, Lin G.  Pronuclear removal of tripronuclear zygotes can establish heteroparental normal karyotypic human embryonic stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet  2016;33:255–263. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Liu X, Wang C, Liu W, Li J, Li C, Kou X, Chen J, Zhao Y, Gao H, Wang H  et al.  Distinct features of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 chromatin domains in pre-implantation embryos. Nature  2016;537:558–562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Liu Z, Cai Y, Wang Y, Nie Y, Zhang C, Xu Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Wang Z, Poo M  et al.  Cloning of macaque monkeys by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cell  2018;174:245.. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Malter HE, Cohen J.  Embryonic development after microsurgical repair of polyspermic human zygotes. Fertil Steril  1989;52:373–380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Matoba S, Liu Y, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Shen L, Inoue A, Zhang Y.  Embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer impeded by persisting histone methylation. Cell  2014;159:884–895. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nichols J, Zevnik B, Anastassiadis K, Niwa H, Klewe-Nebenius D, Chambers I, SchöLer H, Smith A.  Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4. Cell  1998;95:379–391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Palermo G, Munne S, Cohen J.  The human zygote inherits its mitotic potential from the male gamete. Hum Reprod  1994;9:1220–1225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Pieters MH, Dumoulin JC, Ignoul-Vanvuchelen RC, Bras M, Evers JL, Geraedts JP.  Triploidy after in vitro fertilization: cytogenetic analysis of human zygotes and embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet  1992;9:68–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Plachot M, Crozet N.  Fertilization abnormalities in human in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod  1992;7:89–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Porter R, Han T, Tucker MJ, Graham J, Liebermann J, Sills ES.  Estimation of second polar body retention rate after conventional insemination and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: in vitro observations from more than 5000 human oocytes. J Assist Reprod Genet  2003;20:371–376. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Ralston A, Rossant J.  Cdx2 acts downstream of cell polarization to cell autonomously promote trophectoderm fate in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol  2008;313:614–629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Rawlins RG, Binor Z, Radwanska E, Dmowski WP.  Microsurgical enucleation of tripronuclear human zygotes. Fertil Steril  1988;50:266–272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Rosenbusch BE.  Selective microsurgical removal of a pronucleus from tripronuclear human oocytes to restore diploidy: disregarded but valuable?  Fertil Steril  2009;92:897–903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ruthenburg AJ, Allis CD, Wysocka J.  Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol Cell  2007;25:15–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Sankar A, Lerdrup M, Manaf A, Johansen JV, Gonzalez JM, Borup R, Blanshard R, Klungland A, Hansen K, Andersen CY  et al.  KDM4A regulates the maternal-to-zygotic transition by protecting broad H3K4me3 domains from H3K9me3 invasion in oocytes. Nat Cell Biol  2020;22:380–388. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Swygert SG, Peterson CL.  Chromatin dynamics: interplay between remodeling enzymes and histone modifications. Biochim Biophys Acta  2014;1839:728–736. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Theunissen TW, Jaenisch R.  Mechanisms of gene regulation in human embryos and pluripotent stem cells. Development  2017;144:4496–4509. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Wang C, Liu X, Gao Y, Yang L, Li C, Liu W, Chen C, Kou X, Zhao Y, Chen J  et al.  Reprogramming of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during mammalian embryo development. Nat Cell Biol  2018;20:620–631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Wang L, Miao YL, Zheng X, Lackford B, Zhou B, Han L, Yao C, Ward JM, Burkholder A, Lipchina I  et al.  The THO complex regulates pluripotency gene mRNA export and controls embryonic stem cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell  2013;13:676–690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Weng XG, Cai MM, Zhang YT, Liu Y, Liu C, Liu ZH.  Improvement in the in vitro development of cloned pig embryos after kdm4a overexpression and an H3K9me3 methyltransferase inhibitor treatment. Theriogenology  2020;146:162–170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Xia P.  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: correlation of oocyte grade based on polar body, perivitelline space and cytoplasmic inclusions with fertilization rate and embryo quality. Hum Reprod  1997;12:1750–1755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Yamada M, Hamatani T, Akutsu H, Chikazawa N, Kuji N, Yoshimura Y, Umezawa A.  Involvement of a novel preimplantation-specific gene encoding the high mobility group box protein Hmgpi in early embryonic development. Hum Mol Genet  2010;19:480–493. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Yan L, Yang M, Guo H, Yang L, Wu J, Li R, Liu P, Lian Y, Zheng X, Yan J  et al.  Single-cell RNA-Seq profiling of human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol  2013;20:1131–1139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Zhang B, Zheng H, Huang B, Li W, Xiang Y, Peng X, Ming J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Xu Q  et al.  Allelic reprogramming of the histone modification H3K4me3 in early mammalian development. Nature  2016;537:553–557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Zheng H, Huang B, Zhang B, Xiang Y, Du Z, Xu Q, Li Y, Wang Q, Ma J, Peng X  et al.  Resetting epigenetic memory by reprogramming of histone modifications in mammals. Mol Cell  2016;63:1066–1079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Articles from Molecular Human Reproduction are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES