Introduction
Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, manifests a spectrum of cutaneous patches, plaques, and tumors, but only rarely involves the oral mucosa.1,2 CD30+ large cell transformation (LCT) of MF generally heralds poor prognosis and occurs occasionally.3,4 LCT of MF occurring in the oral mucosa is exceptional.5 Here, we describe an extraordinary case of MF with CD30+ LCT presenting as a mutilating, persistent upper lip ulcer, posing a challenge to diagnosis.
Case description
A man in his 60's with a history of alcoholism presented with 4-month history of an expanding, non-healing, necrotic, ulcerated plaque on the upper cutaneous and mucosal lip (Fig 1). Initial biopsy revealed ulcerated and crusted folliculitis, and bacterial culture grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Over the course of the next 1.5 months, his ulcer grew despite the administration of numerous antibiotics, including cephalexin, rifampin, minocycline, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and oritavancin.
Fig 1.
Clinical appearance of characteristic lesions. A, Wide and penetrating ulceration with yellow-black necrotic tissue at the base of the left upper cutaneous and mucosal lip with destruction and distortion of both the mucosal and cutaneous lip outlined by an erythematous rolling serpiginous plaque. B, Disseminated pink, scaly, thin, nummular plaques and patches, here depicted over the right thigh.
The severity and recalcitrance of the ulcer prompted dermatology consultation. Culture of the ulcer grew Staphylococcus epidermidis, Finegoldia magna, and Pseudomonas putida; however, piperacillin-tazobactam and ciprofloxacin failed to improve the lesion. Biopsy demonstrated extensive neutrophilic infiltration, initially interpreted as consistent with pyoderma gangrenosum. However, the lesion did not respond to prednisone and intralesional triamcinolone. A repeat biopsy of the ulcer margins revealed scattered CD30+ and anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1-negative large atypical lymphoid infiltrates with mixed acute and chronic inflammation and necroinflammatory debris, suggesting a CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder (Fig 2). A positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan highlighted the ulcerated lip tumor and a small scaly, erythematous plaque over his left eyebrow. One month after completing prednisone treatment, examination revealed red scaly patches and thin plaques affecting 40%-50% of the total body surface area (Fig 1). Biopsy of the left eyebrow plaque showed atypical dermal and pannicular T-lymphocytic infiltrate with epidermotropism, folliculotropism, and syringotropism with a CD4:CD8 ratio of approximately 10:1, including scattered CD30+ large atypical cells (approximately 5%). Biopsy of the right thigh plaque revealed an atypical epidermotropic and adenexotropic lymphocytic infiltrate with a CD4:CD8 ratio of 4:1 and scattered CD30+ cells (approximately 30%). The clinicopathologic picture appeared most compatible with adenexotropic MF with CD30+ LCT. Staging, including peripheral blood flow cytometry, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, CBC, and SPEP, showed no evidence of systemic involvement.
Fig 2.
Histopathology of lip ulcer. A, Scattered CD30-positive and ALK1-negative large atypical lymphoid infiltrates with associated mixed acute and chronic inflammation and necroinflammatory debris (Hematoxylin-eosin–stain; original magnification: ×20.) B, CD30-positive cells are highlighted. (CD30 immunostain; original magnification: ×20.)
Radiation therapy rapidly improved the ulcerated lip tumor with a total dose of 4,250 cGy in 25 fractions over a 5-week course. For the remaining involved skin, topical mechloramine gel was prescribed, supplemented by clobetasol ointment for plaques and triamcinolone ointment for patches. Following completion of radiation therapy, significant clinical improvement was observed, with skin involvement decreasing from 40%-50% to 10%-15%, featuring marked reduction in the size of individual patches/plaques and healing with contraction of the lip ulcer.
Discussion
As a “great mimicker,” MF is notorious for the spectrum of guises it can assume. While classically presenting with patches, plaques, and tumors of the skin, accentuated in sun-protected regions, the protean variants of MF can manifest a range of morphologies.6 Involvement of the oral mucosa by MF, however, is highly uncommon, with an estimated <60 cases reported in the literature.2 When it does affect the oral mucosa, MF appears to preferentially localize to the tongue, palate, and gingiva, with only rare involvement of the upper lip.5,7 Recognition of MF of the oral mucosa is significant not only for its unique burden on quality of life and management challenges, but also because oral MF is generally associated with poor prognosis.2
Another adverse prognostic feature of MF is LCT, defined as development of tumors in the setting of pre-existing patch- or plaque-stage MF, which frequently harbors CD30-positive large atypical cells. On histopathology, LCT is defined as large cells comprising >25% of the total lymphoid infiltrate or forming microscopic nodules.3, 4, 5 An uncommon occurrence, LCT is estimated to occur in 6%-32% of MF cases, with a prognosis of <20% survival in 5 years.1,4
The combination of LCT and oral involvement by MF is exceedingly rare, with only six cases reported to date (Table I), when restricted to those with detailed characterization.1 While one article alludes to three cases of oral MF, only one case is highlighted in detail as qualifying as LCT.8 Moreover, involvement of the upper lip by MF with LCT to our knowledge has not been previously documented.5
Table I.
Summary of literature documenting oral mycosis fungoides (MF) with large cell transformation (LCT)
| Case | Reference | Age at MF diagnosis (Dx) | Age at oral MF Dx | Sex | Oral mucosa involved | Cutaneous involvement | Treatment for oral MF | Treatment for cutaneous disease | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kunishige et al. (2006) | 70 | 72 | M | Tongue | Erythroderma, keratoderma, and well-circumscribed, dome-shaped tumors on scalp, chin, and chest. Baseline-involved body surface area (BSA) was 27.15% (22% patches, 3.5% plaques, 1.65% tumors) | Local radiation therapy | Denileukin diftitox (for chronic lymphocytic leukemia), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, gemcitabine, local radiation therapy | Not provided |
| 2 | Kunishige et al. (2006) | 55 | 56 | F | Tongue | Hyperpigmented patches, evolving into plaques and tumors (86% BSA: 2% patches, 80% plaques, 6.4% tumors) | Boost radiation | Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, gemcitabine, TSEB radiation | Death (4 months after appearance of tongue lesion) |
| 3 | Bittencourt et al. (2015) | 48 | 48 | M | Not specified | Plaques; oral large cell lymphoma presented simultaneously with skin lesions | Local radiation therapy, IFN | IFN | Alive with disease (at 9 months) (as of 2015) |
| 4 | Bassuner et al. (2016) | 63 | 67 | M | Tongue | Exfoliative erythroderma (90% BSA with 3:1 ratio of plaques to patches) | Electron beam radiation, bexarotene | Vorinostat; forodesine with minor partial response; combined modality with IFN-alpha plus bexarotene and extracorporeal photophoresis; TSEB radiation; alemtuzumab. | Alive, disease-free (as of 7 years after appearance of oral lesion) |
| 5 | Sultan et al. (2017) | Not provided | 68 | M | Tongue, buccal mucosa, hard palate | Sezary syndrome; multiple well-demarcated erythematous macules on the bilateral upper and lower distal extremities | Excisional biopsy, PUVA photochemotherapy | Ultraviolet light-B phototherapy, PUVA | Alive with disease (as of 2017) |
| 6 | Goggins et al. (2018) | 40 | 65 | M | Tongue | Patches, plaques > tumors (15% BSA) | Brentuximab vedotin | Brentuximab vedotin | Complete resolution of oral lesions, improvement of skin lesions |
| 7 | Robinson et al. (2020) (current case) | 61 | 61 | M | Upper lip | Patches, plaques > tumors (35% BSA) | Local radiation therapy | Topical mechloramine gel, clobetasol ointment, triamcinolone ointment | Resolution of lip lesion, slow progression of skin lesions |
BSA, Body surface area; Dx, diagnosis; IFN, interferon; PUVA, psoralen ultraviolet-A; TSEB, total skin electron beam.
Our case adds to the literature an extraordinary presentation on the oral mucosa of MF with LCT, and highlights how MF should be considered in the differential diagnosis for any persistent, non-healing ulcer.
Conflicts of interest
None declared.
Footnotes
Funding sources: None.
References
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