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. 2019 Nov 11;3(2):e1219. doi: 10.1002/cnr2.1219

Role of the Wnt signaling pathway in keratoacanthoma

Sarita Joshi 1,3,✉, Paula M De Angelis 1, Manuela Zucknick 2, Aasa R Schjølberg 1, Solveig Norheim Andersen 3, Ole Petter F Clausen 1
PMCID: PMC7941577  PMID: 32672002

Abstract

Background

Keratoacanthoma (KA) has a unique life cycle of rapid growth and spontaneous regression that shows similarities to the hair follicle cycle, which involves an active Wnt signaling during physiological regeneration. We analyzed the expression of the Wnt signaling proteins β‐catenin, Lef1, Sox9, and Cyclin D1 in young and old human KAs to investigate a possible role for Wnt signaling in KAs.

Aim

To investigate the role of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in human KAs.

Methods and Results

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue samples of 67 KAs were analyzed for protein expression using immunohistochemistry. The majority of KAs were positive for Sox9 and Cyclin D1 but not for nuclear‐localized β‐catenin or Lef‐1. No significant differences in protein expressions were seen between young and old KAs. However, we found a significant association between Ki67 and Cyclin D1 proteins (P= .008).

Conclusions

The Wnt signaling pathway does not appear to play a significant role in the biogenesis of human KA. Sox9 overexpression may be indicative of inhibition of Wnt signaling. Sox‐9 and Cyclin D1 are proliferation markers that are most likely transactivated by alternate signaling pathways.

Keywords: biomarkers, carcinogen, cell biology, heterogeneity, pathology, pathway analysis

1. INTRODUCTION

Keratoacanthoma (KA) is presumed to originate from the hair follicle, located usually on the hair‐bearing, Sun‐exposed parts of elderly individuals.1, 2 Immunosuppressed patients have a higher risk of developing KA.3, 4 Some Solitary KAs undergo spontaneous regression leaving a faint scar, whereas others require excision, either conventional excision or Mohs micrographic surgery.1 KA has a unique life cycle that shows rapid initial growth and spontaneous regression after a variable period of stable phase with similarities to the hair follicle cycle during physiological regeneration, namely, the anagen (growth) phase, catagen (regression) phase, and telogen (stable) phase.1, 5, 6 The life cycle of KA, in addition to its follicular morphology, has led many to consider it as a hair follicle‐derived tumor possibly regulated in the same way.

The Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway has been postulated to be involved in hair follicle cycle regeneration.7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Two plausible mechanisms have been implicated; one is the physiological “active Wnt signaling” during embryogenesis and stem cell maintenance ,12, 13, 14 where Wnt ligands bind to frizzled receptors, thereby causing disintegration of the destruction complex composed of APC, Axin‐2, and GSK‐3β through disheveled. Subsequently, stabilization of β‐catenin occurs in the cytoplasm15, 16 due to prevention of its ubiquitination and degradation. Thereafter, β‐catenin binds to the LEF‐1/TCF transcription factor in the nucleus to transcribe the Wnt target proteins Cyclin‐D1, Sox‐9, and others that play crucial roles in proliferation and differentiation of normal tissues.17, 18 Sox‐9 also plays a role in repressing Wnt signaling.19, 20, 21 The other mechanism is pathological “hyperactive Wnt signaling” where β–catenin is stabilized as a result of mutations in the APC gene, the β ‐catenin gene, or other Wnt signaling genes.22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 Thus, a role for the Wnt signaling pathway is well documented in the formation of hair‐follicle‐derived tumors.24, 28, 29

In a previous study by Zito G et al of carcinogen‐induced KA in mice, it was observed that Wnt signaling proteins were differentially expressed in the growth and regression phases of KAs.30 As there are few studies to date that have investigated the role of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in human KAs, we analyzed the expression of relevant Wnt signaling pathway proteins: β‐catenin, Lef1, Sox9, and CyclinD1, in a series of human KAs that were stratified as young proliferating and old regressing on the basis of histological lesional age and lesional age given by the patient.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Patient material

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of 67 completely excised KAs were utilized for this study. All samples were diagnosed at the Department of Pathology during the period 1998 to 2010. Forty patients were males, and 27 were females. Fifty‐one patients had received solid organ transplantation, and 16 had not. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee of Southeast Norway (REC# 2015/1213). Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in this study.

2.2. Histopathologic evaluation and characterization of lesions

Sections were cut at 3‐ to 5‐μm thickness from FFPE tissue blocks and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin for routine histopathologic diagnosis. Criteria used for the diagnosis of KA and actual differential diagnoses were according to Elder et al. (1997). The KA lesions were exo‐endophytic, symmetrical, crateriform containing a central keratin plug with overhanging epithelial lips or shoulders. From the center of the lesions, epithelial strands composed of pale pink cells with ground glass appearance invaded the dermis. According to the criteria, all such lesions were included, irrespective of the degree of cellular atypia or infiltrating growth. KAs with possible development of SCC were excluded.

The lesions classified as KAs were further evaluated with respect to the following parameters: the degrees of fibrosis, inflammation, cellular atypia, and infiltration. Each of these parameters was scored into three categories as absent or mild (+), moderate (++), or severe (+++) by two pathologists (O. P. F. C. and S. J.). Infiltration was judged to be absent, moderate, or severe when the growth was either expansive or finger‐like, or with several cell layer‐thick epithelial extensions, or small groups or single cells invading the dermis, respectively. Atypia was graded according to nuclear pleomorphism (variation in size, shape, and staining intensity of cell nuclei): absent or mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++). When fibrosis and inflammation were equal to or more than ++ in each category, the lesion was considered old, whereas young lesions were scored as + (Figures 1 and 2). Clinical age of the lesions given by the patients was classified as young (<5 weeks) and old (>3 months).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Proliferation phase of keratoacanthoma with hematoxylin/eosin staining showing symmetrical, crateriform lesion containing a central keratin plug with overhanging epithelial shoulders. The box represents the magnified field showing penetrating squamous lobules with pale pink cells in the dermis (scale bar, 5000 μm upper left, 200 μm bottom right)

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Regression phase of keratoacanthoma with hematoxylin/eosin staining. The box represents the magnified field showing fibrosis and inflammation in the dermis (scale bar, 5000 μm upper left, 500 μm bottom right)

2.3. Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry was done using standardized automated protocols recommended by the different autostainer manufacturers (Table S1). Three‐ to five‐micron‐thick paraffin sections were heated at 56–60°C for 15 to 30 minutes. Deparaffinized/rehydrated sections were subjected to antigen retrieval in the pretreatment module PT link Dako (3 in 1) TRS buffer, with high pH for Ki‐67, Lef‐1, and Cyclin‐D1 and low pH for Sox‐9. The visualization kit used for antibodies is given in Table S1. Lef‐1 and Sox‐9 antibody specificities were validated using Western blotting (data not shown). Sections were incubated with the primary antibodies for 60 minutes for Sox‐9 and Lef‐1 and 30 minutes for Ki‐67 and Cyclin‐D1 (Table 1 shows the antibodies used). The slides were incubated with the secondary antibody for 30 minutes for Sox‐9 and Lef‐1 and 20 minutes for Ki‐67 and Cyclin‐D1. DAB Chromogen was used for visualization of antigen‐antibody bound complexes. The sections were counterstained with Hagen's hematoxylin, dehydrated and coverslipped.

Table 1.

List of antibodies used in this work

Antibody Clone Species Dilution Concentration of stock solution Concentration of working solution pH of HIER Company
β‐catenin 14 Mouse monoclonal RTU 1.68 μg/mL RTU CC1 (circa 9) Roche (Lot: 7604242)
Lef‐1 B6 Mouse monoclonal 1:50 200 μg/mL 4 μg/mL 9 Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Lot: A1617)
Sox‐9 Polyclonal Rabbit Polyclonal 1:100 0.1 mg/mL 1 μg/mL 6 Sigma Prestige antibody (Lot: F115596)
Cyclin‐D1 EP12 Rabbit monoclonal 1:200 28.7 μg/mL 0.144 μg/mL 9 Cell Marque (lot: 1418115A)
Ki‐67 MIB1 Mouse monoclonal 1:200 46 mg/L 230 μg/mL 9 Dako (Lot: 20040401)
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Abbreviations: HIER: Heat‐induced epitope retrieval; RTU: ready to use.

2.4. Scoring of immunohistochemical protein expression

The number of positive nuclei per1000 tumor cells was counted in the germinative layer for each protein, and the resulting percentages were calculated. β‐catenin membrane staining was registered (qualitatively) in tumor cells and also separately in the tumor front. Nuclear positivity of β‐catenin in tumor cells was counted as 1 (no staining), 2 (≤3%), and 3 (>3%).

2.5. Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software package, version 24 (Armonk, NY, USA). The expression levels of the proteins were dichotomized based on the distribution profiles and grouped as ≤4% and >4% for Lef1; ≤30%, >30% for Sox‐9; ≤ 60%, >60 % for Ki‐67; and ≤ 45% and >45% for Cyclin‐D1. Since the early proliferative phase of KA is characterized by higher Ki‐67 values than the later phases, lesions were also dichotomized by the Ki‐67 index. Putative differences between transplanted and nontransplanted lesions were also analyzed.

Associations of expressions of β‐catenin, Sox‐9, Lef‐1, Cyclin‐D1, and age of the KA (young vs. old), Ki67 expression (high vs. low), and organ transplantation (yes vs. no) were analyzed with cross‐tabulations (Fisher's exact test). All statistical tests were two‐sided, and a P‐value of <.05 was considered to denote statistical significance.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Immunohistochemical expression of proteins

3.1.1. β‐catenin

Figure S1 shows the expression patterns of β‐catenin in normal skin.

Membrane staining was seen in all cells of KAs (Figure 3). We scored nuclear staining in the germinative layers as positive (Figure 4), but most KAs did not show nuclear β‐catenin staining. About 25/67 (37%) KAs showed nuclear β catenin expression, 22/25 had a low number of positive nuclei (≤3%) with a mean value of 1.84%, and 3/25 had >3% positive nuclei (Table 2). β‐catenin was significantly associated only with Lef‐1 (P=.022) and not with Cyclin‐D1, Sox‐9, or Ki‐67. We did observe that β‐catenin expression in the cell membrane of KAs was partially lost at the invading tumor front (Figure 5). Table S2 shows the association of β‐catenin nuclear positivity with young and old KA.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Immunohistochemistry for β‐catenin shows membrane expression (arrowhead) in Keratoacanthoma (Scale bar 100 μm upper left, 50 μm bottom right)

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Immunohistochemistry for β‐catenin shows nuclear expression (arrowhead) in Keratoacanthoma (Scale bar 200 μm upper left, 50 μm bottom right)

Table 2.

Nuclear expression of Wnt signaling and Ki‐67 proteins in KA

Protein Nuclear positivity in total KA Range, % Cut off, % (Median value) Nuclear positivity
Sox‐9 65/67 5‐92 ≤60 54
>60 11
Cyclin‐D1 63/67 2‐96 ≤ 45 32
>45 31
Lef‐1 53/67 1‐8 ≤4 41
>4 12
Ki‐67 63/67 1‐86 ≤30 46
>30 17
β‐catenin 25/67 1‐5 ≤3 22
>3 3
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Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Reduced membrane staining (arrowhead) of β‐catenin at the tumor front in Keratoacanthoma (scale bar 200 μm)

3.1.2. Sox‐9

Figure S2 shows expression patterns of Sox‐9 in normal skin.

Sox9 nuclear staining was scored as positive in the germinative cells in KAs (Figure 6). The range and distribution of nuclear positivity of Sox‐9 are shown in Table 2, and the distribution of dichotomized Sox‐9 percentages for young and old KA is shown in Table 3.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Immunohistochemistry for Sox‐9 shows expression (arrowhead) in the germinative layer in keratoacanthoma (scale bar 200 μm upper left, 50 μm bottom right)

Table 3.

Associations between Wnt signaling proteins, Ki‐67, and histological age of KA

Proteins Cutoff Histological age of KA P‐value
Young (n=38) Old (n=29)
Cyclin –D1 ≤45% 15 17 .128
>45% 21 10
Missing 2 2
Sox‐9 ≤60% 28 26 .097
>60% 9 2
Missing 1 1
Lef‐1 ≤4% 31 23 1.000
>4% 7 5
Missing 0 1
Ki‐67 ≤30% 26 23 .262
>30% 12 5
Missing 0 1
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Abbreviation: KA: keratoacanthoma.

3.1.3. Lef‐1

Figure S3 shows expression patterns of Lef‐1 in normal skin.

In KAs, we scored nuclear staining in the germinative layers as positive (Figure 7). The range and distribution of nuclear positivity of Lef‐1 are shown in Table 2, and the distribution of dichotomized Lef‐1 percentages for young and old KA is shown in Table 3.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Immunohistochemistry for Lef‐1 shows expression in the germinative layer in keratoacanthoma. Arrowhead represents a positive keratinocyte (scale bar 200 μm upper left, 50 μm bottom right)

3.1.4. Cyclin D1 and Ki‐67

Keratinocytes in the germinative layers of KAs showed strong nuclear Cyclin D1 and Ki‐67 positivity (Figures 8 and 9). The range and distribution of nuclear positivity of Cyclin‐D1 and Ki‐67 proteins are shown in Table 2. The distributions of Cyclin‐D1 and Ki‐67 percentages for young and old KAs were grouped according to the median cut‐off and are shown in Table 3.

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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Immunohistochemistry for Cyclin‐D1 shows expression mainly in the germinative layer in keratoacanthoma (scale bar 200 μm upper left, 50 μm bottom right)

Figure 9.

Figure 9

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Immunohistochemistry for Ki 67 shows expression mainly in the germinative layer in Keratoacanthoma (scale bar 200 μm upper left, 50 μm bottom right)

3.2. Association of protein expressions with clinicopathological parameters

Cross‐tabulation (Fisher's exact test) did not show any significant differences in expressions of the proteins β‐catenin (P>.05; Table S2), Lef‐1, Sox‐9, and Cyclin‐ D1 in young versus old KAs (P>.05; Table 3) whether lesional age was defined histologically or as age given by the patients. KAs stratified by Ki‐67 levels did not show any statistically significant associations with the expression of the same proteins. There were no statistically significant differences in protein expressions between transplanted (TX+) and nontransplanted patients. However, we observed a positive association between increasing levels of Cyclin‐D1 and Ki‐67 proteins (P=.008). We also observed that KAs with no or a low number of nuclear positivities for β‐catenin showed decreased levels of Lef‐1 protein (P=.022).

4. DISCUSSION

The majority of human KAs in our study were positive for proliferative markers Sox9 and Cyclin D1, but not for nuclear‐localized β‐catenin or Lef‐1. The correlation between Cyclin‐D1 and Ki67 proteins was not unexpected since both are biomarkers of cell proliferation. There was no differential expression of any of these proteins between young and old KAs, whether lesional age was classified histopathologically or estimated by the patients themselves. Additionally, there was no differential expression of these proteins between KAs dichotomized by high and low Ki‐67 levels. Our results are thus not consistent with the results of a previous study of carcinogen‐induced KAs in mice that showed that the Wnt pathway was activated in the proliferative phase and repressed in the regression phase of KAs.30 There may be several explanations for this discrepancy.

The stratification of young proliferating and old regressing KAs in humans is not clear‐cut, whether one considers morphologically determined lesional age, or the age of the lesion as provided by the patient. Since patients tend to contact the health care system quite a long time after the development of skin lesions, the inclusion of extremely young cases of KAs is not feasible. The longer the interval between lesional development and patient contact with the health care system, the more unreliable the age estimates. KAs may also show intralesional heterogeneity—distinct areas of growth and regression in the same KA—which has been observed by us and others.31 Furthermore, cell death markers were not useful to differentiate between young and old KAs. We have previously used the TUNEL assay (TdT) to assess apoptotic indices in KAs, but these were very low in both growing and regressing KAs (Figures S4 and S5). Additionally, the pro‐apoptotic markers BAK showed no significant differences between growing and regressing KAs (Figure S6).

Nuclear accumulation of the β‐catenin protein, which suggests an active Wnt signaling16, 29 was seen in 37% of our KAs, and the majority of these had a low level of expression. Varying patterns of β‐catenin expression in KAs and other skin tumors have been observed.26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35 Doglioni et al studied four cases of KA where all had <10% positive nuclei for β‐catenin, and Fukumaru et al showed strong positive membrane staining in 4 of 14 KAs studied, weak membrane staining in 7 cases, and no membrane staining in 3 cases. They did not report nuclear positivity of β‐catenin. Papadavid et al analyzed 12 KAs, where 6 showed normal membrane staining and 6 showed either loss of membrane staining or coexisting membrane and cytoplasmic staining; none of these cases showed nuclear positivity of β‐catenin. Strong membrane positivity of β‐catenin in KAs in our study is consistent with results of Fukumaru et al32 and Doglioni et al.27 However, only nuclear β‐catenin positivity was considered by us to be an indicator of active Wnt signaling. Furthermore, nuclear β‐catenin expression acts as a surrogate marker for β‐catenin mutation, suggesting that the majority of KAs in our study have a wild‐type β‐catenin status. Zito G et al.30 showed nuclear β‐catenin staining in more than 98% of proliferative murine KAs and in less than 17% of regressing murine KAs. They did not, however, mention the number of human KAs that were subsequently examined for β‐catenin expression or the percentage of positive nuclear β‐catenin cases.

The majority of KAs (61%) showed low levels of Lef‐1 expression that was associated with low levels of nuclear β‐catenin. Overexpression of Lef‐1 is associated with tumor progression and worse prognosis in cancer.36, 37 In skin, Lef‐1 is a marker of hair matrix cells and is transactivated by stabilization of β‐catenin protein or mutation in the β‐catenin gene.25, 38 Low Lef‐1 expression levels are thus not consistent with progression of KAs driven by Wnt signaling. Furthermore, one might expect low levels of Sox‐9 and Cyclin‐D1 proteins in KAs when the expression of upstream proteins β‐catenin and Lef‐1 is low. However, 97% of KAs were positive for nuclear‐localized Sox‐9 expression; of these, 40% showed high levels of protein expression. Sox‐9 protein is implicated in tumorigenesis in various organs and has a role as both activator and repressor. On one hand, it is induced by an active Wnt signaling39 and acts as a proliferation marker; on the other hand, Sox9 nuclear localization leads to enhancement of β‐catenin phosphorylation and its eventual degradation, thus inhibiting Wnt signaling.20 A recent immunohistochemical study also reported reduced expression of Sox‐9 in cases with increased nuclear expression of β‐catenin due to a mutated gene, but not in cases with a wild‐type gene.40 Our results lead us to speculate that there is an inhibitory effect of Sox‐9 on activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in KAs. Since the majority of KAs were positive for Sox‐9 and Cyclin‐D1 expression, alternative pathways for activation of Sox9 and Cyclin‐D1 are possible.41, 42

Partial or complete loss of β‐catenin membrane staining along with increasing cytoplasmic and nuclear staining of β‐catenin is associated with less differentiated, aggressive clinical behavior in squamous cell carcinoma.43, 44 We observed partial loss of β‐catenin membrane expression without concomitant nuclear positivity in a subset of KAs. This may indicate that reduced staining is associated with infiltration, but not with aggressive behavior in KAs.

Human KAs may be biologically different from experimentally induced murine KAs.45 Almost all KAs developed in experimental models are induced by chemical carcinogens in contrast to mainly ultraviolet (UV)‐induced KAs in humans. Duration of the life cycle and phases of KAs in experimentally induced mice obviously do not coincide with that of human KAs. The proliferative phase in KAs induced by DMBA (7, 12‐dimethylbenz (a) anthracene) in the mouse model was assumed to be only a few days and less than a week, whereas we do not know the exact length of the human KA phases induced by UV light. Murine KA models may thus not be relevant for studies of human KA.

In conclusion, the Wnt signaling pathway does not appear to play a significant role in the development of human KAs, although KA is considered to be a follicular‐derived neoplasm.

We are currently analyzing KAs by genome sequencing in collaboration with an international institute that will help us in the future to elucidate possible molecular pathways in the life cycle of KAs.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in connection with this article.

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors had full access to the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Conceptualization, OPFC, SJ, and PDA; Methodology, SJ, OPFC, and PDA; Validation, SJ, OPFC, and PDA; Investigation, SJ, OPFC, PDA, and ASCH; Formal analysis, SJ, ASCH, and MZ; Writing, Original Draft, SJ; Writing, Review, and Editing, SJ, OPFC, PDA, ASCH, SNA, and MZ; Supervision, OPFC, and PDA; Funding Acquisition, OPFC.

Supporting information

Supplementary Figure 1. Immunohistochemical expression of β‐catenin in normal skin (a) Membrane expression in the epidermis and concomitant nuclear staining in some areas of the stratum granulosum (b) Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of the hair matrix cells and occasional nuclear staining of the cells in the hair papilla (c) Intense membrane staining of sebaceous glands with occasional nuclear staining (d) Intense membrane staining of eccrine glands (Scale bar 100 μm).

Click here for additional data file. (161.7KB, zip)

Supplementary Figure 2. Immunohistochemical expression of Sox‐9 in normal skin (a) Strong nuclear positivity of occasional basal and suprabasal cells in the epidermis (b) Strong nuclear positivity in the hair matrix cells (c) Scattered strong positive nuclear staining in the luminal layer of eccrine glands (Scale bar 100 μm).

Click here for additional data file. (149.5KB, zip)

Supplementary Figure 3. Lef‐1 immunohistochemical expression in normal skin (a) Occasional strong nuclear positivity of basal cells (b) Strong nuclear staining in the hair matrix cells and the hair papilla cells (c) Occasional moderately‐ stained nuclei in the outer layer and the luminal layer of eccrine glands (Scale bar 100 μm).

Click here for additional data file. (138.7KB, zip)

Supplementary Figure 4. Box plot shows no statistical significant difference in median value of TUNEL‐ positive cells in young and old KAs.

Click here for additional data file. (21.2KB, zip)

Supplementary Figure 5. TUNEL immunohistochemistry. Arrowheads point to apoptotic cells (TUNEL‐positive).

Click here for additional data file. (86.3KB, zip)

Supplementary Figure 6. BAK status shows no statistical significant difference in young and old KAs.

Click here for additional data file. (24.5KB, zip)

Supplementary Table 1. Platforms and visualization systems used for antibodies.

Click here for additional data file. (14.1KB, docx)

Supplementary Table 2. Association between β‐catenin nuclear staining and histological age of the lesions.

Click here for additional data file. (14KB, docx)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to thank Randi Bjørseth, Ahus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway, for expert technical help with immunohistochemistry. We thank Stiftelsen UNI for their financial support of this project.

Joshi S, De Angelis PM, Zucknick M, Schjølberg AR, Andersen SN, Clausen OPF. Role of the Wnt signaling pathway in keratoacanthoma. Cancer Reports. 2020;3:e1219. 10.1002/cnr2.1219

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data are not publicly available due to privacy restrictions. The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, S.J., OP.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figure 1. Immunohistochemical expression of β‐catenin in normal skin (a) Membrane expression in the epidermis and concomitant nuclear staining in some areas of the stratum granulosum (b) Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of the hair matrix cells and occasional nuclear staining of the cells in the hair papilla (c) Intense membrane staining of sebaceous glands with occasional nuclear staining (d) Intense membrane staining of eccrine glands (Scale bar 100 μm).

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Supplementary Figure 2. Immunohistochemical expression of Sox‐9 in normal skin (a) Strong nuclear positivity of occasional basal and suprabasal cells in the epidermis (b) Strong nuclear positivity in the hair matrix cells (c) Scattered strong positive nuclear staining in the luminal layer of eccrine glands (Scale bar 100 μm).

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Supplementary Figure 3. Lef‐1 immunohistochemical expression in normal skin (a) Occasional strong nuclear positivity of basal cells (b) Strong nuclear staining in the hair matrix cells and the hair papilla cells (c) Occasional moderately‐ stained nuclei in the outer layer and the luminal layer of eccrine glands (Scale bar 100 μm).

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Supplementary Figure 4. Box plot shows no statistical significant difference in median value of TUNEL‐ positive cells in young and old KAs.

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Supplementary Figure 5. TUNEL immunohistochemistry. Arrowheads point to apoptotic cells (TUNEL‐positive).

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Supplementary Figure 6. BAK status shows no statistical significant difference in young and old KAs.

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Supplementary Table 1. Platforms and visualization systems used for antibodies.

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Supplementary Table 2. Association between β‐catenin nuclear staining and histological age of the lesions.

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Data Availability Statement

The data are not publicly available due to privacy restrictions. The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, S.J., OP.

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