Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 10.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropharmacology. 2021 Jan 5;185:108444. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108444

Figure 1. Addition of ketamine to delayed midazolam treatment after soman (GD) exposure increased survival and reduced seizure severity.

Figure 1.

Ketamine (KET; 30 mg/kg), midazolam (MDZ; 3 mg/kg) or KET/MDZ combination was administered IP at 40 min after seizure onset induced by SC exposure to GD (132 µg/kg). A) Soman-exposed rats treated with vehicle (GD/VEH; 40%; n=6/15) or with KET monotherapy (GD/KET; 50%; n= 4/8) had poor survival compared to rats administered MDZ (GD/MDZ; 77.8%; n=21/27) or MDZ/KET (GD/MDZ/KET; 72.7%; n=8/11) combination therapy. B) The EEG ratio power integral in rats treated with MDZ and KET was reduced 1 h after treatment compared to GD/MDZ, GD/VEH or to GD/KET. Data shown are mean ± SEM. C) Representative images of EEG tracings are shown at baseline, SE (60 s after SE onset), 1 h after SE onset, and 12 h after SE onset for GD-exposed animals treated with midazolam, ketamine, or midazolam-ketamine. *p < 0.05. Data modified from Lumley et al., 2019, and Niquet et al., 2019.