Skip to main content
NCBI home page
PLOS One logoLink to PLOS One
. 2021 Mar 10;16(3):e0248306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248306

Myocardial extracellular volume quantification by computed tomography predicts outcomes in patients with severe aortic stenosis

Yoav Hammer 1,2,#, Yeela Talmor-Barkan 1,2,3,#, Aryeh Abelow 1,2, Katia Orvin 1,2, Yaron Aviv 1,2, Noam Bar 3, Amos Levi 1,2, Uri Landes 1,2, Gideon Shafir 1,2, Alon Barsheshet 1,2, Hana Vaknin-Assa 1,2, Alexander Sagie 1,2, Ran Kornowski 1,2, Ashraf Hamdan 1,2,*
Editor: Ify Mordi4
PMCID: PMC7946277  PMID: 33690718

Abstract

Background

The extent of myocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic stenosis might have an important prognostic value. Non-invasive imaging to quantify myocardial fibrosis by measuring extracellular volume fraction might have an important clinical utility prior to aortic valve intervention.

Methods

Seventy-five consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis, and 19 normal subjects were prospectively recruited and underwent pre- and post-contrast computed tomography for estimating myocardial extracellular volume fraction. Serum level of galectin-3 was measured and 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed to characterize the extent of cardiac damage using a recently published aortic stenosis staging classification.

Results

Extracellular volume fraction was higher in patients with aortic stenosis compared to normal subjects (40.0±11% vs. 21.6±5.6%; respectively, p<0.001). In patients with aortic stenosis, extracellular volume fraction correlated with markers of left ventricular decompensation including New York Heart Association functional class, left atrial volume, staging classification of aortic stenosis and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. Out of 75 patients in the AS group, 49 underwent TAVI, 6 surgical AVR, 2 balloon valvuloplasty, and 18 did not undergo any type of intervention. At 12-months after aortic valve intervention, extracellular volume fraction predicted the combined outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure with an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.88). A trend for correlation between serum galectin-3 and extracellular volume was noted.

Conclusion

In patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing computed tomography before aortic valve intervention, quantification of extracellular volume fraction correlated with functional status and markers of left ventricular decompensation, and predicted the 12-months composite adverse clinical outcomes. Implementation of this novel technique might aid in the risk stratification process before aortic valve interventions.

Introduction

Myocardial diffuse interstitial fibrosis (DIF) is recognized as a pathological process which characterizes a variety of cardiovascular diseases [1], and is associated with adverse cardiovascular events [2]. DIF involves the interstitial tissue located between myocytes or myocyte bundles, and can be estimated by measuring extracellular volume (ECV) fraction. Histological sample is the most accurate method to estimate the extent of fibrosis [3]. However, this method is invasive and mainly limited by the small sample that can be obtained. Hence, a non-invasive estimation of myocardial DIF by ECV fraction quantification is preferred.

Previous studies have evaluated myocardial fibrosis mainly by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) [4, 5]. Gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance is used for differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease. However, DIF is difficult to distinguish using LGE [6]. In recent years, it has been shown that ECV can be derived from pre-contrast computed tomography (CT) and delayed-phase CT with iodinated contrast medium [7–9].

In the context of severe aortic stenosis (AS), the degree of DIF was shown to play an important role in the transition from well-compensated hypertrophy, to overt heart failure and risk of sudden cardiac death [10]. Furthermore, previous MRI studies found the presence of LGE, indicating focal fibrosis, is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with AS that could aid in optimizing the time for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) [11–13].

A variety of cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors participate in the regulation and activation of pro-fibrotic processes [14]. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic lectin that activates a multiple pro-fibrotic factors, promotes fibroblast proliferation and transformation, and mediates collagen production, with recent evidence suggesting key roles for Gal-3 in fibrogenesis in diverse organ systems, including the myocardium [15].

The implication of ECV fraction using CT in patients with severe AS scheduled for aortic valve interventions was only recently introduced and focused mainly on patients with amyloidosis and patients with low flow low gradient AS [16–18].

Therefore, we aimed to: (1) Compare CT ECV fraction to functional status and extent of imaging parameters of cardiac damage, and to assess its correlation with Gal-3; and (2) evaluate the impact of CT ECV fraction on clinical outcomes in patients with severe AS undergoing CT before aortic valve interventions.

Materials and methods

Study cohort

We prospectively recruited 75 patients with symptomatic severe AS who were candidates for AVR (AS group) and 19 subjects without evidence of cardiovascular disease (control group) in the time period between 2016 and 2018. All patients were referred for CT angiography by their caregivers—AS group patients were referred as part of the routine evaluation before AVR in our center, and the control group patients were healthy subjects referred to CT to rule out coronary artery disease. All patients had to give their consent for an additional post contrast scan that was performed immediately after the routine scan was done. While initially recruited 85 patients with symptomatic severe AS, 10 patients were excluded due to pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, metallic foreign objects in the proximity of the heart, and surgical aortic valve replacement. All of these may lead to beam-hardening artifacts, which may degrade the inaccuracy in the ECV measurements. Subjects enrolled in the study were at least 50 years of age, in order to avoid radiation exposure in younger patients who have a higher lifetime attributable risk than older individuals receiving the same dose.

Severe aortic stenosis was defined as per contemporary valvular heart disease guidelines (symptoms typical of aortic stenosis, mean aortic gradient > 40 mmhg, valve area < 1.0 cm2) [19]. The decision whether to pursue aortic valve implantation was dependent upon the decision of a dedicated consultation ’heart team’ forum that includes a multidisciplinary team of clinical cardiologists, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and geriatricians as required.

Blood samples for measuring hematocrit and serum level of Gal-3 were drawn from all participants immediately prior to CT scan. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Rabin Medical Center, and all patients signed a written informed consent.

CT data acquisition and reconstruction

All patients underwent CT angiography as a part of a routine evaluation before TAVI using a 256-slice system (Brilliance iCT, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio). Pre-contrast CT scans had a tube voltage of 120kV, tube current 337 mAs, and gantry rotation time of 330ms. Acquisition was performed during an inspiratory breath hold, while the electrocardiogram was recorded simultaneously to allow for prospective gating of the data (75 percent of the RR interval). Mean heart rate for the study cohort was 72.1 beats per minute (±10.9).

Besides the pre-contrast scan, an additional post-contrast scan with the same scan parameters was added 7 minutes after contrast infusion, which added a radiation dose of about 1.5 millisiverts. Images were reconstructed using iterative model reconstruction (level 2) with a slice thickness of 2 mm.

In order to avoid contrast agent exposure and potential risk of contrast nephropathy in elderly patients we used intravenous injection of 50–60 ml of nonionic contrast agent (Iopromide 370, Bayer Shering, Berlin, Germany) at a flow rate of 3 ml/s was followed by a 30-ml saline chase bolus (3 ml/s). The 3-dimensional dataset of the contrast-enhanced scan was reconstructed at 10 percent intervals over the cardiac cycle, generating a 4-dimentional CT dataset, which was used to assess the maximal left atrial volume. In addition, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were obtained to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction.

ECV fraction calculation

Myocardial and blood pool attenuation values were measured in the pre-contrast and post-contrast CT scan by a reader experienced in cardiovascular imaging, who was blinded to the clinical data. Region of interest (ROI) was drawn on myocardial septum with the greatest area and within the aorta. In cases where ECV measurement in the myocardial septum was felt to be possibly inaccurate (e.g thin septum, beam hardening or streak artifacts), ROI was drawn at lateral wall. If there was uncertainty about which one has the most accurate ECV, an average of these two was calculated. The ROI’s were first drawn on the CT scan obtained during contrast injection, and then copied to the pre- and post-contrast CT scans (Fig 1). Care was taken to avoid ECV measurement in myocardial segments with previous myocardial infarction.

Fig 1. Representative example of extracellular volume (ECV) fraction measurement.

Fig 1

Open in a new tab

Myocardial and blood pool attenuation values were measured at the mid segment of the septum and at the descending aorta; respectively, in the pre-contrast (A) and 7 minutes post-contrast (C) CT scan. The contrast scan (B) was used to localize the region of interest, which than could be replicated to the pre- and post-contrast scan. Attenuation values were than used to calculate ECV fraction.

Mean attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU) of the myocardium and blood was then recorded and myocardial ECV fraction calculated using the formula:

ECV=(1−hematocrit)X(ΔHUtissueΔHUb)

where ΔHUtissue is the change in attenuation of the myocardium, and ΔHUb is the change in attenuation of the blood. The change in attenuation was determined by the following formula:

ΔHU=HUpost−HUpre

where HUpost and HUpre are attenuation after and before contrast agent infusion, respectively.

Serum galectin-3 measurement

Venous blood samples were taken from patients just before the CT scan. Gal-3 level was measured in serum samples. All samples were allowed to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature before centrifugation for 15 min at 1000 x g, then the collected supernatant was stored at -80°C until biomarker measurement. Gal-3 level was measured by using a high sensitivity, quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay from R&D Systems Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA), according to manufacturer’s instructions.

AS staging classification

All patients underwent a 2-dimentional echocardiography, and were then stratified into five stages according to the extent of cardiac damage, as previously described by Géneréux et al. [20]: Stage 0: no cardiac damage detected; Stage 1: left ventricular (LV) damage as defined by presence of LV hypertrophy (LV mass index >95 g/m2 for women, >115 g/m2 for men), severe LV diastolic dysfunction (E/e’ >14), or LV systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction <50%); Stage 2: left atrial (LA) or mitral valve damage or dysfunction as defined by the presence of an enlarged left atrium (>34 mL/m2), presence of atrial fibrillation, or presence of moderate or severe mitral regurgitation; Stage 3: pulmonary artery vasculature, or tricuspid valve damage or dysfunction; defined by the presence of systolic pulmonary hypertension (systolic pulmonary arterial pressure >60 mmHg) or presence of moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation; Stage 4: right ventricular (RV) damage as defined by the presence of moderate or severe RV dysfunction. Due to inadequate echocardiography image quality, staging classification of AS was performed in 66 out 75 patients.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number and percentage, and were compared using Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as needed. Pearson correlation was used to assess statistical correlation between ECV fraction and clinical, echocardiographic parameters, and serum level of Gal-3. Spearman correlation was used to assess correlation between ECV fraction and NYHA functional class. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. The ability of ECV to predict the combined clinical outcomes of stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and all-cause mortality at 12 months after aortic valve intervention was evaluated using the receiver-operator-characteristic curve. Clinical outcomes were calculated only for patients who underwent an aortic valve intervention. Inter-observer variation analysis was performed using Bland-Altman methods and calculating the correlation coefficient. Statistical analysis was performed using the Python statistical software package, version 3.5. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results and discussion

Baseline characteristics of all participants are summarized in Table 1. Patients in the AS group were older and had more comorbidities compared with the controls. Of the 75 patients in the AS group, 49 underwent TAVI, six surgical AVR, two balloon valvuloplasty, and 18 did not undergo any type of intervention during the time period of data collection: nine patients were ultimately denied intervention after a heart team discussion, five refused to undergo any intervention, two died before intervention, and two were lost to follow-up.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

Characteristics Aortic stenosis (n = 75) Normal subjects (n = 19) P value
Age, years 80.6 ± 6.8 57.2 ± 5.6 <0.001
Gender, female 36 (48.0) 12 (63.2) 0.31
BMI (kg/m2) 27.5 ± 5.2 27.6 ± 5.3 0.38
Hypertension 62 (82.7) 5 (26.3) <0.001
Diabetes mellitus 32 (42.7) 3 (15.8) 0.035
Hyperlipidemia 62 (80) 10 (52) 0.02
Current smoking 0 (0.0) 1 (5.3) 0.2
Previous smoker 10 (13.3) 5 (26.3) 0.18
Coronary artery disease 35 (46.7) 2 (10.5) 0.003
Previous MI 6 (8.0) 0 (0.0) 0.3
Previous CABG 9 (12.0) 0 (0.0) 0.2
Previous PCI 25 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 0.002
Atrial fibrillation 12 (16.0) 1 (5.3) 0.4
COPD 6 (8.0) 0 (0.0) 0.3
eGFR (ml/min) 68.3 ± 20.3 97.3 ± 26.4 <0.001
NYHA FC 2.3 ± 0.6 1.0 ± 0.0 <0.001
Open in a new tab

Values are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD.

BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI: myocardial infarction; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association functional class; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.

Mean ECV fraction in patients with AS was significantly higher than in the control group (40.0±11.0% vs. 21.6±5.6%, respectively, p <0.001) (Fig 2). A histogram of ECV distribution in the AS group is presented in Fig 3. To note, ECV fraction did not differ between patients who underwent and those who did not undergo aortic valve intervention (38.7±6.9% vs. 40.0±11.0%, respectively, p = 0.2). Multivariate analysis using linear regression showed that ECV fraction was significantly higher in patients with AS compared to the control group, independent from age, gender, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

Fig 2. ECV fraction of patients with severe aortic stenosis and normal subjects.

Fig 2

Open in a new tab

Extracellular volume (ECV) fraction was significantly higher in patients with severe aortic stenosis than in normal subjects.

Fig 3. ECV fraction distribution in patients with symptomatic severe AS.

Fig 3

Open in a new tab

Mean Extracellular volume (ECV) fraction was 40% in patients with severe aortic stenosis, and 50% of patients (Q1-Q3) had an ECV fraction between 30.5% and 47.8%.

ECV fraction correlated with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) at baseline (r = 0.30, p = 0.01), as well as with CT- and echocardiographic-based markers of LV decompensation including left atrial volume (r = 0.34, p = 0.009), lower LV ejection fraction (r = -0.40, p <0.001) (Fig 4), and increasing extent of cardiac damage (r = 0.29, p = 0.002) (Fig 5).

Fig 4. The relation between ECV fraction and functional/imaging parameters.

Fig 4

Open in a new tab

Extracellular volume (ECV) fraction correlated positively with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (A) and left atrial volume index (LAVI) (B), and negatively with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (C).

Fig 5. The relation between ECV fraction and staging classification of AS, based on the extent of cardiac damage.

Fig 5

Open in a new tab

(A) In a Pearson correlation model, extracellular volume (ECV) fraction correlated significantly and progressively with aortic stenosis (AS) stage. To note, eight patients were at stage 0, nine patients at stage 1, 41 patients at stage 2, eight patients at stage 3, and none at stage 4. (B) In a logistic regression model, patients in stages 2 or 3 had a significantly higher ECV fraction compared to patients at stages 0 or 1.

At 12-months after aortic valve intervention, ECV fraction correlated positively and significantly with NYHA FC (r = 0.6, p<0.001) (Fig 6B), and was significantly higher among patients hospitalized for heart failure (Fig 6A).

Fig 6. The relation between ECV fraction and clinical outcomes.

Fig 6

Open in a new tab

(A) In a logistic regression model, extracellular volume (ECV) fraction in patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) at 12-months was significantly higher than in those who were not. (B) Increased ECV fraction was associated with worse functional class at 12 months (r = 0.6, p<0.001). To note, there were no patients with NYHA FC 4 in our cohort. NYHA = New York Heart Association; FC = Functional class.

Gal-3 level in patients with AS was significantly higher than in normal subjects (12.9±3.1 ng/ml vs. 9.1±2.1 ng/ml, respectively, p <0.001) (Fig 7A). Although ECV fraction had a borderline correlation with serum level of Gal-3 (r = 0.22, p = 0.07), patients in the highest decile of ECV fraction (ECV >57%) had significantly higher levels of Gal-3 compared to patients in the lowest decile (ECV <26%), (15.7 ng/ml vs. 11.3 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.02) (Fig 7B). In addition, Gal-3 trended towards a positive correlation with echocardiographic based AS stages (r = 0.23, p = 0.08).

Fig 7. Galectin-3 level in patients with severe AS.

Fig 7

Open in a new tab

(A) Galectin-3 level (ng/ml) was significantly higher in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) than in normal subjects. (B) Galectin-3 level was significantly higher in the highest decile of extracellular volume (ECV) fraction (ECV >57%) versus the lowest decile (ECV <26%).

At 12-months, 14 adverse cardiac events occurred in 57 patients who underwent an aortic valve intervention: hospitalization for heart failure in eleven patients (19%) and stroke in three patients (5%). There were no deaths. ECV fraction predicted the 12-months combined clinical endpoints of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure, with an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.88) (Fig 8). Sensitivity/specificity plots yielded an ECV fraction of 40.8% as the optimal cutoff points for prediction of clinical outcomes, with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 64%. Patients in the highest quartile of ECV fraction (ECV >47.8%) had the highest likelihood for the combined clinical outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure at 12-months, compared to patients with an ECV in the lowest quartile (ECV <30.5%), (31.6% vs. 10.1%, p = 0.02).

Fig 8. The ability of ECV fraction to predict clinical outcomes.

Fig 8

Open in a new tab

Receiver operating curve was used to examine the ability of extracellular volume (ECV) fraction to predict the combined clinical outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure at 12-months after aortic valve intervention. ECV fraction had a favorable curve with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65–0.88.

In paired sample comparison of 20 randomly selected patients with AS, interobserver measurements of ECV showed an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.93, p <0.001; the paired difference was 0.80±2.7 (95% confidence interval: -4.6 to 6.2).

Discussion

CT quantification of extracellular space, measured as ECV fraction, was found to correlate with functional status, biochemical and echocardiographic parameters of myocardial damage, and predicted 12-months outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure among candidate patients with severe AS undergoing CT before aortic valve interventions. ECV fraction measuring requires the addition of a post contrast scan that follows a CT angiography, which is routinely performed in all TAVI candidates.

Although TAVI has emerged as a promising alternative to surgery in patients with severe AS and contraindications to surgery [21], TAVI candidates are typically older and have multiple comorbidities, and thus, serious concerns should be raised about the potential usefulness versus futility of the procedure. Increased myocardial fibrosis may be associated with less favorable TAVI related outcomes, since existing myocardial damage might not fully enable improvement of functional status after the procedure, as previously shown using cardiac MRI [13]. Therefore, ECV fraction measurement in AS patients before surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement may help in the stratification process, and may identify those patients with a high degree of DIF who will probably experience less benefit from aortic valve intervention.

Only few studies have addressed the prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis assessment in patients before aortic valve intervention, and most of them used cardiac MRI for that purpose [5, 12, 22]. The literature regarding the use of cardiac CT for quantification of ECV fraction in patients with AS is not robust and had only been recently presented [16–18]. To the best of our knowledge, our study is one of very few studies evaluating myocardial ECV fraction in patients with severe AS, and showing correlation between increased baseline ECV fraction and clinical and echocardiographic parameters. In addition, ECV predicted 12-months combined adverse clinical outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure among AS patients following aortic valve interventions (Fig 8). Our study also demonstrated that ECV correlated with the recently described staging classification of AS based on the extent of cardiac damage as evaluated by 2-dimentional echocardiography [20], highlighting the importance of ECV in the evaluation of myocardial mutilation among patients with severe AS. Current guidelines recommend risk stratification of patients with AS using the integration of different factors, including the severity of AS, presence of AS-related symptoms, and presence of other risk factors such as STS score, frailty, or compromise of other major organ systems (e.g., kidney disease, lung disease) [19]. However, no recommendation exists on how to incorporate the extent of ECV in clinical decision making related to AS. Given the strong association demonstrated in our study between ECV fraction and worse clinical outcomes in patients with severe AS, integrating the ECV fraction in the clinical assessment and/or decision-making process before aortic valve interventions might be useful. The demonstrated relation between stroke and diffuse myocardial fibrosis is not clear at this moment, however it might be related to the fact that of the 3 patients who had a stroke, 2 had atrial fibrillation. The existence of atrial fibrillation in those patients might suggest a possible higher degree of myocardial fibrosis.

ECV fraction also correlated with Gal-3 measurements, a validated serum biomarker for fibrosis [15]. Patients in the highest deciles of ECV fraction had a significantly higher serum Gal-3 level than patients in the lowest deciles. The combination of two different methods for assessing and quantifying cardiac damage (ECV and Gal-3) suggests that ECV fraction could be an important factor that might be helpful in the evaluation of patients with symptomatic severe AS prior to intervention.

Limitations

Our study has the following limitations: First, ECV could be evaluated in only 75 out of 85 AS patients initially enrolled, due to inadequate CT image quality. Second, beam-hardening artifacts originating from aortic valve calcification might affect ECV measurement, and thus special attention was made for determining the exact location of measurement. Third, an important assumption of ECV measurement using CT is that the extracellular space within the tissue consists of a single compartment. In reality, the extracellular space includes an intravascular component in addition to the extracellular space. Where the vascular volume is large, this component may introduce error into ECV measurement. Forth, given a relatively large variability of ECV fraction in our cohort, with some patients having ECV values greater than 60, we did not perform any imaging modality to exclude the coexistence of cardiac amyloidosis. Fifth, while Gal-3 was the main biomarker studied in our study, we did not measure high sensitive troponin and Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Sixth, the control group consisted of young healthy patients, and was obviously not matched to the study group in terms of their comorbidities. Last, although measuring ECV fraction only in the septum is a validated and common method, it might not represent the entire myocardium.

Conclusions

CT estimation of ECV fraction in patients with severe AS correlated with functional status and parameters of myocardial damage, and predicted the combined endpoints of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure. Implementation of this novel technique might aid in the risk stratification process of AS patients before aortic valve intervention.

Supporting information

S1 File. Study dataset.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file. (78.4KB, xlsx)

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.

Funding Statement

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

References

  • 1.Nacif MS, Kawel N, Lee JJ, Chen X, Yao J, Zavodni A, et al. Interstitial myocardial fibrosis assessed as extracellular volume fraction with low-radiation-dose cardiac CT. Radiology. 2012;264(3):876–83. 10.1148/radiol.12112458 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Puls M, Beuthner BE, Topci R, Vogelgesang A, Bleckmann A, Sitte M, et al. Impact of myocardial fibrosis on left ventricular remodelling, recovery, and outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in different haemodynamic subtypes of severe aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(20):1903–14. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa033 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Treibel TA, López B, González A, Menacho K, Schofield RS, Ravassa S, et al. Reappraising myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis: an invasive and non-invasive study in 133 patients. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(8):699–709. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx353 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Wu KC, Weiss RG, Thiemann DR, Kitagawa K, Schmidt A, Dalal D, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance heralds an adverse prognosis in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(25):2414–21. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.018 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Everett RJ, Treibel TA, Fukui M, Lee H, Rigolli M, Singh A, et al. Extracellular Myocardial Volume in Patients With Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020. January 28;75(3):304–316. 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.032 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Sado DM, Flett AS, Moon JC. Novel imaging techniques for diffuse myocardial fibrosis. Future Cardiol. 2011;7(5):643–50. 10.2217/fca.11.45 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Nacif MS, Liu Y, Yao J, Liu S, Sibley CT, Summers RM, et al. 3D left ventricular extracellular volume fraction by low-radiation dose cardiac CT: assessment of interstitial myocardial fibrosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2013;7(1):51–7. 10.1016/j.jcct.2012.10.010 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Kumar V, Harfi TT, He X, McCarthy B, Cardona A, Simonetti OP, et al. Estimation of myocardial fibrosis in humans with dual energy CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2019;13(6):315–8. 10.1016/j.jcct.2018.12.004 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Kurita Y, Kitagawa K, Kurobe Y, Nakamori S, Nakajima H, Dohi K, et al. Estimation of myocardial extracellular volume fraction with cardiac CT in subjects without clinical coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2016;10(3):237–41. 10.1016/j.jcct.2016.02.001 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Hein S, Arnon E, Kostin S, Schönburg M, Elsässer A, Polyakova V, et al. Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart: structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms. Circulation. 2003;107(7):984–91. 10.1161/01.cir.0000051865.66123.b7 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Barone-Rochette G, Piérard S, De Meester de Ravenstein C, Seldrum S, Melchior J, Maes F, et al. Prognostic significance of LGE by CMR in aortic stenosis patients undergoing valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(2):144–54. 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.612 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Chin CWL, Everett RJ, Kwiecinski J, Vesey AT, Yeung E, Esson G, et al. Myocardial fibrosis and cardiac decompensation in aortic stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(11):1320–33. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.10.007 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Musa TA, Treibel TA, Vassiliou VS, Captur G, Singh A, Chin C, et al. Myocardial scar and mortality in severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2018;138(18):1935–47. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032839 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Friedman SL, Sheppard D, Duffield JS, Violette S. Therapy for fibrotic diseases: nearing the starting line. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(167):167sr1. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004700 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Li LC, Li J, Gao J. Functions of galectin-3 and its role in fibrotic diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014;351(2):336–43. 10.1124/jpet.114.218370 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Oda S, Kidoh M, Takashio S, Inoue T, Nagayama Y, Nakaura T, et al. Quantification of Myocardial Extracellular Volume With Planning Computed Tomography for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement to Identify Occult Cardiac Amyloidosis in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020. May;13(5):e010358. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.010358 Epub 2020 May 6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Tamarappoo B, Han D, Tyler J, Chakravarty T, Otaki Y, Miller R, et al. Prognostic Value of Computed Tomography-Derived Extracellular Volume in TAVR Patients With Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020. December;13(12):2591–2601. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.07.045 Epub 2020 Oct 28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Scully PR, Patel KP, Saberwal B, Klotz E, Augusto JB, Thornton GD, et al. Identifying Cardiac Amyloid in Aortic Stenosis: ECV Quantification by CT in TAVR Patients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020. October;13(10):2177–2189. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.029 Epub 2020 Aug 5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al. ; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739–91. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Généreux P, Pibarot P, Redfors B, Mack MJ, Makkar RR, Jaber WA, et al. Staging classification of aortic stenosis based on the extent of cardiac damage. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(45):3351–8. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx381 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG, et al. ; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(17):1597–607. 10.1056/NEJMoa1008232 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Treibel TA, Fridman Y, Bering P, Sayeed A, Maanja M, Frojdh F, et al. Extracellular volume associates with outcomes more strongly than native or post-contrast myocardial T1. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(1 Pt 1):44–54. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.03.017 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Decision Letter 0

Ify Mordi

11 Jan 2021

PONE-D-20-34373

Myocardial extracellular volume quantification by computed tomography predicts outcomes in patients with severe aortic stenosis

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Hamdan,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

Please submit your revised manuscript by Feb 06 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

  • A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

  • A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

  • An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter. Guidelines for resubmitting your figure files are available below the reviewer comments at the end of this letter.

If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Ify Mordi

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.

1.) Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

2.) PLOS requires an ORCID iD for the corresponding author in Editorial Manager on papers submitted after December 6th, 2016. Please ensure that you have an ORCID iD and that it is validated in Editorial Manager. To do this, go to ‘Update my Information’ (in the upper left-hand corner of the main menu), and click on the Fetch/Validate link next to the ORCID field. This will take you to the ORCID site and allow you to create a new iD or authenticate a pre-existing iD in Editorial Manager. Please see the following video for instructions on linking an ORCID iD to your Editorial Manager account: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xcclfuvtxQ

3.) We noticed you have some minor occurrence of overlapping text with the following previous publication(s), which needs to be addressed:

https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.13130130

https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/38/45/3351/4002776

In your revision ensure you cite all your sources (including your own works), and quote or rephrase any duplicated text outside the methods section. Further consideration is dependent on these concerns being addressed.

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Partly

Reviewer #2: Partly

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: In this study, ECV was measured using CT in 75 patients with severe AS. ECV was higher in patients with AS compared to normal subjects. ECV correlated with LV dysfunction, NYHA class, LA volume, and AS stage. ECV predicted the combined outcomes of all-cause mortality, stroke and hospitalization for heart failure with an area under the curve of 0.77. A trend for correlation between serum galectin-3 and ECV was noted. Investigation of relationship between Gal-3 and ECV is novel.

This is a clinically important investigation. However, due to following reasons, this reviewer has a major concern in the accuracy of ECV in this study. This reviewer suggests to reanalyze all the data by using global ECV, add analysis of late enhancement and perform a multivariate analysis to find independent predictors of adverse event. Unfortunately, a couple of similar investigations were published elsewhere in the previous months.

1. ECV could be evaluated in only 75 out of 85 AS patients initially enrolled, due to inadequate CT image quality. Methods and results of image quality assessment should be explained.

2. Both pre-contrast and delayed-phase CT appears to be obtained with a standard prospectively-ECG-triggered scan. As has been demonstrated in ref#22, delayed-phase CT may suffer from severe artifact caused by beam-hardening, motion, and partial scan, which may degrade the accuracy of ECV measurement.

3. ECV was measured placing a ROI in the septal wall only. Global ECV or at least averaging of ECV of multiple locations, should more reliably represents the overall extent of LV fibrosis.

4. In AS group, previous MI and revascularizations were common. There is a risk that ECV was measured in infarcted tissue which may not adequately represent the overall fibrosis of the patient. The result of presence and extent of late enhancement should be reported, and discussed in relation to ECV.

5. ECV value in patients with AS varied from less than 20% to larger than 70%. Such high ECV indicates that ECV in the myocardium is almost the same as ECV of the blood pool. ECV of 70-80% should be artifactual. ECV of 60-70% is probably due to artifact or presence of infarction.

6. Presence of infarction that shows high ECV may be the main source of higher rate of adverse events.

7. Wide range of ECV values in normal subject in this study raises suspicion in its accuracy. ECV values in normal subjects (about 26%) has been well established in both CT and MRI as seen in ref#9.

Minor points

Line 33; “newly-defined” is misleading because it gives an impression that the authors suggested a new classification in this manuscript.

Line 78; This sentence is not true anymore.

J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. Oct 28, 2020. Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.07.045

J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Aug, 13 (10) 2177–2189

Line 81; Long-term clinical outcome? With only 12 months of follow up?

Line 101; Scan protocol and reconstruction of pre-contrast and delayed-phase CT should be described in more details. Conversely, CT protocol for coronary CTA can be shortened for this manuscript.

Line 103; Acquisition at 75%RR can suffer from severe motion artifact in case of high heart rate. Please report heart rate during acquisition.

Line 109; Is 50-60ml sufficient for evaluation of delayed enhancement and ECV?

Line 126; Representing the patient’s ECV with a ROI drawn on septum only is probably not adequate.

Line 207; Please clarify what the box and whiskers represent.

Line 296; This is not the first study.

Line 301; “newly described” is misleading.

Reviewer #2: In this manuscript, the authors determined myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) fraction by analyzing pre-contrast and 7 minutes post-contrast CT in 75 patients with aortic stenosis and 16 normal subjects. In the discussion, they stated that 10 of 85 AS patients were evaluated due to inadequate CT image quality. Of the 75 patients in the AS group with successful CT, 49 underwent TAVI, 6 surgical AVR and 2 balloon valvuloplasty, indicating that aortic intervention was performed in 57 patients. Staging of cardiac damage due to AS was successfully performed by echocardiography in 66 of 75 patients.

The major findings in this study were; (1) ECV fraction was significantly higher in patients with AS when compared to control subjects (ECV 40.0±11% vs. 21.6±5.6%; p<0.001, age 57.2±5.6 years vs. 80.6±6.8 years; p<0.001, respectively), (2) ECV fraction can predict combined endpoints of stroke and hospitalization due to heart failure at 12 months with area under ROC of 0.77, (3) The serum galectin-3 and ECV fraction exhibited no significant correlation (r=0.22, p=0.07)

As the authors explained in the discussion, quantification of myocardial ECV fraction by pre- and post-contrast enhanced CT allows for noninvasive assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis. High AUC value of 0.77 for the prediction of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure at 12 months demonstrated by using CT ECV fraction is impressive and may have substantial impact for patient care.

Major concerns for this paper are as follows,

1. The aortic interventions were performed in 57 of 75 patients. The prognostic value of CT ECV should be demonstrated by showing Kaplan Meier event-free survival curves in 57 patients who had aortic valve interventions.

2. The staging of AS was successfully performed by echocardiography in only 66 of 75 patients. How were the severity of AS and the indication of aortic valve intervention determined in the patients who enrolled the study?

3. Superiority of CT over CMR for the assessment of myocardial ECV fraction, particularly higher spatial resolution, was too much emphasized in the second paragraph of the introduction. In the current study, the ROI was placed in the interventricular septum, indicating that high spatial resolution and SNR improvement by iterative reconstruction are not relevant. Bean gardening artifacts and motion artifacts are major concerns for CT quantification of myocardial ECV fraction.

4. The authors emphasized that the implication of ECV fraction using CT has never been studied in patients with severe AS. Please revise the introduction and discussion by citing the following publications.

Oda S. Quantification of Myocardial Extracellular Volume With Planning Computed Tomography for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement to Identify Occult Cardiac Amyloidosis in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis. Cir Cardiocasc Imaging 2020;13:e010358

Tamarappoo B, et al. Prognostic Value of Computed Tomography-Derived Extracellular Volume in TAVR Patients With Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2020 Oct 28

Scully PR, et al. Identifying Cardiac Amyloid in Aortic Stenosis: ECV Quantification by CT in TAVR Patients. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2020 Oct 13.

Specific comments for this paper.

5. Abstract. Similar sentences are repeated for the result and conclusion in the abstract. The presentation of the abstract should be more organized.

6. Introduction. Second paragraph. “Another MRI technique used to quantify DIF is T1-mapping, yet, its key limitation is limited spatial resolution”. The authors put too much emphasis on spatial resolution. At a lower concentration of contrast media, contrast discrimination by X-ray CT is not as good as T1 mapping CMR.

7. Method Study cohort. Please clarify that 10 of 85 AS patients were evaluated due to inadequate CT image quality. Was a prospective study, or a retrospective study that analyzed As patients who had sufficient CT image quality?

8. CT data acquisition and reconstruction. “Besides the pre-contrast scan, a unique post-contrast scan with the same scan parameters was added”. Delete unique. Please add a brief explanation as to why post-contrast images were acquired at 7 minutes.

9. Result. Table 1. There was a significant difference in age between AS patients and control subjects (57.2±5.6 years in control subjects vs. 80.6±6.8 years in AS patients). Previous studies demonstrated that ECV was significantly influenced by age. In addition, prevalence of CAD was significantly higher in the AS group (p=0.003). The differences in age and the degree of diffuse atherosclerosis substantially influenced the ECV.

10. In this paragraph, the authors also stated that multivariate analysis showed that ECV fraction was significantly higher in patients with AS compared to the control group, independent from age, gender, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. However, the number of patients was limited to adequately confirm the independency of these parameters.

11. Results. Figure 6B. NYHA FC at 12 months is a categorial parameter and a scatter plot is not suited for Figure 6B.

12. Results. Figure 7. Comparison between the highest decile of ECV and lowest ductile of ECV seems to be arbitral.

13. Page 12. “There were no deaths.” Delete all-cause mortality from the combined endpoints to avoid confusion by the readers.

14. Results. Figure 8. ROC curve. Add cut-off value for ECV.

15. Page 14. Discussion. “Patients in the highest deciles of ECV fraction had a significantly higher serum Gal-3 level than patients in the lowest deciles. The combination of two different methods for assessing and quantifying cardiac damage (ECV and Gal-3) enforced our findings”. Comparison between the highest decile of and lowest ductile was quite subjective and this statement had no sufficient rationale.

Reviewer #3: Study by Hammer et al describes CT ECV quantification for assessment of myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis and its association with outcome in 75 patients and 19 controls.

General comments : 

1. CTecv was calculated in the septum pre and post contrast as perviously described in CMR and CT manuscripts. As it is supposed to reflect diffuse myocardial fibrosis, the basal septum should be representative as it is relatively spared from myocardial infarction. With that in mind, I am very concerned about the distribution of the CTecv with 11 patients having an ECV >50% and a majority an ECV >40%. This amount of interstitial expansion is rather unusual unless there is evidence of myocardial infiltation (e.g. cardiac amyloidosis). The alternative is a methodological error.  

2. The abstract should include structured headings, and the authors should include a heading for the discussion, which is missing. 

3. The authors have chosen Galactin-3 rather than established cardiac biomarkers like BNP or troponin in this paper. Although this is interesting, the lack of BNP and troponin feels like an oversight. 

4. The combined clinical endpoint of all-cause mortality, stroke and hospitalization for heart failure is misleading and not ideal: -- although all cause mortality and HHF are adequate endpoints, the link between diffuse fibrosis and stroke is not clear. -- no deaths occured, only HHF and stroke -- the highest quartile of ECV chosen here was ECV>47.8% which is unusually high, and can only be explained by amyloidosis (see above). 

5. Regarding endpoints, it is unclear how many endpoints occured periprocedural. 

6. It is nice to see that the authors made full use of the CT dataset and analysed LV size and function as well as atrial volumes. 

Specific comments: 

-Abstract: 

-- The authors need to make it clear in the abstract that on 57/75 patients underwent aortic valve intervention (and what intervention TAVR vs SAVR vs valvuloplasty). 

- Introduction: 

-- The CMR section does not mention ECV quantification (just T1 mapping, which is used for ECV calculation) - this is mentioned in the first paragraph without mentioning the associated imaging modalities (CMR and CT). 

-- The technological improvements in CT are for certain, though relevant to ECV quantification is not temporal resolution, but Hounsfield unit stability as well as signal to noise ratio. 

-- When discussing CMR predictors of outcome in AS, please add ECV by CMR (Everett et al JACC 2020), which is probably more relevant than the LGE papers. 

- Methods: 

-- Please specify ethics committee reference and the period of recruitment. -- please specify which contrast agent you administered. 

-- please provide more details for the control cohort. Did this cohort undergo CT for a clinical indication or purely for research? This cohort is neither age nor sex matched, and have significantly less hypertension, CAD and renal impairment than the AS cohort. 

- Results:-- Please restructure this and place the figure legends to the end of the manuscript. -- how many patients had pacemaker or ICDs? These are more likely to affect myocardial HU then AoV Calcification.

- Discussion: 

-- please add a heading and restructure the discussion to follow a logical flow. 

-- Please add reference and discuss  papers on CTecv by Tamarapoo and Scully that address CTecv in TAVI and outcome (both JACC Imaging).

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

PLoS One. 2021 Mar 10;16(3):e0248306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248306.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

22 Jan 2021

Editor

Comment: minor occurrence of overlapping text.

Response:

1. For "Staging classification of aortic stenosis based on the extent of cardiac damage" by Phillip Genereux et al – As far as we noticed, the overlapping text is the definitions of the different stages of AS. These definitions are clear and cannot be changed. This overlap appears only in the methods section and is backed up with an appropriate reference. Please let us know if there are any overlaps with this paper or if the editor would like us to change it somehow.

2. For "Measurement of Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction by Using Equilibrium Contrast-enhanced CT: Validation against Histologic Findings" by Steve Bandula et al – Unfortunately we could not identify the overlap between this paper and our paper. We would highly appreciate your guidance regarding what are the exact parts of our paper which overlapped, so we could address it.

Reviewer 1:

Thank you for your helpful comments and suggestions. Below please find the responses that were incorporated into the manuscript.

Comment: "ECV could be evaluated in only 75 out of 85 AS patients initially enrolled, due to inadequate CT image quality. Methods and results of image quality assessment should be explained"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. In order to make it clear we rephrased the 1st paragraph of the methods section, and added the following text:

"While initially recruited 85 patients with symptomatic severe AS, 10 patients were excluded due to pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, metallic foreign objects in the proximity of the heart, and surgical aortic valve replacement. All of these may lead to beam-hardening artifacts, which may degrade the inaccuracy in the ECV measurements". (Materials and methods section, study cohort subsection, page 5)

Comment: "Both pre-contrast and delayed-phase CT appears to be obtained with a standard prospectively-ECG-triggered scan. As has been demonstrated in ref#22, delayed-phase CT may suffer from severe artifact caused by beam-hardening, motion, and partial scan, which may degrade the accuracy of ECV measurement"

Response: We fully agree with the reviewer, therefore 10 patients with metallic devices were excluded from the study cohort in order to make our measurement accurate and reproducible.

Comment: "ECV was measured placing a ROI in the septal wall only. Global ECV or at least averaging of ECV of multiple locations, should more reliably represents the overall extent of LV fibrosis"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. Indeed, global ECV calculation is now available with a dedicated software. Measurement in the myocardial septum is an accepted method of calculating ECV. To note, our protocol when drawing ROI was that in cases where ECV measurement in the myocardial septum was felt to be possibly inaccurate (e.g thin septum, beam hardening or streak artifacts), than ROI was drawn at lateral wall. If there was uncertainty about which one has the most accurate ECV, an average of these two was calculated. This sentence was added to the methods section (Materials and methods, page 7, 2nd paragraph).

Moreover, ECV is a diffuse process, and thus ECV measurement in different segments of the left ventricle should be similar. The septum, which is usually the thickest segment of the myocardium, was felt to be the most accurate segment for ECV calculation.

Comment: "In AS group, previous MI and revascularizations were common. There is a risk that ECV was measured in infarcted tissue which may not adequately represent the overall fibrosis of the patient. The result of presence and extent of late enhancement should be reported, and discussed in relation to ECV"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. Only 6 patients of the entire cohort had previous MI. The average ECV of those 6 patients is 37%, which is lower compared with the average ECV (40%) in our study cohort. Moreover, none of these patients had an ECV above 46%. Since their average ECV is considered low, we are not concerned with ECV overestimation in those patients. As mentioned earlier in this letter, if the septum appeared to be scarred, or the septum measurement was felt to be inaccurate, ECV measurement was taken at the lateral wall. To note, we carefully avoid ECV measurement in LV segment with myocardial infarction (Page 7, 2nd paragraph).

Comment: "ECV value in patients with AS varied from less than 20% to larger than 70%. Such high ECV indicates that ECV in the myocardium is almost the same as ECV of the blood pool. ECV of 70-80% should be artifactual. ECV of 60-70% is probably due to artifact or presence of infarction".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. We agree that there was a great variation in ECV values among the AS group. However, the great majority of AS patients (80% of them) had an ECV between 26% and 57% (see results section, page 12, 1st paragraph). After re-examining our data we found only 3 patients with an ECV between 61 and 70%, and only 1 patient with an ECV >70%. Therefore, those measurements of a very high ECV were not common. For these patients, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP) was very high (average 60.3 mmHg for 3 patients, 1 patient did not have SPAP due to lack of TR). We assume that these particular patients had severe diastolic dysfunction, possibly in the setting of extent myocardial fibrosis, which might have resulted in the high ECV values. Although our ECV measurements were made very cautiously, we cannot completely rule out erroneous measurement in those patients. To note, none of these patients had a history of MI, and all had preserved ejection fraction.

Comment: "Presence of infarction that shows high ECV may be the main source of higher rate of adverse events".

Response: Please see above our response regarding MI in our cohort.

Comment: "Wide range of ECV values in normal subject in this study raises suspicion in its accuracy. ECV values in normal subjects (about 26%) has been well established in both CT and MRI as seen in ref#9".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. The mean ECV of the control group in our study was indeed slightly lower compared with the reference above, however all patients but one had an ECV > 15%. Possible explanation for small differences in ECV value between normal subjects in our cohort and the cohort in the cited reference could be related to the age (median age 57 in our cohort compared with 65 in paper by Kurita et al).

Minor points

Comment: "Line 33; “newly-defined” is misleading because it gives an impression that the authors suggested a new classification in this manuscript"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. The text "newly defined" was changed to "recently published" (see abstract section, line 34).

Comment: "Line 78 - This sentence is not true anymore".

Response: We cited the new publications suggested by the reviewer, please see line 77-79.

Comment: "Line 81; Long-term clinical outcome? With only 12 months of follow up?"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. The phrase long-term was erased (Introduction section, page 5, 3rd paragraph, Line 82).

Comment: "Line 101; Scan protocol and reconstruction of pre-contrast and delayed-phase CT should be described in more details. Conversely, CT protocol for coronary CTA can be shortened for this manuscript".

Response: The protocol of the pre- and post-contrast CT scan was described more in details and the contrast-enhanced scan was shortened. The changes were done in page 6, under CT data acquisition and reconstruction.

Comment: "Line 103; Acquisition at 75% RR can suffer from severe motion artifact in case of high heart rate. Please report heart rate during acquisition".

Response: Mean heart rate for the study cohort was 72.1 beats per minute (±10.9). This sentence was added to the methods section (Materials and methods, CT data acquisition and reconstruction, page 6, line 118).

Comment: "Line 109; Is 50-60ml sufficient for evaluation of delayed enhancement and ECV?"

Response: Our study focused on ECV measurements. The average weight of the study population was 73 kg, which mean that the average contrast agent dose was about 0.8 ml/kg, which is sufficient for ECV calculation mainly in elderly patients with relatively limited GFR. For example, in the study of Abadia et al. (JCCT 2020; 14: 162-167) they used a 70 ml contrast agent despite a higher BMI of their population.

Comment: "Line 126; Representing the patient’s ECV with a ROI drawn on septum only is probably not adequate".

Response: Please see our response to your 3rd major revision comment above.

Comment: "Line 207; Please clarify what the box and whiskers represent".

Response: In order to avoid any confusion, we deleted the ECV mean value in the figure legend, since the middle line in the box plot represent the median value.

Comment: "Line 296; This is not the first study"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. At the time of our initial analysis, we were not aware of such studies. Indeed, in the last few months some studies regarding this issue were published. The text "this is the first study" was changed to "our study is one of very few studies" (Discussion, page 16, 1st paragraph).

Comment: "Line 301; “newly described” is misleading".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. The phrase "newly described" was changed to "recently described" (Discussion section, page 16, 1st paragraph)

Reviewer 2:

Thank you for your helpful comments and suggestions. Below please find the responses that were incorporated into the manuscript.

Comment: "The aortic interventions were performed in 57 of 75 patients. The prognostic value of CT ECV should be demonstrated by showing Kaplan Meier event-free survival curves in 57 patients who had aortic valve interventions".

Response: Our results were demonstrated as a ROC curve to show the impact of ECV value on the outcomes of the patients independently from valve intervention: TAVI, AVR, and balloon valvuloplasty. The ECV calculation was performed in patients with severe AS undergoing CT before intervention, but not all of them underwent intervention. From a clinical point of view it is crucial to demonstrate our results in this way in order to help the clinician to know which patients would benefit from intervention and which patients would not.

Comment: The staging of AS was successfully performed by echocardiography in only 66 of 75 patients. How were the severity of AS and the indication of aortic valve intervention determined in the patients who enrolled the study?

Response: In our center, severe aortic stenosis is defined as per contemporary valvular heart disease guidelines (symptoms typical of aortic stenosis, mean aortic gradient > 40 mmhg, valve area < 1.0 cm2). All patients were examined at our outpatient clinic and then referred to a dedicated consultation 'heart team' forum that includes a multidisciplinary team of clinical cardiologists, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and geriatricians as required. All patients were assessed by trans-thoracic echocardiography and ECG-gated cardiac CT. Information about this process was added to the manuscript (materials and methods, study cohort, page 6. 2nd paragraph).

• Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739-91. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391

Comment: "Superiority of CT over CMR for the assessment of myocardial ECV fraction, particularly higher spatial resolution, was too much emphasized in the second paragraph of the introduction. In the current study, the ROI was placed in the interventricular septum, indicating that high spatial resolution and SNR improvement by iterative reconstruction are not relevant. Bean gardening artifacts and motion artifacts are major concerns for CT quantification of myocardial ECV fraction".

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment. We fully agree with the reviewer. We shortened the paragraph and concentrate on the advantages of CT. Iterative reconstruction used by CT and T1 mapping in MRI are not really important for our manuscript and therefore were skipped from the introduction and Ref. 6 and 10 were deleted (Introduction section, page 4, 2nd paragraph). The effect of Beam-hardening artifacts was mentioned in the methods section (page 5, Study cohort subsection) and limitations section (page 17, 2nd paragraph) and this effect was the reason for excluding patients with pacemaker, ICD, AVR or any other metallic objects.

Comment: "The authors emphasized that the implication of ECV fraction using CT has never been studied in patients with severe AS. Please revise the introduction and discussion by citing the following publications".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. At the time of writing this manuscript these studies have not been published yet. These references were incorporated into the manuscript:

- Oda S. Quantification of Myocardial Extracellular Volume With Planning Computed Tomography for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement to Identify Occult Cardiac Amyloidosis in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis. Cir Cardiocasc Imaging 2020;13:e010358

- Tamarappoo B, et al. Prognostic Value of Computed Tomography-Derived Extracellular Volume in TAVR Patients With Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2020 Oct 28

- Scully PR, et al. Identifying Cardiac Amyloid in Aortic Stenosis: ECV Quantification by CT in TAVR Patients. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2020 Oct 13.

Minor comments

Comment: Abstract. Similar sentences are repeated for the result and conclusion in the abstract. The presentation of the abstract should be more organized

Response: We performed some changes in the abstract to make it more clear and organized.

Comment: "Introduction. Second paragraph. “Another MRI technique used to quantify DIF is T1-mapping, yet, its key limitation is limited spatial resolution”. The authors put too much emphasis on spatial resolution. At a lower concentration of contrast media, contrast discrimination by X-ray CT is not as good as T1 mapping CMR".

Response: We removed the text about T1 mapping from the introduction, based on the comment from the same reviewer (please see our previous response).

Comment: "Method Study cohort. Please clarify that 10 of 85 AS patients were evaluated due to inadequate CT image quality. Was a prospective study, or a retrospective study that analyzed As patients who had sufficient CT image quality?"

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. We re-phrased the "study cohort" section, and we believe it is clearer now (Methods and materials section, study cohort subsection, page 5, 2nd paragraph).

Comment: "CT data acquisition and reconstruction. “Besides the pre-contrast scan, a unique post-contrast scan with the same scan parameters was added”. Delete unique. Please add a brief explanation as to why post-contrast images were acquired at 7 minutes".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. As requested, the word unique was substituted with "additional". The accumulation of contrast agent in the interstitial tissue needs about 7 minutes as has been used by many previous publications (For example Abadia AF et al. J. Cardiovasc comput tomogr. 2020; 14: 162-167).

Comment: "Result. Table 1. There was a significant difference in age between AS patients and control subjects (57.2±5.6 years in control subjects vs. 80.6±6.8 years in AS patients). Previous studies demonstrated that ECV was significantly influenced by age. In addition, prevalence of CAD was significantly higher in the AS group (p=0.003). The differences in age and the degree of diffuse atherosclerosis substantially influenced the ECV.

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. Indeed, the AS group patients were older and had more comorbidities. There is no doubt that some of the difference in ECV between the groups might be attributed to this age difference. However, our data suggests that the AS itself is a major cause of myocardial fibrosis too. We also performed a multivariate analysis using linear regression, which showed that ECV fraction was significantly higher in patients with AS compared to the control group, independent from age, gender, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (this appears in the results section, page 13, 1st paragraph).

We add a table that describes this multivariate analysis. Because our paper has many figures already, it was not added to the paper. Should the reviewer wants us to add this table to the manuscript, we will be happy to do so.

Multivariate analysis for comorbidities between the AS group and the control group

Adjusted factor Estimate Std. Error P value

Aortic stenosis 22.19 4.91 <0.0001

Age 0.27 0.17 0.1

Gender 1.61 2.12 0.4

BMI 0.12 0.22 0.5

DM -3.53 2.36 0.1

HTN 0.62 2.72 0.8

BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN; hypertension

Comment: "In this paragraph, the authors also stated that multivariate analysis showed that ECV fraction was significantly higher in patients with AS compared to the control group, independent from age, gender, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. However, the number of patients was limited to adequately confirm the independency of these parameters.

Response: Although the number of the included patients were limited, the results were still significant according to our analysis. Please see the table attached for the previous comment.

Comment: "Results. Figure 6B. NYHA FC at 12 months is a categorial parameter and a scatter plot is not suited for Figure 6B".

Response: We fully agree with the reviewer, but some patients have a NYHA FC between 2 and 3 for example, therefore we thought that a scatter plot would be more appropriate.

Comment: "Results. Figure 7. Comparison between the highest decile of ECV and lowest ductile of ECV seems to be arbitral".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. This figure represents the upper and lower ends of ECV. The message we want to convey, is that it is possible that Gal-3 levels might be associated with ECV fraction. We believe we could not demonstrate a clear relationship between ECV and Gal-3 in our entire cohort because of our low number of patients. This difference which exists only in the upper and lower deciles clearly does not mean that the relationship exists, it is merely suggesting it, as we stated in the results

Comment: "Page 12. “There were no deaths.” Delete all-cause mortality from the combined endpoints to avoid confusion by the readers".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. We agree that since there were no deaths in our study, the outcome of all-cause mortality seems irrelevant. Therefore, we deleted it from our combined outcome.

Comment: "Results. Figure 8. ROC curve. Add cut-off value for ECV".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. Optimal cut-off value. Sensitivity/specificity decision plots yielded an ECV fraction of 40.8% as the optimal cutoff points for prediction of clinical outcomes, with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 64%. Patients with an ECV fraction >47.8% had the highest likelihood for the combined clinical outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure at 12-months, compared to patients with an ECV fraction < 30.5%, (31.6% vs. 10.1%, p=0.02). This text appears in the results section, page 13, 2nd paragraph.

Comment: "Page 14. Discussion. “Patients in the highest deciles of ECV fraction had a significantly higher serum Gal-3 level than patients in the lowest deciles. The combination of two different methods for assessing and quantifying cardiac damage (ECV and Gal-3) enforced our findings”. Comparison between the highest decile of and lowest ductile was quite subjective and this statement had no sufficient rationale".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. We erased the term "enforces" and rephrased that this finding "suggests that ECV fraction could be an important factor…" (Discussion section, page 17, 1st paragraph).

Reviewer 3:

Thank you for your helpful comments and suggestions. Below please find the responses that were incorporated into the manuscript.

Comment: "CTecv was calculated in the septum pre and post contrast as perviously described in CMR and CT manuscripts. As it is supposed to reflect diffuse myocardial fibrosis, the basal septum should be representative as it is relatively spared from myocardial infarction. With that in mind, I am very concerned about the distribution of the CTecv with 11 patients having an ECV >50% and a majority an ECV >40%. This amount of interstitial expansion is rather unusual unless there is evidence of myocardial infiltation (e.g. cardiac amyloidosis). The alternative is a methodological error".

Response: Only 6 patients in the entire group had previous MI and care was taken to avoid ECV measurement in segments with previous MI. In fact, the mean ECV in 6 patients with previous MI was only 37%. Since the basal septum is close to the membranous septum, we decided to use the mid septum for ECV calculation, as performed in previous studies (For example Bandula et al. 2013; 269). The increased ECV value might be related to the AS severity and could be in part the explanation of the high ECV value in our study population. But we have to mention, that the coexistence of cardiac amyloidosis in our study population cannot be fully excluded, this was stated in the study limitation (page 16, line 342-344).

Comment: "The abstract should include structured headings, and the authors should include a heading for the discussion, which is missing".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. Those mistakes were corrected.

Comment: "The authors have chosen Galactin-3 rather than established cardiac biomarkers like BNP or troponin in this paper. Although this is interesting, the lack of BNP and troponin feels like an oversight".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. Indeed, serum BNP and troponin are important biomarkers in cardiac patients. When designing this trial, we though the most novel and interesting marker to be tested is galectin-3, which was shown to reflect fibrotic processes across the human body. In this trial we did not measure BNP and troponin, and we do not have their levels for our patients, since they are not routinely taken before TAVI/AVR.

Comment: "The combined clinical endpoint of all-cause mortality, stroke and hospitalization for heart failure is misleading and not ideal: -- although all cause mortality and HHF are adequate endpoints, the link between diffuse fibrosis and stroke is not clear. -- no deaths occured, only HHF and stroke -- the highest quartile of ECV chosen here was ECV>47.8% which is unusually high, and can only be explained by amyloidosis (see above)".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. It is indeed not clear whether this is an incidental finding or not. We added the sentence "The demonstrated relation between stroke and diffuse myocardial fibrosis is not clear at this moment, however it might be related to the fact that of the 3 patients who had a stroke, 2 had atrial fibrillation. The existence of atrial fibrillation in those patients might suggest a possible higher degree of myocardial fibrosis compared to patients without atrial fibrillation" to the discussion section (page 16, last paragraph). As we mentioned previously, we cannot exclude the coexistence of cardiac amyloidosis, however, the increased value of ECV could also be related to the severity of AS and accordingly to the outcomes in this patients.

Comment: "Regarding endpoints, it is unclear how many endpoints occured periprocedural".

Response: We thank the reviewer for this comment. In our cohort there were no periprocedural deaths. Among 3 patients who suffered a stroke – one had the event 6 months post procedure, and 2 within the first 6 months after the procedure. None of the events was peri-procedural.

Specific Comments.

Comment: "The authors need to make it clear in the abstract that on 57/75 patients underwent aortic valve intervention (and what intervention TAVR vs SAVR vs valvuloplasty)".

Response: the phrase "Out of the 75 patients in the AS group, 49 underwent TAVI, six surgical AVR, two balloon valvuloplasty, and 18 did not undergo any type of intervention". Was added to the abstract.

Comment: "Introduction: The CMR section does not mention ECV quantification (just T1 mapping, which is used for ECV calculation) - this is mentioned in the first paragraph without mentioning the associated imaging modalities (CMR and CT)".

Response: Based on the comments of reviewer 2, we skipped T1 mapping from the introduction, since it is not important for the focus of our study. We fully agree with the reviewer that pre-contrast and post-contrast T1 mapping are in parallel with the method used in our study.

Comment: The technological improvements in CT are for certain, though relevant to ECV quantification is not temporal resolution, but Hounsfield unit stability as well as signal to noise ratio.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment and fully agree with it, therefore the importance of temporal resolution was skipped from the introduction, as has also been mentioned by reviewer 2.

Comment: When discussing CMR predictors of outcome in AS, please add ECV by CMR (Everett et al JACC 2020), which is probably more relevant than the LGE papers.

Response – As requested, this reference was added.

Methods:

Comment: Please specify ethics committee reference and the period of recruitment.

Response: The study was approved by the ethics committee as we mention that in page 6, line 3rd paragraph. We added the recruitment period "between 2016 and 2018" in page 5, study cohort subsection.

Comment: please specify which contrast agent you administered.

Response: nonionic contrast agent (Iopromide 370; Bayer Schering, Berlin, Germany) was used, we added it in page 7, 1st paragraph.

Comment: please provide more details for the control cohort. Did this cohort undergo CT for a clinical indication or purely for research? This cohort is neither age nor sex matched, and have significantly less hypertension, CAD and renal impairment than the AS cohort.

Response: The control cohort included patients who were admitted to the hospital for chest pain, and were referred for CT angiography for the purpose of ruling out coronary disease. Before patients were sent to the CT scan, they had to give their consent for an additional post contrast scan that was performed immediately after the routine scan was done. All patients signed an informed consent. This explanation was added to the methods section (Materials and methods, study cohort subsection, page 5).

Indeed, the control cohort is not matched to the study group, obviously because AS patients are very old and tend to have co-morbidities. The purpose of creating this control group was to present the difference in ECV between AS patients and healthy individuals. There is no doubt that some of the difference in ECV between the groups might be attributed to this age difference and possibly to other comorbidities. However, our data suggests that the AS itself is a major cause of myocardial fibrosis too. We also performed a multivariate analysis using linear regression, which showed that ECV fraction was significantly higher in patients with AS compared to the control group, independent from age, gender, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (this appears in the results section, page 13, 1st paragraph).

We add a table that describes this multivariate analysis. Because our paper has many figures already, it was not added to the paper. Should the reviewer wants us to add this table to the manuscript, we will be happy to do so.

Multivariate analysis for comorbidities between the AS group and the control group

Adjusted factor Estimate Std. Error P value

Aortic stenosis 22.19 4.91 <0.0001

Age 0.27 0.17 0.1

Gender 1.61 2.12 0.4

BMI 0.12 0.22 0.5

DM -3.53 2.36 0.1

HTN 0.62 2.72 0.8

BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN; hypertension

Results:

Comment: "Please restructure this and place the figure legends to the end of the manuscript.

Response: According to the journal instructions, these legends should be incorporated in the text ("Figure captions must be inserted in the text of the manuscript, immediately following the paragraph in which the figure is first cited (read order). Do not include captions as part of the figure files themselves or submit them in a separate document). We would be happy to change this upon request.

Comment: how many patients had pacemaker or ICDs? These are more likely to affect myocardial HU then AoV Calcification.

Response: While initially recruited 85 patients with symptomatic severe AS, 10 patients were excluded due to pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, metallic foreign objects in the proximity of the heart, and surgical aortic valve replacement. All of these may lead to beam-hardening artifacts, which may degrade the inaccuracy in the ECV measurements. This sentence now appears in the manuscript (Materials and methods section, study cohort subsection, page 4)

Discussion:

Comment: please add a heading and restructure the discussion to follow a logical flow.

Response: The first paragraph was divided in 2, the first one summarizes the results of our study and the second one disscuss the importance of ECV evaluation. In addition, we added a separate paragraph for limitation.

Comment: Please add reference and discuss papers on CTecv by Tamarapoo and Scully that address CTecv in TAVI and outcome (both JACC Imaging).

Response: As requested, these papers were added and discussed..

Attachment

Submitted filename: response to reviewers3.docx

Click here for additional data file. (43.3KB, docx)

Decision Letter 1

Ify Mordi

17 Feb 2021

PONE-D-20-34373R1

Myocardial extracellular volume quantification by computed tomography predicts outcomes in patients with severe aortic stenosis

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Hamdan,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

Please see the additional editor comments below that need to be addressed.

Please submit your revised manuscript by Apr 03 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

  • A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

  • A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

  • An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter. Guidelines for resubmitting your figure files are available below the reviewer comments at the end of this letter.

If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Ify Mordi

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

A scatterplot is not appropriate for figure 6b - please change - better would be a boxplot as NYHA is definitely categorical.

The lack of troponin and/or BNP needs to be at least mentioned in the limitations - given their use it should be at least discussed as galectin is measured.

The variability in ECV should also be mentioned. The authors should at least note that they do have some high ECV values. They mention that they cannot exclude amyloidosis in the limitations, and they should add that in the context of the identified high ECV values this could be relevant.

The authors should also add in the limitations that the cohort was not matched for age or other important comorbidities such as hypertension.

The final limitation to add is that ECV was only taken from one site rather than a global measure or average, so it is possible that it may not be completely representative of the whole myocardium (accepting that this is the method used in most studies).

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

PLoS One. 2021 Mar 10;16(3):e0248306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248306.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

19 Feb 2021

Reviewer 1:

Thank you for your helpful comments and suggestions. Below please find the responses that were incorporated into the manuscript.

Comment: " A scatterplot is not appropriate for figure 6b - please change - better would be a boxplot as NYHA is definitely categorical."

Response: As requested, The correlation between ECV fraction and NYHA class at 12 months is now represented via a boxplot graph. Correlation was measured via a spearman correlation test. See figure 6b

Comment: " The lack of troponin and/or BNP needs to be at least mentioned in the limitations - given their use it should be at least discussed as galectin is measured."

Response: As requested, this issue is now mentioned in the limitation paragraph (page 16, limitation paragraph).

Comment: " The variability in ECV should also be mentioned. The authors should at least note that they do have some high ECV values. They mention that they cannot exclude amyloidosis in the limitations, and they should add that in the context of the identified high ECV values this could be relevant."

Response: As requested, this issue is now mentioned in the limitation paragraph (page 16, limitation paragraph).

Comment: " The authors should also add in the limitations that the cohort was not matched for age or other important comorbidities such as hypertension"

Response: As requested, this issue is now mentioned in the limitation paragraph (page 16, limitation paragraph).

Comment: " The final limitation to add is that ECV was only taken from one site rather than a global measure or average, so it is possible that it may not be completely representative of the whole myocardium (accepting that this is the method used in most studies)".

Response: As requested, this issue is now mentioned in the limitation paragraph (page 16, limitation paragraph).

Attachment

Submitted filename: response to reviewers4.docx

Click here for additional data file. (19.9KB, docx)

Decision Letter 2

Ify Mordi

24 Feb 2021

Myocardial extracellular volume quantification by computed tomography predicts outcomes in patients with severe aortic stenosis

PONE-D-20-34373R2

Dear Dr. Hamdan,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Ify Mordi

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Acceptance letter

Ify Mordi

1 Mar 2021

PONE-D-20-34373R2

Myocardial extracellular volume quantification by computed tomography predicts outcomes in patients with severe aortic stenosis

Dear Dr. Hamdan:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

If we can help with anything else, please email us at plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access.

Kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Ify Mordi

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

    This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

    Supplementary Materials

    S1 File. Study dataset.

    (XLSX)

    Click here for additional data file. (78.4KB, xlsx)
    Attachment

    Submitted filename: response to reviewers3.docx

    Click here for additional data file. (43.3KB, docx)
    Attachment

    Submitted filename: response to reviewers4.docx

    Click here for additional data file. (19.9KB, docx)

    Data Availability Statement

    All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.

    Articles from PLoS ONE are provided here courtesy of PLOS

    RESOURCES