Abstract
Objective
Revision to cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) in patients with existing pacemakers with worsening heart failure (HF) can improve symptoms and cardiac function. We identify factors that predict improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) within a year of CRT revision.
Methods
We performed a retrospective study of 146 consecutive patients (16% female, mean age 73 ± 11 years, mean LVEF 27 ± 8%) undergoing revision to CRT (January 2012 to May 2018) in a single tertiary centre. LVEF was measured pre-revision and 3, 6 and 12 months post-upgrade.
Results
At 6 months, 68% of patients demonstrated improvement in LVEF (mean ΔLVEF + 6.7% ± 9.6). Compared to patients in atrial fibrillation (AF), patients with sinus rhythm had a greater improvement in LVEF at 6 months (sinus 8.4 ± 10.3% vs. AF 4.2 ± 8.0%, p = 0.02). Compared to ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) had a greater improvement in LVEF at 6 months (NICM 8.4 ± 9.8% vs ICM 4.8 ± 9.2%, p = 0.05). Patients with RV pacing ≥40% at baseline had a greater improvement in LVEF at 6 months (≥40% RV pacing 9.3 ± 10.2 vs. < 40% RV pacing 4.0 ± 7.4%, p = 0.01). All improvements were sustained over 12 months post-revision. There was no significant difference between genders, years between initial implant and revision, or previous device type.
Conclusions
Our real-world experience supports current guidelines on CRT revision. NICM, ≥40% RV pacing and sinus rhythm are the main predictors of improvement in LVEF in patients who underwent CRT revision.
Keywords: Heart failure, HFrEF, Cardiac resynchronisation therapy, CRT upgrade, CRT revision
1. Introduction
In patients with heart failure (HF), reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and delayed left ventricular electrical activation (typically left bundle branch block with QRS duration >130 ms), cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) reduces mechanical dyssynchrony. This in turn improves left ventricular performance, reduces mitral regurgitation, decreases cardiac filling pressure and favourably remodels the left ventricle [1]. These pathophysiological adjustments significantly improve symptoms, reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) on top of optimal medical treatment [1], [2], [3], [4]. Recommendations for CRT are engrained in national and international guidelines for symptomatic patients with HFrEF [2], [5].
Patients with a permanent pacemaker (PPM) or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) may develop HF symptoms because the sequence of electrical activation in RV pacing resembles the activation pattern seen in LBBB. This asynchronous electrical activation causes abnormal mechanical interactions within the left ventricle and between the two ventricles, inducing dyssynchrony [6]. In a study by Sweeny and colleagues, compared to RV pacing of <40%, RV pacing of ≥40% conferred a 2.6 fold increase in risk of HF hospitalisation in patients with a normal baseline QRS [7]. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that revising these existing RV pacing systems to CRT, to restore synchronicity and reverse remodelling, can improve LV function [8]. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on acute and chronic HF and ESC guidelines on pacing suggest that patients with a conventional PPM or ICD who subsequently develop worsening HF should be considered for a device revision to CRT [2], [9]. In the 2009 European cardiac resynchronisation therapy survey, over a quarter of all CRT implantation procedures were undertaken as revision from existing systems in patients experiencing worsening HF [10], [11].
However, patients with PPMs and ICDs are heterogenous and less is understood regarding which patients may best benefit from a revision procedure to CRT. Furthermore, in a study by Poole and colleagues, compared to elective generator change, revision to CRT had a 3-fold increased risk in major complications [12]. The aim of this study was to identify the patient characteristics that may predict a greater improvement in LVEF, following revision to CRT.
2. Methods
2.1. Study population
Patients attending a multi-disciplinary, cardiac physiologist-led, cardiac device follow-up clinic at the University Hospital of Wales are routinely evaluated for the development of HF symptoms following PPM/ICD implantation (Fig. 1). The clinical characteristics of consecutive patients attending the clinic between January 2012 and May 2018 were retrospectively collected.
Fig. 1.
Cardiac electronic implantable devices (CEID) follow-up clinical pathway from the University Hospital of Wales Cardiology Department. ERI: elective replacement indicator, HF: heart failure, RV: right ventricular, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, CRT: cardiac resynchronisation therapy.
Baseline information on demography, symptoms, electrocardiographs, echocardiograms, time between initial implant and revision, previous device type (dual vs. single chamber) and planned procedure (revision to CRT-P vs. CRT-D) were recorded at the time of revision to CRT. Aetiology of HF (ischaemic vs. non-ischaemic) was determined using angiographic findings and wall motion abnormalities identified on echocardiography. LVEF, measured by echocardiography, was assessed pre-revision and 3, 6 and 12 months post-procedure. Patients were followed up regularly in multi-disciplinary cardiac device and HF nurse-led clinics to ensure optimal pacing and medical therapies.
2.2. Study outcomes
The aim of the study was to assess the factors which best predicted an improvement in LVEF at 6 and 12 months following LV lead implantation. The variables considered included: age, gender and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class; pre-procedural cardiac rhythm (sinus vs. atrial fibrillation; AF); aetiology of HF (ischaemic; ICM vs. non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy; NICM); previous device type (dual chamber vs. single chamber); and ensuing CRT therapy (CRT-P vs. CRT-D).
2.3. Statistical analysis
Categorical data are presented as number and percentages and continuous data as are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data was analysed using unpaired t-tests to compare the change in LVEF between specified subgroups of patients. Results are shown as mean change in LVEF (ΔLVEF) ± standard deviation (SD). Linear and multiple regressions were run in order to identify the factors that best predicted improvement in EF at timepoints of 3, 6 and 12 months post-revision. All analysis was run using RStudio Version 1.2.1335. In comparison analyses p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
146 patients (mean age 73 ± 11 years, 16% female, 49% ICM) all optimally treated with prognostic medications were included. 42% had a single chamber PPM and 36% of all devices pre-revision were ICDs. Due to the priori bias introduced through case selection via a clinical pathway, at baseline >96% reported HF symptoms, mean LVEF 27 ± 8%, and a high burden of RV pacing (mean % RV pacing 64.0 ± 42%). The average time from initial pacemaker implantation to the CRT revision was 6 ± 3 years. All CRT procedures, CRT-P (n = 60, 41%) or CRT-D (n = 86, 59%), were successful. (Table 1)
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for all patients divided according to dual vs. single previous device type.
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients (N = 146) | Patients with dual chamber PPM (N = 85) | Patients with single chamber PPM (N = 61) | P value | |
| Age (yrs) | 72.6 ± 10.7 | 73.5 ± 10.1 | 71.3 ± 11.3 | 0.237 |
| Male Sex (%) | 84.2% (123) | 81.2% (69) | 88.5% (54) | 0.331 |
| NYHA class | ||||
| I (%) | 3.4% (5) | 4.7% (4) | 1.6% (1) | |
| II (%) | 63.7% (93) | 64.7% (55) | 62.3% (38) | |
| III (%) | 31.5% (46) | 29.4% (25) | 34.4% (21) | |
| IV (%) | 1.4% (2) | 1.2% (1) | 1.6% (1) | |
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 48.6% (71) | 51.8% (44) | 44.3% (27) | 0.467 |
| Diabetes (%) | 28.8% (42) | 35.3% (30) | 19.7% (12) | 0.061 |
| IHD (%) | 53.4% (78) | 51.8% (44) | 55.7% (34) | 0.817 |
| CVA (%) | 12.3% (18) | 12.9% (11) | 11.5% (7) | 0.992 |
| Asthma (%) | 4.1% (6) | 4.7% (4) | 3.3% (2) | 0.995 |
| COPD (%) | 15.1% (22) | 14.1% (12) | 16.4% (10) | 0.885 |
| Bloods /ECG /Echocardiography | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/l) | 132.2 ± 17.1 | 130.2 ± 16.4 | 134.8 ± 17.8 | 0.122 |
| Creatinine (µmol/l) | 124.7 ± 55.6 | 132.1 ± 63.8 | 114.2 ± 39.7 | 0.04 |
| Sinus rhythm (%) | 57.5% (84) | 68.2% (58) | 42.6 (26) | 0.004 |
| Mean LVEF (%) | 26.5 ± 7.8 | 26.3 ± 7.8 | 26.7 ± 7.9 | 0.752 |
| LVEDV (ml) | 177.3 ± 55.5 | 173.8 ± 54.8 | 182.3 ± 56.9 | 0.460 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Beta blocker (%) | 83.6% (122) | 82.4% (70) | 85.2% (52) | 0.811 |
| ACEi (%) | 53.4% (78) | 54.1% (46) | 52.5% (32) | 0.976 |
| ARB (%) | 24.0% (35) | 24.7% (21) | 23% (14) | 0.961 |
| ARNI (%) | 4.1% (6) | 4.7% (4) | 3.3% (2) | 0.995 |
| Loop diuretics (%) | 69.2% (101) | 69.4% (59) | 68.9% (42) | 1.00 |
| MRA (%) | 50.0% (73) | 49.4% (42) | 50.8% (31) | 1.00 |
| Digoxin (%) | 11% (16) | 11.8% (10) | 9.8% (6) | 0.921 |
| Aspirin (%) | 24.7% (36) | 28.2% (24) | 19.7% (12) | 0.323 |
| Warfarin (%) | 44.5% (65) | 32.9% (28) | 60.7% (37) | 0.002 |
| DOAC (%) | 12.3% (18) | 12.9% (11) | 11.5% (7) | 0.992 |
PPM: permanent pacemaker, NYHA: New York Heart Association, IHD: ischaemic heart disease, CVA: cerebrovascular accident, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume, ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant.
Categorical variables are expressed as percentage (n) and continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P values were calculated using unpaired t-tests for continuous data and chi-squared tests for categorical data.
Overall, two thirds of the patients improved their LVEF at 6 months (mean ΔLVEF at 6 months + 6.7% ± 9.6) and 12 months (mean ΔLVEF at 12 months + 7.4% ± 10.1) following CRT revision (Fig. 2, Table 2). Compared to patients in AF, patients with sinus rhythm had a significantly greater improvement in LVEF at 3 months (ΔLVEF: sinus 8.0 ± 8.9 vs AF 3.3 ± 8.6, p < 0.01) and 6 months (ΔLVEF: sinus 8.4 ± 10.3 vs. AF 4.2 ± 8.0, p = 0.02) post-CRT revision, which was sustained at 12 months. Compared to those with ICM, patients with NICM had a significantly greater improvement in LVEF at 6 months (ΔLVEF: NICM 8.4 ± 9.8 vs ICM 4.8 ± 9.2, p = 0.05), which was sustained over 12 months. Compared to patients who had a revision to CRT-D, patients who had a revision to CRT-P had a significantly greater improvement in LVEF at 6 months (ΔLVEF: CRT-D 5.0 ± 9.1 vs CRT-P 9.0 ± 9.9, p = 0.03). Compared to patients with a RV pacing <40%, patients with a RV pacing ≥40% had a significantly greater improvement of LVEF at 6 months (ΔLVEF: ≥40% RV pacing 9.3 ± 10.2 vs. <40% RV pacing 4.0 ± 7.4, p = 0.01) and 12 months (ΔLVEF: ≥40% RV pacing 9.9 ± 11.2 vs. <40% RV pacing 5.1 ± 6.7, p = 0.03). A linear relationship was observed between percentage of RV pacing at baseline and improvement in LVEF at all time points studied (Supplementary Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 1). The same factors (sinus rhythm, non-ischaemic aetiology, and CRT-P device type) demonstrated a greater improvement in LVEF following revision procedure in patients with RV pacing ≤40% at baseline compared to patients with RV pacing >40% (Supplementary Table 2).
Fig. 2.
Change in left ventricular ejection fraction (ΔLVEF) from baseline to 3 and 6 months after CRT revision procedure. Mean difference between ΔLVEF for each baseline characteristic is shown with the associated p value. AF: atrial fibrillation, RV: right ventricular.
Gender, years between initial implant and revision procedure, age at time of revision procedure or type of PPM were not significant predictors of improvement in LVEF over one year following CRT revision. (Table 2). We also explored the interaction between pre-pacemaker implant QRS duration and the change in LVEF observed post-CRT revision procedure with full results presented in Supplementary (Supplementary Table 3).
Table 2.
Change in left ventricular ejection fraction (ΔLVEF) from baseline to 3 and 6 months after CRT revision procedure.
| Variable (n) | Missing values |
Before Revision | 3 months |
6 months |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean LVEF | Mean LVEF | ΔLVEF from baseline | Mean difference in ΔLVEF | P value | Mean LVEF | ΔLVEF from baseline | Mean difference in ΔLVEF | P value | ||||
| 0 | 3 | 6 | ||||||||||
| All patients | 14 | 24 | 24 | 26.5 ± 7.8 | 32.4 ± 11.2 | 5.9 ± 9.0 | – | – | 33.5 ± 11.3 | 6.7 ± 9.6 | – | – |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male (123) | 13 | 18 | 20 | 26.3 ± 7.8 | 32.3 ± 11.0 | 5.7 ± 9.3 | −1.85 | 0.37 | 33.4 ± 11.4 | 6.3 ± 9.7 | −2.10 | 0.38 |
| Female (23) | 1 | 6 | 4 | 27.0 ± 8.1 | 33.3 ± 12.6 | 7.5 ± 7.0 | 33.8 ± 10.9 | 8.4 ± 9.0 | ||||
| Rhythm | ||||||||||||
| Sinus (84) | 8 | 15 | 13 | 25.3 ± 7.8 | 33.0 ± 11.2 | 8.0 ± 8.9 | +4.66 | <0.01 | 34.0 ± 11.9 | 8.4 ± 10.3 | +4.21 | 0.02 |
| AF (62) | 6 | 9 | 11 | 28.0 ± 7.6 | 33.5 ± 11.1 | 3.3 ± 8.6 | 32.8 ± 10.4 | 4.2 ± 8.0 | ||||
| Cause of HF | ||||||||||||
| Non Ischaemic (75) | 5 | 17 | 12 | 27.1 ± 8.0 | 33.4 ± 12.2 | 6.5 ± 9.3 | +1.09 | 0.53 | 35.2 ± 11.2 | 8.4 ± 9.8 | +3.58 | 0.04 |
| Ischaemic (71) | 9 | 7 | 12 | 25.8 ± 7.6 | 31.5 ± 10.2 | 5.4 ± 8.9 | 31.6 ± 11.1 | 4.8 ± 9.2 | ||||
| Device | ||||||||||||
| CRT-P (60) | 6 | 12 | 8 | 28.7 ± 7.8 | 37.0 ± 10.5 | 7.7 ± 8.2 | +2.83 | 0.10 | 38.0 ± 10.5 | 9.0 ± 9.9 | +3.95 | 0.03 |
| CRT-D (86) | 8 | 12 | 16 | 24.9 ± 7.5 | 29.4 ± 10.6 | 4.8 ± 9.4 | 30.1 ± 10.7 | 5.0 ± 9.1 | ||||
| Previous device | ||||||||||||
| Dual chamber (85) | 8 | 13 | 11 | 26.3 ± 7.8 | 32.5 ± 11.8 | 6.2 ± 9.4 | +0.61 | 0.72 | 33.7 ± 12.1 | 7.1 ± 10.5 | +1.01 | 0.57 |
| Single chamber (61) | 6 | 11 | 13 | 26.7 ± 7.9 | 32.3 ± 10.3 | 5.6 ± 8.6 | 33.2 ± 9.9 | 6.1 ± 8.3 | ||||
| Age at revision | ||||||||||||
| < 75 years (74) | 7 | 14 | 13 | 26.0 ± 7.5 | 30.6 ± 11.3 | 5.8 ± 9.3 | −0.23 | 0.89 | 31.1 ± 11.2 | 5.9 ± 9.2 | −1.49 | 0.41 |
| ≥75 years (72) | 7 | 10 | 11 | 27.0 ± 8.1 | 34.1 ± 10.9 | 6.0 ± 8.8 | 35.8 ± 10.9 | 7.4 ± 10.1 | ||||
| NYHA class | ||||||||||||
| I-II (98) | 10 | 18 | 17 | 26.3 ± 7.8 | 31.9 ± 10.8 | 5.7 ± 9.1 | −0.59 | 0.74 | 33.5 ± 10.8 | 7.1 ± 9.9 | +1.17 | 0.53 |
| III-IV (48) | 4 | 6 | 7 | 26.9 ± 7.9 | 33.4 ± 11.9 | 6.3 ± 9.0 | 33.5 ± 12.2 | 5.9 ± 9.2 | ||||
| % RV pacing | ||||||||||||
| ≥40% (62) | 4 | 7 | 11 | 27.3 ± 8.2 | 34.7 ± 11.0 | 8.0 ± 9.7 | +3.55 | 0.10 | 36.6 ± 10.2 | 9.3 ± 10.2 | +5.27 | 0.01 |
| < 40% (32) | 3 | 6 | 3 | 22.7 ± 7.9 | 27.6 ± 9.7 | 4.4 ± 7.8 | 28.2 ± 11.1 | 4.0 ± 7.4 | ||||
Mean difference between ΔLVEF for each baseline characteristic is shown with the associated p value. Data is expressed as a mean ± standard deviation. AF: atrial fibrillation, HF: heart failure, NYHA: New York Heart Association, CRT-P/D: cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker/defibrillator.
Linear regression demonstrated the baseline factors that best predicted an improvement in LVEF post-revision were sinus rhythm (3 months: R2 = 0.07, p < 0.01 and 6 months: R2 = 0.05, p = 0.02), non-ischaemic aetiology (6 months: R2 = 0.04, p = 0.05) and RV pacing >40% at baseline (3 months: R2 = 0.03, p = 0.12, 6 months: R2 = 0.07, p = 0.02). Multiple linear regression showed that a model containing rhythm, aetiology of HF, % RV pacing and device type (CRT-D vs. CRT-P) could significantly predict ΔLVEF at 3 months (F (4,68) = 3.33, p = <0.02) with an R2 of 0.16 and ΔLVEF 6 months (F (4,67) = 5.55, p = <0.001) with an R2 of 0.25.
All patients with complete NYHA data over 12 months (n = 109) demonstrated either a maintenance of current NHYA class (69.7%) or an improvement (30.3%) in NYHA class following revision procedure at 6 months, with similar patterns also observed at 12 months (Supplementary Table 4 and 5).
There were 11 complications (7.4%) associated with revision to CRT (Supplementary Table 6).
4. Discussion
In this study, patients with a PPM or ICD followed a clinical pathway that highly selected patients who had symptoms and signs of heart failure and worsening LV function for CRT revision. Despite this pathway, we found a difference in the improvement in LV function seen after revision within this selective group. Over 70% of patients who had a PPM or ICD and symptoms of heart failure improved their LVEF following CRT revision procedure (mean LVEF 6.7% improvement at 6 months). In addition, almost all patients also demonstrated either an improvement or an unchanged NYHA class following upgrade at all time points. Sinus rhythm, higher percentage of RV pacing and non-ischaemic aetiology of heart failure were the most consistent predictors of improved LVEF after revision to CRT.
Patients with heart failure who have a de novo CRT implantation have been shown to demonstrate a 2–5% improvement in LVEF at 6 months post-CRT implantation [13], [14], [15]. With regard to revision procedures, in a study by Sideris and colleagues of 37 patients with HF who underwent CRT revision from an existing PPM, a significant LVEF improvement (26.3 ± 5.4% to 31.4 ± 6.7%; p < 0.001) was observed at 6 months post-CRT implantation [16]. In a recent metanalysis by Kosztin and colleagues of 16 studies (comprising 489,568 CRT recipients, with 468,205 de novo and 21,363 upgrade procedures), LVEF improved in both groups (de novo 6.85% vs. upgrade 9.35%; p = 0.235) [17]. In our cohort, the mean LVEF at time of revision was 26.5% ± 7.8%. CRT revision procedure improved LVEF by a mean of 7.4% at 12 months. The greatest improvement was seen in the first 3 months post CRT revision (mean improvement in LVEF 5.9% ± 9.0).
Although fulfilling the current criteria set out by guidelines, not all patients with heart failure that remain symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment with necessarily benefit equally from CRT. With regards to de novo CRT implantation, studies have identified non-ischaemic aetiology and female sex to positively predict reverse remodelling and improved LVEF [3], [18]. In a study by Rafla and colleagues of 81 patients who had PPM and later a revision to CRT, patients with non-ischaemic aetiology had a significantly better response [19]. We also found patients with a non-ischaemic aetiology of HF showed a significantly greater improvement in LVEF following CRT revision. In addition, we found patients in sinus rhythm rather than in AF had a significantly greater improvement in LVEF following CRT revision. This highlights the importance of atrio-ventricular resynchronisation, which may be as or more important than bi-ventricular resynchronisation. Although women did show a greater improvement in LVEF than men, this was found to be non-significant at all time points studied. Interestingly patients who had a revision to CRT-P rather than CRT-D had a significantly greater improvement in LVEF at 6 months. This may reflect the notion that the decision to implant a CRT-P (and not CRT-D) was a surrogate for a pre-implant impression that the patient would likely respond to BiV pacing alone.
The indications for upgrading to CRT are still ambiguous and the guidelines lack some clarity. The 2013 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) guidelines recommend CRT upgrade in patients with LVEF < 35%, NYHA III&IV, and high percentage of ventricular pacing—although cited evidence stands for de novo CRT implantations and crossover trials, as opposed to revisions from existing devices, with evidence level ‘B’ and class I indication [9]. The more recent guidelines by the ESC on HF and ESC guidelines on ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death do not provide any recommendations on CRT revision [2].
With current evidence suggesting a greater procedural risk with CRT revision procedures compared to de novo procedures, it is important to identify those patients that are most likely to benefit from CRT revision and continue to explore which factors best correlate with an improved outcome [12]. The ongoing BUDAPEST-CRT Upgrade Study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of CRT-D upgrade when compared with ICD therapy in patients with previously implanted PPM or ICD, reduced LVEF ≤ 35%, symptomatic HF (NYHA II–IV), and intermittent or permanent RV pacing with wide-paced QRS ≥ 150 ms [20].
4.1. Limitations
This was a single centre retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing CRT revision. Regarding patient selection, only patients meeting pathway criteria following the development of worsening HF symptoms after bradycardia/ICD pacing therapy were included, which may have resulted in a certain proportion not referred for consideration of a revision. The site of LV lead placement (apical vs. basal) and the specific optimisation of medical therapy post-implant were not recorded, although medical therapy overall was good pre-procedure and patients routinely followed up post-procedure. LVEF assessed with echocardiography can have high inter- and intra-operator variability, however we aimed to minimise this by ensuring all echocardiographers were fully accredited.
5. Conclusions
Device revision to CRT in patients with RV pacing induced HF demonstrated a significant improvement in LVEF, with the greatest improvement observed in patients who had a higher percentage of RV pacing at baseline, a non-ischaemic aetiology of HF and were in sinus rhythm.
Funding
No funding.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the cardiac physiologists and heart failure nurses at University Hospital Wales for their help and support with this research.
Footnotes
All authors listed take responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100746.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
References
- 1.Cleland J.G., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E. Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:1539–1549. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Ponikowski P., Voors A.A., Anker S.D. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37:2129–2200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bristow M.R., Saxon L.A., Boehmer J. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004;350:2140–2150. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032423. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Moss A.J., Hall W.J., Cannom D.S. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009;361:1329–1338. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.National Institute For Health And Care Excellence. Implantable cardioverter defifibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy for arrhythmias and heart failure. (TA314). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta314.
- 6.Wilkoff B.L., Cook J.R., Epstein A.E. for the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator Trial Investigators. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular back-up pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002;288:3115–3123. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.24.3115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Sweeney M.O., Hellkamp A.S., Ellenbogen K.A. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;107:2932–2937. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072769.17295.B1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Fröhlich G., Steffel J., Hürlimann D. Upgrading to resynchronization therapy after chronic right ventricular pacing improves left ventricular remodelling. Eur. Heart J. 2010;31:1477–1485. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq065. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Brignole M1., Auricchio A., Baron-Esquivias G. 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Eur. Heart J. 2013;34:2281–2329. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Dickstein K., Bogale N., Priori S. Scientific Committee; National Coordinators. The European cardiac resynchronization therapy survey. Eur. Heart J. 2009;30:2450–2460. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Bogale N., Witte K., Priori S., Cleland J. The European Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Survey: comparison of outcomes between de novo cardiac resynchronization therapy implantations and upgrades. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2011;13:974–983. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Poole J.E., Gleva M.J., Mela T. Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: results from the REPLACE registry. Circulation. 2010;122:1553–1561. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.976076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Abraham W.T., Fisher W.G., Smith A.L. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:1845–1853. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa013168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Higgins S.L., Hummel J.D., Niazi I.K. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of heart failure in patients with intraventricular conduction delay and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003;42:1454–1459. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)01042-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Abraham W.T., Young J.B., Leon A.R. Effects of cardiac resynchronization on disease progression in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, an indication for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, and mildly symptomatic chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2004;110:2864–2868. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000146336.92331.D1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Sideris S., Poulidakis E., Aggeli C. Upgrading pacemaker to cardiac resynchronization therapy: an option for patients with chronic right ventricular pacing and heart failure. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2014;55:17–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Kosztin A., Vamos M., Aradi D. De novo implantation vs. upgrade cardiac resynchronization therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail. Rev. 2018;23:15–26. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9652-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Verhaert D., Grimm R.A., Puntawangkoon C. Long-term reverse remodeling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of extended echocardiographic follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;55:1788–1795. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Rafla S., Aboelhoda A., Nawar M., Geller J.C., Lotfi M. Upgrading patients with pacemakers to resynchronization pacing: Predictors of success. Alex. J. Med. 2018;54:311–313. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Merkely B., Kosztin A., Roka A. Rationale and design of the BUDAPEST-CRT Upgrade Study: a prospective, randomized, multicentre clinical trial. Ep Europace. 2017;19:1549–1555. doi: 10.1093/europace/euw193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.