Abstract
Aims
To assess the impact of teleintervention on mental health parameters in type 2 diabetes patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
This is a controlled randomized trial for a multidisciplinary telehealth intervention in Southern Brazil, with social distancing measures. Adults aged 18 years or older with previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were included in the study. The intervention performed was a set of strategies to help patients stay healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic and included the maintaining of telephone contacts and providing educational materials on issues related to mental health, healthy habits, and diabetes care. The primary outcome was a positive screening for mental health disorders (Self-Reporting Questionnaire) after 16 weeks of intervention. A positive screening for mental health disorders was considered when the survey scored greater than or equal to 7. Secondary outcomes included a positive screening for diabetes-related emotional distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes), eating (Eating Attitudes Test), and sleep disorders (Mini Sleep Questionnaire). Comparisons with χ2 tests for dichotomous outcomes, along with the Mann–Whitney U test, was used for between group analyses.
Results
A total of 91 individuals agreed to participate (46 intervention group and 45 control group). There were no differences in demographic and clinical data at baseline. After 16 weeks of follow-up, a positive screening for mental health disorders was found in 37.0% of participants in the intervention group vs. 57.8% in the control group (P = 0.04). Diabetes-related emotional distress was found in 21.7% of participants in the intervention group vs. 42.2% in the control group (P = 0.03). No differences were found between groups with regard to eating and sleep disorders.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that maintaining remote connections with health professionals during social distancing and quarantine have the potential to reduce the prevalence of positive screening for mental health disorders and diabetes-related emotional distress in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00592-021-01690-1.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, Diabetes-related distress, Teleintervention, Type 2 diabetes
Introduction
Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, diabetes was one factor associated with worse clinical outcomes due to mechanisms not fully understood [1, 2]. The threat of a potentially serious infection and being part of a high-risk group creates worry and anxiety in patients with diabetes, making them vulnerable to mental health disorders. In addition to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic and the possibility of a potentially serious infection, patients with diabetes experienced other challenges during the pandemic. Health appointments not fully accessible, difficulty in obtaining diabetes medications, and a lack of scientific information about the relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 result in psychological and emotional strain [3]. Even in non-pandemic circumstances, people with diabetes have more mood and anxiety disorders compared to the general population [4–6]. This greater psychological vulnerability was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic [4], reflecting the need to care for the mental health of patients with diabetes.
So far, there is a lack of evidence-based guidelines, as well as a clear intervention plan to safeguard the health of patients with diabetes and mitigate COVID-19 pandemic effects on mental health with social distancing [7, 8]. Remote interventions and virtual platforms could be potential strategies to allow providers to assist patients in the quarantine period [9]. This study aims to assess the impact of teleinterventions on mental health parameters in those with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We hypothesize that remote assistance may improve mental health outcomes.
Participants and methods
Study design
An open-label and controlled randomized trial was conducted for a telehealth intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic medical records were used to identify adults with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with regular outpatient follow-up in one of two public tertiary care hospitals in Southern Brazil. Study procedures started in April 2020, approximately one month after the national ordinance required social distancing for risk groups in Brazil. The study was done in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, 2004, approved by the National Scientific Committee (No. 4.059.760). This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04344210). Enrollment began on April 14, 2020, and ended on April 29, 2020. This reporting follows the CONSORT statement [10]
Participants
Inclusion criteria involved: adults aged 18 years or older with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes based on guideline recommendations; a HbA1c evaluation in the laboratory of the study’s reference hospital in the three months prior to inclusion; and availability for weekly phone calls during the study. Patients hospitalized at the time of recruitment and those who had some serious limitation preventing the necessary interaction, such as advanced dementia or severe hearing loss, were excluded.
Recruitment procedure
Potential participants were identified by electronic databases from the main institutions. Patients who met inclusion criteria were randomly selected for a telephone call that included an invitation to participate in this study. Those who agreed provided informed consent electronically, including audio recording.
Allocation
After providing informed consent to participate in this study, patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio with an electronic database, generated by the Randomization.com website. Due to the characteristics of the intervention, blinding of participants and researchers was not possible. To minimize potential bias, inclusion in the study and assessment of outcomes were performed by different researchers, who were not involved in the randomization and data analyses.
Intervention characteristics
The intervention was a set of strategies to help patients stay healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic, which included telephone calls, offering educational skills on healthy lifestyles, and complementing patients’ usual clinical care. Remote methods preserved patients with diabetes from unnecessary exposure during social distancing. To develop intervention protocols and provide support for patient demands, a multidisciplinary team of general practitioners, cardiologists, endocrinologists, physical educators, and psychologists was available.
Telehealth intervention: Each participant was randomly assigned to be followed by a same trained researcher, called case manager, responsible for making weekly calls for 16 weeks of follow-up. The calls lasted around 5 to 10 min and followed a pre-established script to ensure all patients received a similar intervention. Intervention protocols were developed by physicians, physical educators, and psychologists. Each week, a different topic was selected for participants. Topics included issues related to mental health and coping strategies, physical activity, healthy eating habits, and diabetes care. Complete scripts used for the 16 weeks of intervention are available in supplementary material.
Educational materials: Patients with difficulty in a specific area related to mental health or diabetes care received additional digital educational material. Information about healthy eating habits and physical exercise adapted to age and physical limitations were offered to all participants.
Clinical care: Intervention sought to complement the usual diabetes care. Adherence to treatment was encouraged on every call. Patients were routinely asked for reports on glycemic controls, following their provider’s recommendation. Treatment adjustments were made in severe cases, such as recurrent hypoglycemia and difficulty in contacting health care providers. In those cases, treatment was recommended by an endocrinologist from the study team. If patients had outdated prescriptions and difficulty in contacting the health care providers, renewal was electronically carried out by the researchers. All specific issues that arose during the intervention were discussed with the multidisciplinary team.
Active control group
At randomization, the active control group received access to a website prepared by the multidisciplinary team. On this site, there were weekly posts about diabetes care, mental health, and lifestyle habits, similar to phone call protocols. Access to the website was free, with no control on the frequency of access. This group did not have direct contact with the researchers during 16 weeks of the study.
Outcome measures
The original protocol was designed to assess metabolic outcomes, and mental health would be included as secondary outcomes. However, considering the expressive impact of the pandemic on mental health, a new sample calculation was carried out to determine the sample size necessary for mental health as the primary outcome. This entire procedure was performed before the inclusion of participants in the study. Due to the extent of the pandemic in Brazil, which lasted longer than expected, and the limitation of laboratory tests during social distancing, it was impossible to perform the glycemic control and mental health assessment at the same time. So, the primary outcome in this analysis was only about mental health.
Mental health outcomes were assessed using specific questionnaires, applied by trained researchers in telephone calls. To assess the effects of the intervention, all participants were evaluated at two different times: at inclusion in the study (baseline) and after 16 weeks of intervention. Baseline represents the first four weeks of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, while follow-up (evaluated after 16 weeks) represents the results after 20 weeks of social distancing in Brazil. The follow-up for the primary outcome was performed within 14 days, to yield the same pandemic period for all participants.
The primary outcome was a comparison between the two groups of the presence of a positive screening for mental health disorders at the 16-week follow-up period. For this, the Brazilian validated version of the Self Report Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) was used. A positive screening for mental health disorders was considered when the survey scored greater than or equal to 7 [11].
Secondary outcomes included a comparison of the 16-week follow-up period between the two groups for a positive screening and for diabetes-related emotional distress, eating disorders, sleep disorders and treatment adherence. Diabetes-related emotional distress was assessed by the Brazilian validated version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (B-PAID) and considered when the score was greater than or equal to 40 [12]. Eating disorders were assessed by the Brazilian validated version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT–26). A positive screening for eating disorders was considered when the score was greater than or equal to 20 [13]. To assess sleep disorders, the Brazilian version of the Mini Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ) was used: a positive screening was considered for a score greater than or equal to 31 [14]. To assess treatment adherence, a Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Self-Care Inventory-revised (SCI-R) was used, and higher scores represent greater adherence [15].
At the end of the follow-up period, questionnaires were applied for changes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. This assessment included: social distancing, maintenance of work activities, financial difficulties, and medical assistance. An assessment of patients' respiratory symptoms, as well as the presence of COVID-19 confirmed infection was also carried out.
Demographics and clinical data on diabetes, presence of comorbidities, continuous use of medications, and the HbA1c value evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography were collected from electronic medical records. Information about antidepressant or anxiolytic drugs and a previous diagnosis of psychiatric disorders were found in electronic medical records and checked with patients.
Statistical methods
Power estimations for primary outcome:
The initial protocol was designed for two primary outcomes: mental health and HbA1c levels. To detect a difference in HbA1c values of moderate effect size between groups with a power of 80%, a significance level of 0.05, and a total of 84 participants was necessary. For the mental health primary outcome, a total of 78 participants were required to detect a moderate effect size (0.5) for a minimum difference of 5.8 points between the groups in mental health disorders (16). Considering estimated withdrawal from the study, the sample size was inflated by 10% to a total of 92 participants (46 in each group). This final sample size ensured that a two-sided test with α = 0.05 would have 95% power to detect a mean difference between groups for the mental health primary outcome.
Statistical analysis:
Analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS v.22 (Chicago, IL, US). For the presentation of the participants’ characteristics, data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for those in which the assumption of normal distribution did not seem violated; otherwise, data were reported as median ± interquartile range (IQR). Differences between groups for baseline data were evaluated by the unpaired t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables, plus Chi-square tests for categorical variables.
Data were analyzed with the intention‐to‐treat principle. A conservative, single-imputation approach with ‘last observation carried forward’ replaced missing values at follow-up. In our study, the baseline score replaced the missing follow-up value of an individual who did not provide follow-up data. Sensitivity analyses for the primary outcome were performed, including patients who completed the follow-up.
Results of the questionnaires were analyzed with the total scores and presence of a positive screening for the disorder based on cutoff values. Comparisons of positive screening between groups were performed with Chi-square tests. Data are reported as percentages (%) and odds ratios (OR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI). For total scores, we performed nonparametric tests to compare differences between and within groups, given the baseline and follow-up values. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for between-group analyses, and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for within-group analyses. Data for total scores were reported as median ± IQR. Primary outcomes used a significance level of 0.05.
Social aspects during the study
On March 19th, 2020, the city of Porto Alegre, where most study participants reside, presented its first decree of a state of public calamity to prevent and tackle the epidemic of COVID-19. The ordinance that guides social distancing and regulates establishments was published on March 22nd, requiring social distancing for people older than 60, as well as restrictions on the use of public squares and parks. In the following weeks, measures were tightened, restricting establishments that offer essential services under the condition of using personal protective equipment, such as masks and maintaining a minimum interpersonal distance of two meters to maintain basic activities. A teleworking regimen was always encouraged when possible. On May 11th, 2020, a strategy called “controlled distancing” was announced and put into practice in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, including Porto Alegre. This model defines structured and dynamic plans for each region based on new cases, the number of hospitalized patients, and the number of available hospital beds. Depending on the degree of risk, each region receives restrictive measures, as per local peculiarities. Despite flexibility of restrictions at some points, social distancing for risk groups, such as those with diabetes, remained high throughout the study period. During the pandemic period, the endocrinology division restructured the assistance organization in order to offer teleconsultations to patients with diabetes. The adaptation to remote assistance took place from May to June and gradually improved, reaching the peak of teleconsultations performed in the months of August and September. Thus, the usual care during the pandemic consisted of the delay of face-to-face medical appointments and the provision of telephone calls by the attending physician periodically.
Results
A total of 138 potentially eligible patients were identified, and recruitment stopped after finding the planned sample size. One patient was lost due to registry error. Despite 16 phone calls were proposed, some participants did not answer all weekly calls. The median number of phone calls received by participants in the intervention group was 15 (IRQ 14–16). Two patients received less than 10 calls, as requested (one received five calls and the other two calls). During the intervention, only two participants needed clinical support with adjustment of insulin doses, due to recurrent hypoglycemia; all other interventions were focused on mental health support and multidisciplinary strategies. At the end of the study, six patients did not respond to the final questionnaires, two patients did not answer the final phone call, one patient was hospitalized and did not want to interact with the researcher, and one patient was confused during the evaluation, unable to respond (see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of the study
Participant characteristics
Overall (n = 91), participants had a mean age of 61.3 ± 9.1 years; 64.8% were female, 78.0% white, and 50.6% married. Eighty percent had lower-middle income and 30.6% had regular employment before the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean diabetes duration was 18.1 ± 9.5 years, and the HbA1c value was 8.8 ± 1.7% (73.0 ± 18.6 mmol/mol), with 83.5% of participants on insulin treatment. In general, 20.9% of participants had a previous depression diagnosis, 6.6% had anxiety diagnosis, and 2.2% had bipolar disorder diagnosis. Around 25.3% regularly used antidepressants and 9.9% used neuroleptic drugs. The two groups were comparable in all baseline characteristics (see Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Total (N = 91) | Active control group (n = 45) | Teleintervention group (n = 46) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.3 ± 9.1 | 61.0 ± 9.0 | 61.6 ± 9.2 | 0.76 |
| Sex (% female) | 64.8% | 66.7% | 63.0% | 0.71 |
| Race/ethnicity (% white) | 78.0% | 73.3% | 82.6% | 0.29 |
| Marital status (% married) | 50.6% | 46.3% | 54.5% | 0.45 |
| Lower-middle income* (%) | 80.0% | 85.4% | 75.0% | 0.23 |
| Regular employment (%) | 30.6% | 31.7% | 29.5% | 0.82 |
| Diabetes aspects | ||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 18.1 ± 9.5 | 18.7 ± 9.0 | 17.5 ± 9.6 | 0.56 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) |
8.8 ± 1.7 73.0 ± 18.6 |
9.0 ± 1.6 75.0 ± 17.5 |
8.5 ± 1.7 69.0 ± 18.6 |
0.11 |
| Diabetes complications | ||||
| Retinopathy | 40.7% | 44.4% | 30.4% | 0.47 |
| Neuropathy | 29.7% | 28.9% | 37.0% | 0.87 |
| Nephropathy | 42.9% | 40.0% | 45.7% | 0.59 |
| Insulin use (%) | 83.5% | 82.2% | 84.8% | 0.74 |
| Metformin use (%) | 75.8% | 80.0% | 71.7% | 0.36 |
| Previous diseases | ||||
| Systemic arterial hypertension (%) | 82.4% | 80.0% | 84.8% | 0.55 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 39.6% | 34.8% | 44.4% | 0.35 |
| ACE or ARB inhibitors use (%) | 82.4% | 80.0% | 84.8% | 0.55 |
| Statins use (%) | 82.4% | 84.4% | 80.4% | 0.62 |
| ASA use (%) | 52.7% | 55.6% | 50.0% | 0.60 |
| History of mental disorders | ||||
| Depression (%) | 20.9% | 20.0% | 21.7% | 0.84 |
| Anxiety (%) | 6.6% | 2.2% | 10.9% | 0.10 |
| Bipolar disorder (%) | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.99 |
| Other psychiatric conditions (%) | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.99 |
| SRI use (%) | 24.2% | 22.2% | 26.1% | 0.67 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant use (%) | 8.8% | 8.9% | 8.7% | 0.97 |
| Lithium use (%) | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.99 |
| Antipsychotic use (%) | 6.6% | 4.4% | 8.7% | 0.41 |
| Benzodiazepine use (%) | 3.3% | 2.2% | 4.3% | 0.57 |
| Pandemic-related aspects | ||||
| Social distancing (self-reported) | ||||
|
Partial Total None |
57.6% 32.9% 9.4% |
51.2% 36.6% 12.2% |
63.6% 29.5% 6.8% |
0.46 |
| Social contact | ||||
|
Only family Family and friends None |
69.4% 12.9% 17.6% |
73.2% 14.6% 12.2% |
65.9% 11.4% 22.7% |
0.43 |
| Reduction in family income (%) | 54.1% | 61.0% | 47.7% | 0.22 |
| Lost the job (%) | 5.9% | 2.4% | 9.1% | 0.19 |
| Presented respiratory symptoms (%) | 24.7% | 29.3% | 20.5% | 0.35 |
| Confirmed COVID-19 infection | 5.9% | 7.3% | 4.5% | 0.59 |
| Hospitalization | 7.1% | 4.9% | 9.1% | 0.45 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) or n (%). Plus, α ≤ 0.05 indicates significant difference. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; SRI: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (includes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and dual serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors). Partial social distancing includes patients who go out for basic activities: market, pharmacy, and health care. Total social distancing includes patients who follow the orientation of home-quarantine. *Family monthly income less than the equivalent of $ 539.19 (USD)
Regarding social aspects during COVID-19, 32.9% followed total social distancing and 57.6% followed only partially (leaving home for basic activities, such as market, pharmacy, and health care). Most participants (69.4%) had contact with family during the study and 17.6% did not. The majority of participants (54.1%) had reduced family income and 5.9% lost their jobs during the pandemic. Regarding clinical issues, 24.7% had respiratory symptoms during the pandemic, 5.9% had confirmed COVID-19 infection, and 7.1% required hospitalization for any reason.
Primary outcome
Mental health disorders screening:
Considering the pre-established cutoff values, a positive screening for mental health disorders was similar between groups at the time of inclusion (baseline). After 16 weeks of follow-up, positive screening was found in 37.0% of participants in the teleintervention group vs. 57.8% of participants in the active control group (P = 0.04) (see Fig. 2). The active control group had a likelihood of 2.33 (95% CI, 1.01–5.42) of presenting positive screening for mental health disorders in relation to the intervention group in the follow-up (see Table 3). Sensitivity analysis was performed, including only participants who completed the follow-up (n = 84). Of them, 36.6% in the teleintervention group and 62.5% in the active control group had a positive screening at follow-up (p = 0.02).
Fig. 2.
Participants with positive screening for the proposed assessments, based on cutoff values and comparison between intervention and control groups. Legend: number of participants who present positive screening based on pre-established cutoff values. For the evaluation of mental health disorders, a score greater than or equal to 7 on SRQ 20 is considered positive. Diabetes-related emotional distress is considered when the B-PAID score is greater than or equal to 40. The presence of positive screening for an eating disorder is considered when the EAT 26 score is greater than or equal to 20. A positive screening for sleep disorder is considered when a score greater than or equal to 31 is present in the MSQ. *P = 0.04. **P = 0.03
Table 3.
Likelihood for positive screening in the proposed assessments based on cutoff values and comparison between intervention and control groups
| Active control group (n = 45) | Teleintervention group (n = 46) | |
|---|---|---|
| Mental health disorders (SRQ 20) | ||
|
Baseline Follow-up |
1.15 (0.50–2.63) 2.33 (1.01–5.42) |
1 1 |
| Diabetes-related distress (B-PAID) | ||
|
Baseline Follow-up |
1.14 (0.47–2.76) 2.63 (1.05–6.58) |
1 1 |
| Eating disorders (EAT 26) | ||
|
Baseline Follow-up |
0.74 (0.26–2.08) 1.24 (0.47–3.24) |
1 1 |
| Sleep disorders (MSQ) | ||
|
Baseline Follow-up |
1.17 (0.49–2.78) 0.97 (0.38–2.46) |
1 1 |
Data are odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Odds ratio ≥ 1 represents a greater likelihood for the proposed disorder in relation to the intervention group. SRQ 20: Self Report Questionnaire-20; B-PAID: Brazilian version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale; EAT-26: Eating Attitudes Test; MSQ: Mini Sleep Questionnaire
Given the total score of the SQR-20 questionnaire at follow-up, the teleintervention group presented a median of 5.0 (2.0–9.0) vs. 8.0 (3.0–12.0) in the active control group (P = 0.09) (Table 2). When including participants who completed the follow-up, this difference was greater [5.0 (2.0–9.5) in the teleintervention group vs. 8.5 (3.3–12.0) in the active control group; P = 0.05]. SRQ 20: Self Report Questionnaire-20; B-PAID: Brazilian version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale; EAT 26: Eating Attitudes Test; MSQ: Mini Sleep Questionnaire.
Table 2.
Comparison of questionnaires’ total scores for baseline and for follow-up after 16 weeks
| Active control group (n = 45) | Teleintervention group (n = 46) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health disorders (SRQ 20) | |||
|
Baseline Follow-up Change in scores Difference within-group (P value) |
6.0 (2.5 to 11.0) | 6.0 (3.0 to 9.3) | 0.76 |
| 8.0 (3.0 to 12.0) | 5.0 (2.0 to 9.0) | 0.09 | |
| 0.0 (−0.3 to 1.4) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.7) | ||
| 0.32 | 0.53 | ||
| Diabetes-related distress (B-PAID) | |||
|
Baseline Follow-up Change in scores Difference within-group (P value) |
18.0 (6.5 to 39.0) | 21.0 (11.8 to 8.0) | 0.43 |
| 27.0 (6.0 to 47.5) | 12.5 (6.0 to 29.5) | 0.08 | |
| 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.1) | −0.3 (−0.7 to −0.3) | ||
| 0.29 | 0.04 | ||
| Treatment adherence (SCI-R) | |||
|
Baseline Follow-up Change in scores Difference within-group (P value) |
51.0 (44.0 to 57.0) | 51.5 (46.8 to 6.0) | 0.80 |
| 53.0 (44.0 to 60.0) | 53.0 (46.8 to 7.3) | 0.73 | |
| 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2) | ||
| 0.54 | 0.25 | ||
| Eating disorders (EAT 26) | |||
|
Baseline Follow-up Change in scores Difference within−group (P value) |
29.0 (20.5 to 32.5) | 26.5 (21.0 to 1.3) | 0.67 |
| 27.0 (20.0 to 33.0) | 24.5 (18.8 to 0.3) | 0.50 | |
| −0.1 (0.3 to −0.1) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.3) | ||
| 0.44 | 0.58 | ||
| Sleep disorders (MSQ) | |||
|
Baseline Follow-up Change in scores Difference within-group (P value) |
39.0 (27.5 to 48.0) | 35.0 (25.8 to 6.8) | 0.47 |
| 38.0 (28.0 to 52.0) | 36.0 (28.0 to 5.0) | 0.35 | |
| 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.4) | ||
| 0.55 | 0.47 |
Data are median and interquartile range (IQR). Also, α ≤ 0.05 indicates a significant difference. The change in scores was evaluated using the formula (follow-up score–baseline score)/baseline score. SRQ 20: Self Report Questionnaire-20; B-PAID: Brazilian version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale; EAT-26: Eating Attitudes Test; MSQ: Mini Sleep Questionnaire; SCI-R: Self-Care Inventory- Revised.
Secondary outcomes
Diabetes-related emotional distress:
Considering cutoff values at follow-up, the presence of positive screening for diabetes-related emotional distress was found in 21.7% of participants in the teleintervention group vs. 42.2% in the active control group (P = 0.03) (see Fig. 2). The control group had a likelihood of 2.63 (95% CI, 1.05–6.58) of presenting positive screening for diabetes-related emotional distress in relation to the intervention group in the follow-up (see Table 3). Considering the B-PAID total score, groups were comparable at baseline. In the follow-up, the teleintervention group presented a median of 12.5 (6.0 to 29.5) vs. 27.0 (6.0–47.5) in the active control group (P = 0.08) (see Table 2).
Eating disorders:
At follow-up, the presence of positive screening for eating disorders was found in 73.9% of participants in the teleintervention group vs. 77.8% of participants in the active control group (P = 0.67). Considering the total score, the groups were comparable at both baseline and follow-up.
Sleep disorders:
Positive screening for sleep disorders was found in 73.9% of participants in the teleintervention group vs. 73.3% of participants in the active control group (P = 0.95). Groups were comparable at baseline and follow-up in the MSQ total score.
Treatment adherence:
Considering the total score for treatment adherence, the groups were comparable at baseline. At follow-up, the teleintervention group presented a median of 53.0 (46.8 to 57.3) vs. 53.0 (44.0–60.0) in the active control group, with no difference between (P = 0.73) or within-groups.
Discussion
This was a controlled randomized trial to assess the impact of a teleintervention on mental health parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. After 16 weeks of follow-up, participants in the teleintervention group had a 36% lower prevalence of positive screening for mental health disorders than the control group. The proposed teleintervention reduced diabetes-related emotional distress by almost half. Despite the high prevalence of eating and sleep disorders in this period, there was no change in scores related to the proposed teleintervention.
The psychosocial repercussions of COVID-19 represent one phase of the disease with potential to generate lasting damage. Fear of illness and uncertainty about the future can precipitate anxiety and stress-related disorders [17]. Beyond stress inherent to the illness itself, mass home-confinement directives raised concerns about how people would react individually and collectively [18]. A recent review of psychological impact of quarantined people revealed numerous emotional outcomes, including stress, depression, irritability, insomnia, and fear, which can persist even after the quarantine ends [19]. Some groups may be more vulnerable to the psychosocial effects of pandemics [18]. Patients with diabetes have a higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders compared to the general population under non-pandemic conditions [4–6], so it was expected that they could be affected more significantly. A recent study published by our group showed 44.2% prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic [3]. In this study, at the end of four months of the pandemic, almost 60% of participants in the control group had a positive screening for mental health disorders, with the possibility of reducing this to 36% by maintaining regular telephone calls with health professionals. The benefits of contact reduced diabetes-related emotional distress as well. These data reinforce the importance of developing remote care strategies to mitigate the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Despite high expectations regarding telemedicine, only few studies evaluated the benefits of remote interventions for chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Van Dijk et al. assessed maintaining a telephone conversation program in a sample of older adults with chronic affective disorders. This study showed positive results in this group, especially in relation to the development of resilience and adaptation to the new phase [20]. Another study by Wei et al. performed an internet-based intervention for relaxation and self-care, and found that patients exhibited significantly decreased levels of depression and anxiety symptoms vs. those in the control group during the COVID-19 pandemic [21]. In patients with diabetes, studies carried out in previous years in non-pandemic situations show that remote interventions are well received and have the potential to improve psychological well-being [16, 22]. Our study found that the benefits of teleinterventions in patients with diabetes are also positive when applied in catastrophic situations. Although our intervention presented a multidisciplinary approach and complemented medical care, it should be noted that only two patients needed prescription adjustments during the intervention period. We hypothesize that its impact on mental health was mainly due to active listening and emotional support offered during the pandemic.
This study has some limitations. First, patients were selected from two tertiary care centers, which can limit external validity. Moreover, a high number of patients used insulin regularly (about 83%), which differs from what is expected for patients with type 2 diabetes in our population and reflects a more severe and long-standing disease. A meta-analysis carried out by Bai et al. showed that patients on insulin therapy had a higher risk of depressive symptoms compared with those on oral antidiabetic drugs (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.86) [23]. Thus, it is possible that patients included in our sample were more vulnerable to developing mental health disorders. Second, the scales used to assess mental health disorders were designed for self-application. As the questionnaires were applied via telephone contact, that could be a potential source of bias. To minimize this effect, the researchers strictly followed steps of the questionnaires, repeating alternative answers to each question when requested. Moreover, the scales used to assess psychiatric disorders work as screening tools and have no diagnostic value. Third, we considered that a relatively small sample was included in this study, but still in accordance with sample size calculation. The small sample did not allow subgroup analyses to be carried out, which could be important for future studies. Fourth, considering the scarcity of studies evaluating the impact of teleinterventions in mental health outcomes on patients living with diabetes, there are no answers to date on the ideal frequency of telehealth appointments in crisis situations. Thus, it is possible that the proposed intervention model does not reflect accurately what would usually happen in pandemic situations. Even so, it has an undeniable value to guide telehealth strategies to support these patients in similar situations in the future. Fifth, considering the availability of participants' electronic devices, we opted for the use of remote contact through telephone calls in the intervention proposed. The non-use of new technologies, such as video calls and automated data capturing, may be considered a limitation of the strategy performed. Finally, the limitations related to the active control group must be mentioned. The lower availability of health care during the COVID-19 pandemic may have had a negative impact on this group. To reduce the gap between the intervention and control group during the study period, an informational website was made available for this group.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had serious repercussions on psychological and social functioning, which seems more significant for patients with diabetes. Developing strategies to mitigate this effect are urgently needed. This study demonstrated that maintaining remote connections with health professionals during the period of social distancing had the potential to reduce mental health disorders and diabetes-related emotional distress. In addition to providing adequate care for physical demands, monitoring psychological needs and providing psychosocial support for these patients is essential. Strategies to keep patients in contact with health professionals in periods of social crisis are essential, and should be encouraged for similar situations in the future.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Acknowledgments
This work was conducted with support from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul and Division of Internal Medicine from Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.
Authors Contribution
JA was involved in conceptualization, methodology, software, data curation, writing—original draft preparation. GBO, DWF, GLK, ASB, BBA, CPK, AB and GHT were involved in methodology and investigation. BDS was involved in conceptualization, validation, supervision, writing—Reviewing and editing. GHT was involved in conceptualization, data curation, writing—original draft preparation and supervision. JA is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Funding
This work was supported by FIPE (Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa e Eventos) of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Declaration
Conflict interest
There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Availability of data and materials
The data collected for the study, including deidentified participant data and informed consent form, will be available for one year after publication of the article upon justified request to the e-mail address of the main researcher and with a signed data access agreement.
Ethics approval
The study was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission of Brazil (CONEP), number 4.029.368.
Consent to participate
All participants agreed to the free and informed consent form, which was saved by voice record and electronic registration.
Consent for publication
All authors have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and agree with the publication of the results presented.
Footnotes
This article belongs to the topical collection Health Education and Psycho-Social Aspects, managed by Massimo Porta and Marina Trento.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The data collected for the study, including deidentified participant data and informed consent form, will be available for one year after publication of the article upon justified request to the e-mail address of the main researcher and with a signed data access agreement.