Figure 8.

Proposed mechanism of cell proliferation effects of BA in human bladder cancer cells. BA induces apoptosis and necrosis, as well as delay of cell cycle at G2/M phase although it may differ slightly depending on the cell lines. Furthermore, BA results in mitochondrial dysfunction caused by MMP (ΔΨm) loss, which causes activation of mitochondrial-related intrinsic apoptosis regulators including Bax, caspases, and PARP cleavage. In addition, BA-induced apoptosis is regulated caspase dependently, but ROS independently in bladder cancer cells. Moreover, BA decreases migration and invasion abilities in bladder cancer cells.