Association between Carotid Artery Plaque Type and Cerebral Microbleeds

This article explores the relationship between brain microbleeds and the type of plaque occurring in the carotid arteries of these patients. The authors assessed the plaques using CT and brain MRI with blood-sensitive gradient-echo sequences (they did not use SWI). Thirty percent of patients showed microbleeds; one-half were symptomatic. A statistically significant association between cerebral microbleeds and fatty carotid plaques was found.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

CMBs have become increasingly recognized with the widespread use of MR imaging techniques that are sensitive to iron deposits. The purpose of this study was to correlate the presence of CMBs and carotid plaque characteristics.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Seventy consecutive patients (47 men; 23 women; mean age, 65 years) were prospectively analyzed. Carotid arteries were studied using a 16-detector row CT scanner, whereas the brain was explored with an MR imaging 1.5T system. CMBs were studied using a T2*-weighted GRE sequence. CMBs were classified by an ordinal scale and carotid plaques were characterized based on their composition as fatty, mixed, or calcified. Patients were classified as symptomatic and asymptomatic. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses, as well as ROCs, were calculated.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of CMBs was 30%. A statistically significant difference in CMB prevalence was observed between symptomatic (46%) and asymptomatic (19%) patients (P value = .0021; OR = 3.7). Correlation analysis demonstrated an association between the number of CMBs and the symptoms (P = .0001). A statistically significant association was observed between the presence of fatty plaque and CMBs (P = .0019).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study suggest an association between the presence of carotid artery fatty plaque, symptoms, and CMBs. Moreover, we found that the presence (and entity) of CMBs may represent an indicator of cerebrovascular symptom severity.

CMBs are small, rounded hypointensities visualized on GRE T2*-weighted MR imaging brain scans that are increasingly detected in patients with ischemic stroke.^1–3 It has been suggested that microbleeds are a useful biomarker for pathologic damage to small vessels from hypertension or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but little is known about the development of CMBs over time in patients with ischemic stroke, though they may have cumulative effects on brain function, including cognition.⁴ There are controversial results suggesting that the presence of cerebral microbleeds indicates an increased risk of bleeding complications from thrombolytic treatment or the use of antiplatelet drugs,^5,6 and some authors found that presence of CMBs is related to risk of hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke and to recurrence of spontaneous intracerebral bleeding.^7,8

The question of whether CMBs are an expression of diffuse disease or the consequence of other factors, such as carotid plaque composition, is still debated,⁹ and the hypothesis we explore in this study is whether there might be a relationship between the presence of CMBs and the presence and characteristics of carotid plaque. Within the last several years, it was demonstrated that the composition of the carotid plaque plays a fundamental role in stroke risk assessment,^10–15 and MDCTA demonstrated to be an excellent and reproducible technique for the study of carotid artery plaque composition.^16–21 We will test our hypothesis by studying carotid plaque type using MDCTA and the presence of CMBs using MR imaging.

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Patient Population

Institutional review board approval for this study was obtained. Based on a power calculation (type I error, α = 0.05; type II error, β = 0.1; AUC null hypothesis value = 0.5; AUC significant value = 0.75, pooled group), we estimated that a sample size of at least 70 carotid arteries would be sufficient for investigating the relationship between carotid artery plaque type and CMBs. Therefore, 70 consecutive patients (47 men, 23 women; mean age, 65 years; range, 42–86 years) were prospectively enrolled in this study from May 2009 to June 2010. All patients underwent MDCTA of supra-aortic vessels and brain MR imaging.

At our institute (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari), inclusion criteria for performing MDCTA of carotid arteries were previously published^22,23 and are as follows: presence of a sonography examination that showed a pathologic stenosis (50% of stenosis according to the NASCET criteria^22–24) and/or a plaque alteration that was considered as the presence of a heterogeneous plaque, an irregular surface, intraplaque hemorrhage, and/or the presence of ulceration in the plaque. Another criterion for performing MDCTA was identified when the ultrasound could not provide adequate information about the degree of stenosis and plaque type. Known allergies to iodinated contrast material or elevated renal function tests were considered as exclusion criteria for the MDCTA examination.

We did not include those patients with a potentially confounding condition (ie, suspected embolism from a cardiac source, follow-up after carotid endarterectomy, intracerebral aneurysms, brain tumors) or with posterior cerebrovascular symptoms in this study.

At our institution, carotid arteries of asymptomatic patients were also studied in those patients who underwent cardiac interventions for coronary artery disease, aortic interventions, and lower-leg artery surgery, and in diabetics who were >50 years old.

Classification of Cerebrovascular Symptoms

Vascular risk factors and coexisting comorbidities and treatment known before stroke or transient ischemic attack are systematically recorded in our institution. Causes of stroke were classified according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria.²⁵ We classified patients as symptomatic or asymptomatic according to the neurologic assessment documented in the clinical chart review. In the case of a TIA or stroke, a patient was considered symptomatic. TIA was regarded as an episode of neurologic dysfunction (hemiparesis, hemiparesthesia, dysarthria, dysphasia, or monocular blindness) not exceeding 24 hours. If the episode of neurologic dysfunction exceeded 24 hours, it was classified as a stroke. The time window to be included in the symptomatic group was 3 months; when a patient underwent MDCTA examination >3 months after the TIA or stroke event, he or she was excluded from the symptomatic group and included in the asymptomatic group. Diabetes was indicated by an abnormal fasting plasma glucose level (>7.9 mmol/l) or the current use of insulin or an oral hypoglycemic agent. Dyslipidemia was defined as abnormal fasting plasma cholesterol (low-attenuation lipoprotein cholesterol) levels (fasting cholesterol >5.0 mmol/l) or the current use of lipid-lowering agents (only if these agents were prescribed for a history of hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia). Essential hypertension included those patients with systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg, or who were being treated with blood-pressure-lowering drugs. Cigarette smoking status was categorized as never/former (24 months) or current.

MDCTA Technique

All patients underwent MDCTA of the supra-aortic vessels with a 16 multidetector row CT system (Brilliance; Philips, Best, the Netherlands) using a technique previously described.^24,26 Angiographic phase was obtained by injecting 80 mL of contrast medium (Ultravist 370; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) at a flow rate of 5 mL/s. A bolus tracking technique was used to calculate the correct timing of the scan. CT technical parameters included matrix 512 × 512; FOV 14–19 cm; mAs 180–220; kV 120–140; an intermediate reconstruction algorithm (C-filter) was used. Angiographic acquisition included the carotid siphon. None of the patients included in the study had a medical history of cardiac output failure or any contraindications to iodinated contrast media.

Brain MR Technique

Imaging examinations were performed with a Gyroscan 1.5T superconducting magnet (Philips) with a head coil, according to a standardized protocol. In all participants, conventional 2D T2*-weighted GRE MR imaging was performed (TR shortest; TE 23 ms; flip angle 15°; in-plane resolution 0.9 × 0.9 mm; FOV 230 mm; matrix 512 × 512; section thickness 5 mm; 0.5 mm intersection gap). Two-dimensional T2*-weighted GRE was performed with flow compensation, with an echo time of 20 msec and a section thickness of 5 mm, in line with conventional settings.^27–29 DWI was performed with single-shot spin-echo with 2 diffusion sensitivity values of 0 and 1000 seconds/mm² along the transverse axis. In addition to T2*-weighted GRE and DWI sequences, axial spin-echo T1-weighted images (500–600/15/2 for TR/TE/excitations) and fast spin-echo T2-weighted images (2200–3200/80–120/1,2 for TR/TE/excitations; turbo factor, 24) were also obtained with the same section thickness.

CMBs Definition and Rating

Acquisition date and participant identification were removed from all images. Two experienced radiologists (L.S. and E.R., with 10 and 8 years of experience, respectively), unaware of the clinical data, reviewed, blinded to each other, all images for presence and location of CMBs. This analysis was performed to evaluate the interobserver variability. After a 3-week gap, datasets were reanalyzed in consensus to obtain the reference parameter for the statistical analysis. At this time, the T1-weighted images were additionally used to confirm the location of microbleeds, as the inherent properties of microbleeds will cause these to appear as a focus of low signal intensity (without marked blooming) on the T1-weighted image as well. Thus, the T1-weighted image further facilitated differentiation of microbleeds from calcification in the ventricle or from sulcal vessels.³⁰ The presence, location, and number of all cerebral microbleeds was recorded. In our study, CMBs were considered as focal, rounded, or circular areas of very low signal intensity that were smaller than 10 mm in size, as suggested by Jeerakathil et al³¹ (Fig 1). In accordance with consensus guidelines on standards for neuroimaging in vascular cognitive impairment, we considered 2 mm as the lower size limit.³² We also categorized the locations of the CMBs^27,31 as lobar (cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter), deep (deep gray matter [basal ganglia and thalamus] and deep white matter [corpus callosum]), or infratentorial (brain stem and cerebellum). Symmetric hypointensities in the globi pallidi, likely to represent calcification, and sulcal flow voids from cortical vessels were disregarded.³³.

Fig 1.

MR axial images that demonstrate the presence of CMBs. The white arrows indicate the CMBs.

Microbleeds were classified in each cerebral hemisphere (and for infratentorial lesions, these were considered in the right/left cerebellum of right/left side of the brain stem) as absent (grade 1), mild (grade 2; total number of microbleeds, 1–2), moderate (grade 3; total number of microbleeds, 3–10), and severe (grade 4; total number of microbleeds, >10), according to Lee and colleagues.³⁴

Carotid Artery Plaque Classification

A single experienced radiologist (L.S., 10 years of experience), blinded to the clinical information and MR brain analysis, performed all MDCTA measurements. MDCTA axial images were analyzed, with a varying magnification from 120%–400%, in comparison with the acquisition. Window parameters (width and level) were not preset.^18,35 We categorized different types of plaques, dividing them into fatty plaques, with attenuation <60 HU; mixed plaques, with attenuation between 60–120 HU; and calcified plaques, with attenuation >130 HU (Fig 2 ). To measure HU value, a circular or elliptical ROI cursor in the predominant area of plaque was used by the method outlined according to Saba et al.¹² Regions of beam hardening in calcified areas were also excluded. The radiologist took the measurements at the point of major stenosis, which was identified by elaborating oblique axial images normal to the ICA lumen centerline.

Fig 2.

CTA axial images that demonstrate (A) fatty plaque, (B) mixed plaque, and (C) calcified plaque.

Statistical Analysis

For the analysis of the data, we considered the carotid and cerebral hemisphere of each side as an independent unit. Therefore, the total number of studied carotid arteries and brain hemispheres was 140. In symptomatic patients, we considered the ipsilateral carotid artery and brain hemisphere as “symptomatic,” and the contralateral carotid artery and brain hemisphere as “asymptomatic,” whereas in asymptomatic patients, both carotids and brain hemispheres were considered “asymptomatic.” In symptomatic patients, we considered a symptomatic side and asymptomatic side according to the clinical symptoms, whereas in asymptomatic patients, both sides were considered asymptomatic. We tested the interobserver reliability for CMB rating using the Cohen κ test.³⁶ Continuous data were described as the mean value ± SD and were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. ROC curve analysis was performed to identify thresholds in number of CMBs associated with presence of symptoms. The Student t test for paired samples was used to test the difference in the number of CMBs in the same subjects between the side with the fatty plaques and the side without the fatty plaques. Presence or absence of cerebrovascular symptoms was compared between patients with and without CMBs, according to the different plaque types, using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. Logistic regression and stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify the most accurate linear combinations of distinguishing variables. R software (http://www.r-project.org) was used for statistical analyses.

Results

The clinical characteristics of the studied patients are shown in Table 1. We observed 39 patients (55.7%) with ischemic symptoms (12 with strokes, 20 with cerebral TIAs, 7 with monocular TIAs) and 31 without ischemic symptoms. Therefore, we had 39 symptomatic sides and 101 asymptomatic sides. The prevalence of the CMBs was 30% (21/70); in 16 patients, we found CMBs in both hemispheres, and in 5 patients, CMBs were found in only 1 hemisphere; thus, we had 37 hemispheres with CMBs and 103 hemispheres without CMBs.

Table 1:

Patient characteristics

	Presence of CMBs	Absence of CMBs	P Value
Age (mean [SD])	63 years (14.5 years)	65 years (13.3 years)	.42
Sex (male)	71%	67%	.74
Tobacco user	52%	37%	.22
Hypertension	62%	45%	.19
CAD	52%	53%	.95
Diabetes	21%	12%	.36
Dyslipidemia	43%	49%	.64
Statins and other lipid-lowering drugs	43%	33%	.41

Note:—CAD indicates coronary artery disease.

On the symptomatic side, there was a 46% (18/39) prevalence of CMBs, whereas on the asymptomatic side, there was a 19% (19/101) prevalence; a statistically significant difference between CMB presence was observed, with a P value of .0021 and an odds ratio of 3.7.

The radiologists showed very good interobserver agreement in the identification of CMBs, with a κ value of 0.81.

Relationship of Cerebrovascular Symptoms and CMBs

We performed an analysis to evaluate the relationship between the number of CMBs (and their grade, from 1 to 4) and the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms. We observed a statistically significant correlation between the presence of symptoms and the number of CMB (correlation coefficient = 0.319; P value = .0001) and the CMBs grade (correlation coefficient = 0.314; P value = .0001). We also analyzed the association between the different subtypes of cerebrovascular symptoms (stroke, TIA, and amaurosis) with the presence of CMBs, and found a strong association between stroke (P = .0001; OR = 10.71), but no association with TIA (P = .347; OR = 1.62) and amaurosis (P = .895; OR = 1.12).

Relationship of Plaque Type and CMBs

In the plaque type analysis of the 140 carotid arteries, we excluded 14 because there was no evidence of plaque. In the remaining 126 carotid arteries, we found 37 fatty plaques (29.4%), 49 mixed plaques (38.9%), and 40 calcified plaques (31.8%). In 2 cases CMBs were found in the 14 excluded hemispheres, supplied by an regular ICA, and therefore the plaque type analysis was performed by considering 35 hemispheres with CMBs. All 39 symptomatic hemispheres had a plaque in the carotid artery and therefore were included in the analysis. A summary of the plaque type analysis, according to the presence of CMBs and symptoms, is given in Table 2. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test showed that there was a statistically significant increase (P = .012; OR = 3.465) in CMB prevalence in symptomatic patients versus that in asymptomatic patients.

Table 2:

Plaque type analysis

	Symptomatic Patient CMBs(n = 39)		Asymptomatic Patient CMBs(n = 87)
	Presence	Absence	Presence	Absence
Fatty plaques (n = 37)	13	9	7	8
Mixed plaques (n = 49)	6	7	3	33
Calcified plaques (n = 40)	1	3	1	35

In analyzing the relationship between CMBs and the type of plaque, we performed a correlation analysis and found a statistically significant correlation with the fatty plaques (correlation coefficient = 0.271; P value = .0019), whereas an inverse statistical trend was observed between CMBs and calcified plaques (correlation coefficient = −0.152; P value = .0851). No statistically significant association was detected between CMBs and mixed plaque type (correlation coefficient = −0.117; P value = .188).

In analyzing whether CMBs are an expression of diffuse disease or the consequence of an unstable plaque, we performed a Student t test for paired samples and observed a statistical trend (P value of .0699).

ROC Curve Analysis

The ROC curve analysis for symptoms versus number of CMBs is shown in Fig 3A. The ROC area under the curve (Az) for the direct-mm method was 0.646 (95% CI 0.561–0.724; SD = 0.054; P = .0069). Using the ROC analysis, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio values for the direct-mm method; a summary of these values is provided in Table 3. By analyzing threshold values, we observed that the presence of 5 CMBs are associated with a specificity of 90.2% for the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms. We also performed the ROC curve analysis for stroke, TIA, and amaurosis (Fig 3B-D) and we obtained the following AUCs, respectively: 0.802 (P = .0001), 0.464 (P = .61), and 0.526 (P = .819), by confirming that there is an association between CMBs and stroke but not between CMBs and TIA or amaurosis

Fig 3.

ROC curves between presence of CMBs and (A) cerebrovascular symptoms, (B) stroke, (C) TIA, and (D) amaurosis.

Table 3:

ROC curve analysis

Criteriona	Sensitivity	95% CI	Specificity	95% CI	+LR	−LR
≥ 0	100.00	90.9–100.0	0.00	0.0–3.6	1.00
>0	46.15	30.1–62.8	81.37	72.4–88.4	2.48	0.66
>1	46.15	30.1–62.8	82.35	73.5–89.2	2.62	0.65
>2	33.33	19.1–50.2	84.31	75.8–90.8	2.12	0.79
>4	33.33	19.1–50.2	89.22	81.5–94.5	3.09	0.75
>5	25.64	13.1–42.1	90.20	82.7–95.2	2.62	0.82
>6	23.08	11.2–39.3	93.14	86.4–97.2	3.36	0.83
>7	20.51	9.3–36.5	93.14	86.4–97.2	2.99	0.85
>8	17.95	7.6–33.5	98.04	93.1–99.7	9.15	0.84
>9	15.38	5.9–30.5	98.04	93.1–99.7	7.85	0.86
>11	15.38	5.9–30.5	99.02	94.6–99.8	15.69	0.85
>15	12.82	4.3–27.4	100.00	96.4–100.0		0.87
>20	0.00	0.0–9.1	100.00	96.4–100.0		1.00

Note:—Cl indicates confidence interval; LR, likelihood ratio.

^aNumber of cerebral microbleeds.

Logistic Regression Analysis

To exclude any confounding effect between CMBs and other potentially related variables, logistic regression analysis was performed with CMB as the dependent variable, plaque type as the independent variable, and other factors such as hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, coronary artery disease, and dyslipidemia as cofactors (Table 4). This analysis demonstrated that the only statististically significant association was present between CMBs and fatty plaques. Next, the stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed; the results are provided in Table 5. In the stepwise logistic regression model, the dependent variable was the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms, and we included the following parameters: sex of the patient, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco use, type of plaque (fatty, mixed, calcified), and presence of CMBs. The stepwise logistic regression model indicated that CMBs and fatty plaques were both independent variables associated with cerebrovascular symptoms (P values, respectively, .0026 and .0018). Other variables did not demonstrate a significant statistical association with cerebrovascular symptoms.

Table 4:

Logistic regression model: CMB dependent variable

Variable	Coefficient	SE	P	Odds Ratio	95% CI
Age	0.0227	0.0207	0.2721	1.023	0.9823 to 1.0653
CAD	0.6966	0.4579	0.1282	2.007	0.8181 to 4.9239
Diabetes	0.8106	1.218	0.5057	0.4446	0.0409 to 4.8389
Hypertension	0.0461	0.5864	0.9374	1.0471	0.3318 to 3.3047
Dyslipidemia	0.096	0.4907	0.8449	1.1008	0.4207 to 2.8801
Gender	1.0567	0.7076	0.1353	2.877	0.7189 to 11.5139
Tobacco use	0.4274	0.5807	0.4618	1.5332	0.4913 to 4.7850
Calcified plaques	0.0316	0.5843	0.9568	1.0321	0.3284 to 3.2443
Mixed plaques	0.7566	0.678	0.2645	2.131	0.5642 to 8.0490
Fatty plaques	1.5647	0.4499	0.0005	4.7811	1.9796 to 11.5471

Note:—CI indicates confidence interval; SE, standard error; CAD indicates coronary artery disease.

Table 5:

Stepwise logistic regression model

Variable	Coefficient	SE	P	Odds Ratio	95% CI
CMBs	1.3977	0.464	0.0026	4.046	1.6296 to 10.0453
Fatty plaques	1.4005	0.4481	0.0018	4.0572	1.6859 to 9.7637
Constant	−1.8148

Note:—Dependent variable is presence/absence of cerebrovascular symptoms. CI indicates confidence interval; SE, standard error.

Results Based on CMB Location

In 13 cases (9.3%), we had only lobar CMBs; in 14 cases (10%), we found only deep CMBs; whereas in 9 cases (8.2%), we found combined (both deep and lobar) CMBs. We observed CMBs in the cerebellum (right side) in only 1 case (0.7%).

Discussion

In the past, it has been suggested that CMBs may be a biomarker for pathologic damage to small vessels from hypertension or cerebral amyloid angiopathy,^37,38 but some important areas of clinical uncertainty regarding microbleeds remain, in particular, their potential role in predicting the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (especially in patients treated with thrombolytics or antithrombotics), their contribution to cognitive impairment, and their value for diagnosing small vessel diseases.^4,39

In our population, the prevalence of the CMBs was 30% (21/70); this result is a little higher compared with the prevalence of CMBs detected in the recently published Rotterdam scan study⁴⁰ (28%); however, in our research, the percentage of symptomatic patients is higher compared with the Rotterdam study and this fact may justify the higher value. The prevalence of CMBs is lower compared with Vernooij et al,³⁰ where it was 35.5%; however, this difference can be explained with the different technique used by these authors (3D T2*-weighted GRE).

We observed a statistically significant difference in CMB prevalence in the symptomatic versus asymptomatic side (P value = .0021; OR = 3.7). This result may suggest that the CMBs are associated with the presence of cerebrovascular events and are confirmed by the ROC curve analysis (AUC = 0.646; P value = 0069) and by the logistic regression analysis (P = .0026). However, in the analysis of our results, it is important to underline that in the symptomatic hemispheres, the prevalence of fatty plaques was markedly higher (56%) compared with the mixed (33%) and calcified plaques (10%). This fact may represent a bias and, therefore, this association should be confirmed in further longitudinal and prospective analyses. However, the logistic regression analysis showed that both CMBs and fatty plaques are independent variables associated with the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms.

We also analyzed the relationship between the different type of cerebrovascular symptoms (stroke, TIA, amaurosis) and observed unexpected results: there was a strong association between the stroke and presence of CMBs (P = .0001; OR 10.71) but no association with TIA (P = .347; OR 1.62) and amaurosis (P = .895; OR = 1.12). Moreover, the ROC curve analysis (Fig 3B) demonstrated that the number of CMBs has a statistically significant association with stroke (AUC = 0.802; P = .0001). This is an interesting finding—is the presence of CMBs an indicator of the cerebrovascular symptom severity (stroke > TIA > amaurosis)? Or is it the severity of the cerebrovascular event that may determine the presence (or not) of CMB and its entity? These data are concordant with previous research by Ovbiagele et al,⁴¹ where the authors demonstrated that CMBs are more frequently noted in hospitalized stroke. It is our opinion that the presence of CMBs may represent an indicator for cerebrovascular symptom severity (stroke > TIA > amaurosis); however, to correctly verify this hypothesis, a specific prospectively designed study should be performed.

By analyzing the relationship between CMBs and the type of the plaque, we found a statistically significant correlation with the fatty plaques (correlation coefficient = 0.271; P value = .0019), whereas an inverse statistical trend was observed between CMBs and calcified plaques (correlation coefficient = −0.152; P value = .0851). No statistically significant association was detected between CMBs and mixed plaque type (correlation coefficient = −0.117; P value = .188).

By comparing the hemispheres of the same patient, concerning the number of microbleeds, we also tried to explore the question of whether CMBs are an expression of a diffuse disease or the consequence of an unstable plaque. In the 16 patients with CMBs with a carotid fatty plaque, and with the contralateral carotid artery mixed or calcified, we observed that there was a statistical trend (P = .0699) toward the increase of CMBs in those hemispheres ipsilateral to the presence of a carotid fatty plaque. However, for the purpose of this analysis, 16 patients represent a very small population and we think that this kind of hypothesis should be tested using bigger samples. Moreover, our results should be further tested and confirmed, as we explored abnormalities that are from different vascular territories: 1 in the microvascular bed and the other on a large vessel.

In our study, we observed that the distribution of CMBs is quite homogeneous and that 8.2% of patients had both deep and lobar CMBs. Our results are concordant with previous research by Staals et al,³³ where 8.9% of patients had only lobar CMBs, 13.8% had only deep CMBs, and 5.7% had combined (both deep and lobar) CMBs. In our population, we did not find any CMBs in the brain stem. In the article by Gregoire et al,⁴² the CMBs were most prevalent in the lobar region (17%–22%), followed by the deep (14%–15%) and infratentorial regions (6%–12%).

There are some limitations of our research. First, the patient population included in our data base had significant symptomatic cerebral vascular diseases (55.7%); the prevalence of disease in this study was higher compared with the general population, and this fact may relate to differences in the pool of the plaque composition. Second, it is possible that, in some cases, there is a potential misclassification of CMBs. In fact, other structures in the brain may resemble microbleeds on MR images, such as calcifications in basal ganglia or the pineal gland. However, we believe that we did not misclassify other structures as CMBs, as calcifications in the brain usually have a typical location and shape, and when located in the basal ganglia, they are usually symmetric in distribution.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest an increased number of CMBs in symptomatic patients and indicate an association between the presence of carotid artery fatty plaque, symptoms, and CMBs. Our results seems to indicate that the presence (and entity) of CMBs may represent an indicator of cerebrovascular symptom severity.

ABBREVIATIONS:

AUC

area under the ROC curve

CMB

cerebral microbleed

GRE

gradient recalled-echo

HU

Hounsfield unit

MDCTA

multidetector row CT angiography

OR

odds ratio

ROC

receiving operator characteristic