Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristics | EPA-DHA and vitamin D3 (n = 6272) | EPA-DHA only (n = 6270) | Vitamin D3 only (n = 6281) | Placebo only (n = 6296) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 66.6 (62.5-71.0) | 66.7 (62.5-71.0) | 66.7 (62.4-71.1) | 66.6 (62.4-71.0) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Female | 3192 (50.9) | 3176 (50.7) | 3192 (50.8) | 3197 (50.8) |
| Male | 3080 (49.1) | 3094 (49.3) | 3089 (49.2) | 3099 (49.2) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%)a | n = 6147 | n = 6130 | n = 6142 | n = 6160 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 4360 (70.9) | 4364 (71.2) | 4346 (70.8) | 4355 (70.7) |
| Black or African American | 1264 (20.6) | 1256 (20.5) | 1262 (20.5) | 1270 (20.6) |
| Hispanic | 243 (4.0) | 241 (3.9) | 266 (4.3) | 249 (4.0) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 99 (1.6) | 96 (1.6) | 86 (1.4) | 101 (1.6) |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 60 (1.0) | 54 (0.9) | 51 (0.8) | 50 (0.8) |
| Unknown | 121 (2.0) | 119 (1.9) | 131 (2.1) | 135 (2.2) |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | n = 6172 | n = 6182 | n = 6192 | n = 6198 |
| Never | 3196 (51.8) | 3191 (51.6) | 3179 (51.3) | 3269 (52.7) |
| Past | 2528 (41.0) | 2536 (41.0) | 2559 (41.3) | 2488 (40.1) |
| Current | 448 (7.3) | 455 (7.4) | 454 (7.3) | 441 (7.1) |
| Hypertension, No./total (%)a | 3135/6229 (50.3) | 3268/6245 (52.3) | 3272/6242 (52.4) | 3236/6267 (51.6) |
| Diabetes, No./total (%)a | 892/6257 (14.3) | 845/6261 (13.5) | 866/6270 (13.8) | 839/6286 (13.3) |
| Body mass index, median (IQR)b | 27.2 (24.4-30.9) [n = 6130] | 27.2 (24.3-30.8) [n = 6121] | 27.1 (24.3-30.7) [n = 6136] | 27.0 (24.2-30.7) [n = 6156] |
| Height, median (IQR), in | 67.0 (64.0-70.0) [n = 6160] | 67.0 (64.0-70.0) [n = 6149] | 67.0 (64.0-70.0) [n = 6158] | 67.0 (64.0-70.0) [n = 6188] |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication use, No./total (%)c | 2342/6166 (38.0) | 2292/6158 (37.2) | 2339/6171 (37.9) | 2253/6198 (36.4) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score, No. (%)d | ||||
| 0 | 768 (12.2) | 724 (11.5) | 737 (11.7) | 751 (11.9) |
| 1 | 1504 (24.0) | 1579 (25.2) | 1522 (24.2) | 1565 (24.9) |
| ≥2 | 4000 (63.8) | 3967 (63.3) | 4022 (64.0) | 3980 (63.2) |
| Aspirin use, No./total (%) | 2757/6179 (44.6) | 2764/6180 (44.7) | 2752/6193 (44.4) | 2801/6206 (45.1) |
| Statin use, No./total (%) | 2186/6173 (35.4) | 2129/6158 (34.6) | 2186/6175 (35.4) | 2093/6206 (33.7) |
| Alcohol consumption, No. (%)e | n = 6164 | n = 6181 | n = 6168 | n = 6184 |
| <1 drink/wk | 2366 (38.4) | 2449 (39.6) | 2427 (39.3) | 2416 (39.1) |
| 1-6 drinks/wk | 2236 (36.3) | 2096 (33.9) | 2145 (34.8) | 2161 (34.9) |
| 1 drink/d | 719 (11.7) | 767 (12.4) | 705 (11.4) | 701 (11.3) |
| ≥2 drinks/d | 843 (13.7) | 869 (14.1) | 891 (14.4) | 906 (14.7) |
| Fish consumption, median (IQR), servings/wkf | 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [n = 6165] | 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [n = 6175] | 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [n = 6170] | 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [n = 6182] |
| Vitamin D consumption, No. (%)g | 2638 (42.1) | 2674 (42.6) | 2672 (42.5) | 2678 (42.5) |
Abbreviations: DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; IQR, interquartile range.
Race/ethnicity, hypertension, and diabetes were reported by participants.
Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
Cholesterol-lowering medications included both statins and nonstatins.
The CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to estimate risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and is calculated as the sum of the following risk factors: congestive heart failure (1 point); hypertension (1 point); age 65-74 years (1 point), age ≥75 years (2 points); diabetes (1 point); prior stroke, transient ischemic attack, or thromboembolism (2 points); vascular disease (myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, or prior aortic plaque; 1 point); and female sex (1 point). All risk factors were ascertained via self-report at baseline. Possible scores range from 0 to 9, wherein 9 represents the highest risk category. Scores ranged from 0 to 8 in this study sample.
One drink was defined as 1 glass, bottle, or can of beer or light beer; one 5-oz glass of red or white wine; or 1 drink or shot of liquor. Data were reported by participants via food frequency questionnaire.
Data for servings of fish consumption were reported by participants via food frequency questionnaire and included canned tuna (3-4 oz); breaded fish cakes, pieces, or fish sticks (1 serving, store-bought); shrimp, lobster, or scallops as a main dish; dark-meat fish (eg, mackerel, salmon, sardines, bluefish, or swordfish; 3-5 oz); and other fish (3-5 oz). Daily servings were summed across each type of fish and multiplied by 7 to calculate weekly servings.
Restricted to ≤800 IU/d from all sources combined (individual supplements and multivitamins).